Nonrestorative sleep refers to the experience of sleep as insufficiently refreshing, often despite the appearance of normal sleep according to objective parameters. As a result, a valid and reliable measure of the subjective experience of NRS is required in order to allow for standardization and comparability in its assessment. This thesis reports the results of a study involving the development and validation of a scale to assess NRS, the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale (NRSS). The psychometric properties of the NRSS were assessed in a group of 256 participants recruited from a sleep clinic population. Principal component analysis revealed four domains. The scale demonstrated good internal and test-retest reliability and reasonable validity compared to other measures. Overnight polysomnographic variables were also compared to scores on the scale and a few were found to be weakly correlated with scale scores. These included alpha EEG, sleep efficiency, and REM latency.

Nos últimos vinte anos, os estudos sobre os efeitos do ruído na audição e conseqüente qualidade de vida do ser humano ganharam grande impulso, evidenciando sua importância. O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito do ruído persistente, decorrente das condições de trabalho, sobre a qualidade de vida, relativamente às repercussões sobre a audição e a qualidade do sono. Neste sentido visou contribuir para a valorização dos prejuízos do ruído excessivo e sistemático sobre a saúde. Foram estudados 20 trabalhadores do sexo masculino, da Seção de Engenharia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP), com idade entre 33 e 50 anos, expostos a ruído ambiental maior ou igual a 85 dB, em jornada de oito horas de trabalho diário, há pelo menos oito anos; sem alterações anatômicas de orelha externa/média e de vias aéreas superiores. Outros 20 trabalhadores da Seção de Atividades Complementares do mesmo hospital na mesma faixa etária e mesmas características físicas, sócio-econômico-culturais, expostos ao ruído ambiental habitual inferior a 85 dB na jornada de trabalho de 8 horas diárias, compuseram um grupo controle. Os dados de audiometria tonal limiar e imitanciometria foram correlacionados com a qualidade do sono observada através da polissonografia e com parâmetros clínicos gerais de saúde. Com os resultados dos testes de comparação aplicados a idade, estatura, peso, índice de massa corporal, circunferência do pescoço, cintura e quadril e indicadores do estado sócio-econômico-cultural obtidos em entrevista, verificamos que as amostras foram semelhantes nestes aspectos. A análise estatística da audiometria e imitanciometria, nos dois grupos, feita pelo teste exato de Fischer revelou perda auditiva leve e moderada, do tipo PAIR, significante (p < 0,001) no G1. O sono dos indivíduos dos dois grupos apresentou anormalidades nas medidas de continuidade do sono revelando sono de má qualidade. Dos 40 indivíduos, treze (32,5 %) apresentaram distúrbio respiratório do sono, dez dos quais tinham sonolência pela Escala de Epworth; doze outros (30 %) tinham sonolência sem distúrbio respiratório do sono. Os indicadores da quantidade de sono revelaram-se normais. As comparações mostraram que o sono dos dois grupos é igual, quando analisado pelo teste de Mann – Whitney para dados independentes. Análise de contingência entre sono alterado e perda auditiva revelou ausência de interrelação (p = 0,4316). Concluimos que a permanência prolongada sob ruído ambiental superior aos níveis considerados seguros foi suficiente para produzir danos auditivos detectáveis laboratorialmente através dos testes usuais e que não há razão para crer que a má qualidade do sono do cidadão comum guarde relação com a convivência diurna em ambientes ruidosos. / In the last twenty years, the studies on the effect of noise in the hearing and consequently in the quality of life of the human have earned great impulse, evidencing its importance. The purpose of the present study was to verify the effect of persistent noise, occasioned by work conditions, on the quality of life, concerned to the repercussions on the hearing and on the quality of sleep. In this direction, this study aimed at contributing to the awareness of damages caused by extreme and systematic noise on health. Twenty male workers, from the Engineering Section of the Hospital of Clinics of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP-USP), with ages between 33 and 50 years old, exposed to environmental noise louder or equal 85 dB, on a daily eight-hour working week, for at least eight years, with no anatomical alterations of the extern/medium ear and upper airways; were studied. Other twenty workers from the Complementary Activities Section of the same hospital, in the same age range and equal physical, social-economical-cultural characteristics, exposed to usual environmental noise (lower than 85 dB), on a daily eight-hour working week, composed a control group. The data from the pure tone audiometry and the impedance measurements were correlated with the quality of sleep observed through the polysomnography and with the general clinical health parameters. The results showed that two groups had similar physical social-economic and cultural aspects, when comparison tests where applied to age, height, weight, body mass index, size of the neck, wrist and hips and socio-economic and cultural markers obtained by clinical interview. Statistical analysis of audiometria e imitanciometria by Fischer’s test has shown significant (p = 0,001) mild and moderate hearing loss in G1. The majority of the subjects had bad sleep quality as shown by analysis of sleep disruption markers. The 40 subjects, thirteen (32,5 %) have had sleep disordered breathing ten of whom had day-time sleepiness as measured by Epworth scale; twelve other subjects (30 %) had day-time sleepiness without sleep disordered breathing. The sleep amount markers where normal. At statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney test the sleep of the two groups was equal. Analysis of contingency between altered sleep and hearing loss has shown no correlation (p = 0,4316). Conclusion long stay under noisy condition was enough to produce hearing loss detectable through usual laboratorial tests the there is no reason to believe that sleep of bad quality of ordinary people keep relation with diurnal stay under noisy condition.

MARTORI, AH. Macroestrutura do sono em pacientes com fibromialgia, antes e após tratamento. 2011. 59 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2011. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: - avaliar a macroestrutura do sono de pacientes com Fibromialgia sem tratamento medicamentoso; - avaliar se há modificações na macroestrutura do sono, após a instituição de tratamento medicamentoso da síndrome com Amitripitilina ou Fluoxetina + Ciclobenzaprina; - avaliar a queixa de dor, através da Escala Analógica Visual (EVA), e de comprometimento do sono, utilizando escala semelhante adaptada para o sono (Escala de Qualidade do Sono EQS), antes e após o tratamento. Vinte pacientes (19 mulheres e 1 homem) foram selecionados do ambulatório de Reumatologia do HCFMRP-USP, entre aqueles com diagnóstico clínico definido de fibromialgia, sem tratamento medicamentoso atual para a síndrome. Os pacientes preencheram a EVA e a EQS, antes e após a introdução do medicamento de escolha, ao mesmo tempo em que foram submetidos a polissonografia (PSG), antes e após tratamento. As alterações da macroestrutura do sono na primeira PSG foram aumento de N1, redução de N3 e aumento do número de microdespertares, o que pode ser, em parte, atribuído a efeito de primeira noite. Após o tratamento, houve aumento significativo na latência de sono REM e na porcentagem de N1, com tendência a aumento na eficiência de sono. Observou-se expressiva frequência de padrão alfa-delta, antes do tratamento (9 de 20 pacientes = 45%), mantendo-se inalterada após o mesmo. Apesar disto, após o tratamento, houve melhora significativa das queixas de dor e da qualidade do sono, segundo os dados das respectivas escalas analógicas. Três pacientes exibiram movimentos periódicos durante o sono a partir do segundo exame, o que foi atribuído ao efeito da medicação, não se repercutindo em redução na qualidade do sono, segundo auto-avaliação do paciente. O distúrbio respiratório não se mostrou como um fator relacionado aos transtornos do sono em fibromiálgicos, tendo sido observada síndrome da apnéia e hipopnéia obstrutivas do sono (SAHOS) em 3 dos 20 pacientes estudados (grau leve, em 2, e moderado em 1) Na segunda PSG, apenas 1 paciente se manteve com diagnóstico de SAOS. Em conclusão, observamos que o paciente com fibromialgia não exibe alterações significativas na macroestrutura do sono, antes de iniciar o tratamento, apesar de sua qualidade comprometida segundo a auto-avaliação do mesmo. A imposição do tratamento não modifica significativamente a macroestrutura do sono, porém, melhora as queixas dolorosas e a auto-avaliação da qualidade do sono. Entretanto, o padrão alfa-delta, sugestivo de sono não-reparador, ocorre em quase metade dos pacientes com fibromialgia, de forma independente do tratamento, e da referida melhora nos sintomas dolorosos e na qualidade subjetiva do sono, sugerindo a possibilidade deste ser um marcador cortical independente, cuja provável relação com a fisiopatologia da doença carece de maiores estudos. Palavras-chave: Fibromialgia. Sono. Polissonografia. Tratamento. / Our goals in the present study were: - to evaluate sleep macrostructure in patients with Fibromyalgia free from medication; - to investigate if there are changes in sleep macrostructure, after the institution of medical treatment either with Amitriptiline or a combination of Fluoxetin and Cyclobenzaprine; - to evaluate the complaint of pain through the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) and sleep impairment through an analogous scale so called Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), before and after treatment. Twenty patients (19 women and 1 man) were selected from the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of Ribeirão Preto University Hospital University of São Paulo, among those classified as suffering from Fibromyalgia without any current medical treatment for the syndrome. They fulfilled VAS and SQS and were submitted to two polysomnographic recordings (PSG), before and after the introduction of either one of medical treatments, chosen by the Rheumatology staff. As a result, we did not find significant changes in sleep macrostructure, before and after treatment, but an expressive frequency of alpha-delta pattern, in the first PSG (9 out of 20 patients = 45%), which remained unchanged after treatment. Even though, after treatment, there was significant improvement in regard to pain and sleep quality, according to the respective analogical scales. There was a significant increase in both REM latency and N1 percentage, as well as a tendency to increase in sleep efficiency, in the second PSG. Three patients showed periodic limb movements in the second exam, which has been attributed to an effect of the medications, without repercussion in sleep quality according to SQS. Respiratory sleep disorders did not appear to be related to sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia patients, as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was found in 3 out of 20 patients studied (mild degree, in 2, and moderate, in 1). Only 1 of those patients remained with OSA in the second PSG. In conclusion, we observed that patients with fibromyalgia, before starting medical treatment, do not show significant changes in sleep macrostructure, despite of sleep bad quality as referred by SQS. Medical treatment does not significantly modify sleep macrostructure, although improves complaints of pain and auto-evaluated sleep quality. Alpha-delta pattern, a possible marker of non restorative sleep, occurs in fibromyalgia patients independently from the treatment and from the self-attributed improvement in pain and sleep quality, suggesting its possible role as an independent cortical marker, eventually related to the physiopathology of this syndrome, which demands further studies to be determined.

oam1998@outlook.com / Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased mortality, for which impaired functional capacity (IFC) has been established as a surrogate. We sought to assess whether IFC is associated with increased mortality in patients with OSA and whether IFC is predictive of increased mortality after accounting for coronary artery disease. Methods: Patients with OSA who underwent both polysomnography testing and exercise stress echocardiogram were selected. Records were reviewed retrospectively for demographics, comorbidities, stress echocardiographic parameters, and polysomnography data. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between IFC and overall mortality. We then evaluated the variables associated with IFC in the overall population and in the subgroup with normal Duke treadmill score (DTS). Results: In our cohort, 404 (26%) patients had IFC. The best predictors of IFC were female sex, history of smoking, ejection fraction less than 55, increased body mass index, presence of comorbidities, abnormal exercise echocardiogram, abnormal heart rate recovery, and abnormal DTS. Compared with those without IFC, patients with IFC were 5.1 times more likely to die (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5–10.5; P , 0.0001) by univariate analysis and 2.7 times more likely to die (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2–6.1; P = 0.02) by multivariate analysis, when accounting for heart rate recovery, DTS, and sleep apnea severity. Among those without coronary artery disease, patients with IFC were at significantly increased risk of mortality (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.35–13.79; P = 0.0088) compared with those with preserved functional capacity. Conclusions: In our OSA population, IFC was a strong predictor of increased mortality. Among those with normal DTS, IFC identified a cohort at increased risk of mortality.

This master‘s thesis deals with a detailed description of sleep apnea and methods of detection of sleep apnea. The first part of the work is focused on the physiology of sleep, sleep apnea itself, its distribution, symptoms, risk factors and treatment. The next part of the work deals with polysomnographic examination and methods for analysis of polysomnographic data. The last part is devoted to the procedure design for detecting sleep apnea by using only one kind of signal and by using more kinds of signals, implementation of these proposals, their testing on real data, evaluating the detection performance and comparing the results with data available in the literature.

This thesis deals with the detection of sleep apnea using polysomnographic data and attempt to find a possible alternative and simpler method of this detection. The thesis consists of three parts: The first part is important for introduction to the lungs anatomy and the physiology of breathing and the sleep phisiology. The second part deals with the ways of testing sleep apnea. The third part then continues with implementation of alternative methods of testing in Matlab software. The final program calculates the breathing curve from ECG data. The curve is important for the final detection of sleep apnea.

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) currently is utilized when assessing the risk of mortality in individuals suffering from coronary heart disease or diabetic neuropathy. Research has shown that patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) also show a decrease in HRV, as well as an increase in sympathetic drive characterized by an increase in the low-frequency component of HRV. HRV, in conjunction with other indicators, may represent a non-invasive, low cost method for the confirmation of severity of OSA in some patients and therefore may represent an additional tool for the assessment of risk in these individuals. This becomes especially true when urinary catecholamines, fitness level, and quality of life (QOL) assessment are included. The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between severity of OSA as assessed by respiratory distress index (RDI) and the selected measures HRV, fitness, QOL, and catecholamine output. Subjects were 6 men and 5 women who were recently diagnosed with OSA by polysomnographic (PSG) study. HRV and blood pressure was measured during two consecutive trials consisting of 512 heartbeats. Catecholamine levels were determined by HPLC following 24-hour urine collection. Fitness levels were established following cycle ergometer testing and QOL following questionnaire completion. Subjects with lower weight, BMI, and neck circumference had significantly higher parasympathetic influence as analyzed through the amount of high frequency component of HRV (r =.738, .726, .789, respectively; p<0.05). Respiratory distress index (RDI) was negatively related to the average heart rate (HR=RR average, r = -.610, p<0.05), while the amount of total sleep (r = .657, p<0.05) and REM sleep (r = .739, p<0.01) increased as HR increased. The average HR was correlated to the predicted VO2max (r = .677, p<0.05). When the frequency components of HRV, fitness, QOL, and catecholamines were combined, the association to RDI increased dramatically (r = .984, p = .02). The results indicate that as the severity of OSA increases, markers of fitness, QOL, and sleep decrease. There is also an inverse relationship between autonomic function and severity of OSA. It is concluded that HRV and fitness levels are inversely related to the severity of OSA, and that these measures may be developed into a risk assessment tool for use in OSA patient evaluatio / Master of Science

Background. Habitual short (HSS) and long sleeper (HLS) were very interesting but under-research area. / Conclusion. Our study suggested that sleep duration of human being has marked inter-individual variability with existence of extreme sleepers at both ends. Throughout different phases of the study, there was a consistent negative relationship between sleep duration and socio-economic status. Our finding of unique personality profile between short and long sleepers supported the hypothesis that different personality trait (neuroticism trait) might mediate between sleep duration and socioeconomic variables. Further studies are indicated for investigating genetic as well as biological correlates between personality traits and sleep duration. / Method. Three phases were involved in this research to explore epidemiological, psychological, and PSG characteristics of HSS and HLS. / Phase three: 72 subjects (23 HSS, 41 HNS, and 8 HLS) were assessed by two nights PSG to be followed by multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). 37 subjects (6 HSS, 21 HNS, and 10 HLS) were assessed by four-day Actiwatch. In the first night of PSG assessment, HLS had lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep and REM latency than HSS and HNS. In the second night, REM density in HLS was higher than HSS and HNS. In MSLT, HSS (50.0%) was more likely to have mildly short sleep latency than HLS (0%). Multiple regression of these healthy sleepers suggested that shorter sleep duration was found in those subjects (a) attaining higher education level; (b) suffering from higher life stress; (c) having more sleepiness; and (d) having less neuroticism. / Phase two: 252 subjects attended the face-to-face clinical interview. Among them, there were 33 HSS-7 and 25 HLS-9. After controlling gender and age, HSS had more chance to earn more money, live in larger house, drank more alcohol, and lower neuroticism than HLS. / Result. Phase one: Brief sleep questionnaires with consent were administered to parents of students in 13 primary schools in 2003, and 10381 parents returned their questionnaires (response rate &ap; 67.9%). 593 subjects were excluded because of their incomplete information. Altogether, 9788 subjects were considered as eligible subjects that represented noninstitutionalized Chinese middle-age residents in Hong Kong (47.0% men vs 53.0% women, mean age: 40.9 years +/- 4.9 years [SD]). There were 322 (3.3%) HSS-7 (&le;7 hours), 1415 (14.5%) HLS-9 (&ge;9 hours), and 481 (4.9%) HLS-10 (&ge;10 hours). HSS had more chance to attain higher education level, earn more money and drank more tea/coffee than HLS. / Zhang Bin. / "May 2005." / Advisers: Y. K. Wing; S. O. Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0177. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Objetivos: Investigar a ocorrência de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), sua gravidade e sintomas relacionados, em adultos de meia-idade com fissura de palato operada (FPO) e retalho faríngeo, comparativamente a indivíduos com FPO sem retalho e a dados normativos. Adicionalmente, verificar a relação entre a gravidade da AOS e a área seccional mínima da via aérea faríngea (ASF). Método: Estudo prospectivo em 42 indivíduos com FPO, não sindrômicos (22 com retalho- CR, 20 sem retalho-SR), 40-58 anos de idade. A prevalência de AOS foi estimada com base no índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) avaliado por polissonografia (sistema EMBLA-N7000). Os sintomas foram investigados pelos questionários de Pittsburgh, Epworth, e Berlin e pela Escala de Trindade. A ASF foi avaliada por rinomanometria anterior modificada em um subgrupo de pacientes dos grupos CR (n=14) e SR (n=10). Local de execução: Unidade de Estudos do Sono-Laboratório de Fisiologia-HRAC/USP. Resultados: No grupo CR, a prevalência de AOS correspondeu a 77%. Quando considerados os sintomas relacionados (SAHOS) foi de 64%. No grupo SR, os percentuais foram menores (60% e 45%, respectivamente), mas as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. A prevalência de SAHOS do grupo CR foi comparativamente maior do que na população em geral. Os indicadores aferidos pelos questionários não diferiram entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre IAH e ASF. Conclusão: Adultos de meia-idade com fissura palatina apresentam desordens respiratórias do sono em proporção clinicamente significativa, possivelmente relacionadas a alterações anatomo-funcionais das vias aéreas superiores, congênitas ou secundárias às palatoplastias, sendo o retalho um fator obstrutivo agravante. / Objectives: To investigate the occurrence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and related symptoms in middle-aged adults with repaired cleft palate and pharyngeal flap, as compared to individuals with repaired cleft palate without flap and to normative data. In addition, to verify the relationship between OSA severity and minimal pharyngeal cross-sectional airway area (PCSA). Methods: Prospective study in 42 nonsyndromic individuals with repaired cleft palate (22 with flap- F group, 20 without flap- NF group), aged 40-58 years. Prevalence of OSA was estimated according to apnea-hipopnea index (AHI), measured by nocturnal polysomnography (EMBLA-N7000 system). Symptoms were investigated by the Pittsburgh, Epworth, and Berlin questionnaires and by the Trindade Scale. PCSA was evaluated by modified anterior rhinomanometry in a subgroup of patients from the F group (n=14) and the NF group (n=10). Setting: Sleep Studies Unit-Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Brazil. Results: In the F group, the prevalence of OSA corresponded to 77% and when considering related symptoms (OSAHS), 64%. In the NF group, the percentages were lower (60% and 45%, respectively), but differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of OSAHS in the F group was higher than in the general population. Questionnaire outcomes did not differ between groups. There was no correlation between AHI and PCSA. Conclusion: Middle-aged adults with cleft palate have clinically significant sleep-disordered breathing, possibly related to congenital anatomic or functional abnormalities of the upper airway, or to primary and secondary palatal surgeries, the flap being an aggravating obstructive factor.

Out of 60 million Americans suffering from sleep disorder, an estimated 18 million have sleep apnea. According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, sleep apnea is a chronic condition that disrupts a patient’s sleep. While the annual cost of treating sleep apnea patients in the United States is approximately $3.18 billion (including screening costs) it is estimated that untreated sleep apnea may cause $3.4 billion in additional medical costs. A polysomnography (PSG) is an all-night sleep study which monitors various physical functions during sleep including electrical activity of the heart, brain wave patterns, eye movement, muscle tone, body movements, and breathing. It is currently, the most accurate and sophisticated test for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), but also, the most expensive. The cost of an overnight sleep study is estimated between $900 and $3,000. In addition, the PSG is not mobile and has to be administered outside a patient’s home. The Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a rhythm disorder that causes erratic (unpredictable) heartbeats. The LQTS has been linked to patients with the most severe form of sleep apnea. If LQTS is left untreated, sudden cardiac death may occur. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection