Understanding long-term trends in highly migratory pelagic stocks in the Pacific Ocean is extremely important as fishing in the Western and Central Pacific is vital to both local economies and the global food supply, accounting for 14% of global seafood. The Pacific is considered “data poor” due to a lack of substantive data, poor quality data, and little fishery-independent assessment. Fishing vessels are nearly exclusively foreign-flagged with virtually all landings exported to Asia and Europe, whereas the GDPs of these island nations are wholly supported by sale of licensures to these fleets. The first chapter examines the validity of using best-available data for ecologically important reconstruction, as well as an overview of approaches used to overcome the encumbrances of such data: self-reporting and profit-maximization. We also examine current methods for handling data-poor situations in marine environments, which provide unique challenges to surveying, patrolling, and enforcement. We applied two modeling approaches to investigate the population dynamics and sustainability of seven species of large predators in the families Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae, and Scombridae comprising the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Aggregated Catch/Effort database from 1950-present. The entire management region was examined, with the Exclusive Economic Zone of Kiribati explored in detail. This collection of islands and seamounts covers 3.5 million square kilometers including several areas of conservation interest and variable bathymetry. The first, a “traditional” autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, revealed shifts in effort, Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), catch, abundance, and morphology in all populations, regions, and management area. Second, Catch-MSY identified the Maximum Sustainable Yield (a common metric for fisheries management) for each species by region and the basin. This approach is unique, depending completely on non-reliable self-reported landings data to construct population models useful for management in the absence of costly surveys; often the best available data outside of North America and the EU. This body of work provides the foundation for cost-effective sustainable management of key high-profit open-ocean market species. It identified greatly reduced CPUE of targeted species, increasing CPUE of likely bycatch. Finally, we established catch limits for every reported species in the basin and subregion.

Black Theology uses the Exodus episode as its locus classicus for its view of God' s preferential option for the poor and the oppressed. The purpose of the dissertation is to determine to what extent Black Theology is scripturally justified in doing so. The investigation concludes that - i) the use of a praxis 'claimed to be Christian' in the hermeneutic of Black Theology, becomes questionable and unconvincing in that there is an illogical vacillation between a self-determined praxis-horizon and a text-horizon and that, ii ) when some aspects of Black Theology are measured using constraint criteria suggested by Kelsey, Black Theology exceeds the limits of acceptability by taking the exodus event as the locus classicus for the slogan that God is always on the side of the poor and the oppressed. While for some Black theology is indeed an important new stage in theologizing it must however be remembered that liberation theology, in Africa at least, is still in its infancy. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / Th.M. (Old Testament)

The aim is to explore how community participation can situate beneficiaries to discover and commit to what they need for the future in northern Ghana. The methodology used was observational, descriptive, qualitative and quantitative, cross-sectional and longitudinal survey. A convenient sampling method was used for the community and district selection process. Respondents were randomly selected to ensure equal opportunity for all those available at the time of the interview. Eight communities were used from the three regions of northern Ghana in which community-based pro-poor interventions by interventionists have either completed or are still in process. The participatory, reflective and participatory rural appraisal, techniques were used in the data gathering. The results show that 57% males and 43% females participated in the study. The study shows that 95.2% respondents from Northern region, 93.3%, from Upper West region and 88.7% from Upper East region participated more in NGO than government led activities. There were five main findings of the research. First, 61% of respondents give high priority to farm credit, boreholes/wells and dams. Respondents claim to gain maximum benefit from these interventions more. Second, 92.4% of respondents from the eight communities participate more in activities organised by NGOs for personal gain and motivation. Third, 53% of all target respondents participated actively at the implementation stage of the participation process. Fourth, there is low investment in the area of school, road and dam projects in the study communities. Only two of the eight communities benefited from a school or road project, and three out of eight communities benefited from dam projects. Fifth, 57% males against 43% females participate in pro-poor intervention activities in the eight communities. As a contribution to knowledge, the thesis shows community members in northern Ghana participate in activities when there is immediate motivation (either in cash or kind) or when projects border more on their main occupational areas. The thesis recommends that Government facilitates community members to demand the right to take active part in the participatory process in all pro-poor interventions in their communities. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Thesis (D. Phil.)--University of Stellenbosch, 1936. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming beskikbaar nie

This thesis looks at Blessed are the Poor?, a document presented to the General Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church that sought to outline Liberation Theology to the Church. In response to this the Synod voted £1,000,000 of its resources to be used specifically in projects in the poorest parts of Scotland. The thesis outlines those projects and the way in which they sought to embody the "Option for the Poor". The thesis closes by looking at whether Blessed are the Poor? faithfully represented Liberation Theology and the "Option"; whether the projects represented that theology and concluding that they did not, recognises that it is the nature of both the "Option" and the institutional Church that such a task could never be achieved. In order to understand the pastoral project this thesis outlines the historical development of Liberation Theology after the Second Vatican Council and in Latin America with particular emphasis on the "Option for the Poor". This thesis proceeds to look at the development of an "Option for the Poor" in the work of Gustavo Gutiérrez, the leading Liberation Theologian. The critiques of that work from the Vatican, Pablo Richard and Hugo Assmann are then considered. Gutiérrez’s works are used to develop a theological matrix that identifies the essential elements of the “Option for the Poor”. Having considered the notion of the "Option for the Poor" the thesis proceeds to look at how the "Option" was taken forward in the Churches in Britain before focussing on the specific response of the Scottish Episcopal Church. The matrix is used as a tool to assess whether the various parts of the response truly reflected the “Option for the Poor”.

兒童貧窮問題引起香港社會及政策制定者的深切關注。香港特區政府及各非政府組織推出了不同的策略、計劃及方案以舒緩兒童貧窮問題。可是，大部份針對小學生的現行計劃及方案普遍著重提升兒童的學術成果多於其全面發展。本研究旨在探討由企業發起及持續舉辦的校本計劃及社區為本計劃在幫助香港貧窮兒童脫貧及全面發展的成效。 / 本研究採用多重個案研究法，對兩個與企業合作推行持續性兒童扶貧計劃的個案，包括學校一(School-1)及非政府組織一(NGO-1)作深入了解。多種質性數據從這兩個個案的三項計劃中搜集，包括十二節參與式觀察及四十五個半結構性訪談(負責職員、組織者、主持人、義工、兒童參與者及他們的父母)。 / 本研究有四項主要研發現: / 一，連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本是兒童參與者在建立人力資本過程中的催化劑。二，在兒童參與者及義工建立信任關係的過程中連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本是互相依賴而成。三，兒童參與者能夠成為主動的行動者。他們除了能夠在影響他們生命的決定上作出選擇；並藉著把握學習及社交機會，抗拒因生活於不利環境中所產生的負面影響，更能夠改變環境，把希望灌注入父母的生命。四，三項計劃均提供為期九至十個月的服務，讓介入工作在這段較長時間中引發兒童參與者的改變，並把希望灌注入他們的生命。此外，也讓他們的父母、計劃組織者及負責職員觀察兒童參與者的成長及改變。 / 綜合這些研究發現，人力資本的建立、建立連結社會資本及橋樑社會資本所帶來的支援關係、兒童的聲音能否獲得聆聽及作出決定時兒童的意見能否受到尊重，均對計劃能否有正面效果有直接關係。基於這些研究發現，建議扶貧計劃需在貧窮兒童的較早期的生命歷程中推行，並且介入的時期較長，讓兒童參與者的成長及改變能被引發並被觀察出來，把希望灌注入兒童及父母的生命，讓他們能發現彼此的優點、對生命存有盼望、為美好的將來釐訂實際計劃及具信心與社會人士保持接觸。這些均是他們在打破貧窮困局及戰勝社會排斥的過程中不可或缺的原素。 / Children poverty problem has become a main concern of Hong Kong society and the policy makers. Different strategies, programmes and projects have been implemented by the HKSAR government and different NGOs to alleviate the child poverty problem. However, most existing programmes and projects for primary school children emphasize on educational outcomes rather than the holistic child development. / This study aims to understand whether and how the enterprise-initiated and ongoing school-based and community-based programmes may help the poor children in Hong Kong in poverty alleviation and holistic development. / One school (School-1) and one NGO (NGO-1), which implemented ongoing poverty alleviation programmes with enterprises, were selected for this multiple-case study. Based on the analysis of the multiple sources of data collected from the three main programmes, including 12 sessions of participant observation and 45 semi-structured interviews (with responsible staff, organizers, host, volunteers, participating children and their parents), four key findings were obtained to answer the research question. / First, bonding and bridging social capital acted as a catalyst in the process of developing human capital among the participating children. Second, bonding and bridging social capital relied on and built upon each other in the trust building process among the participating children and the volunteers. Third, the participating children could be the active agents, who could exercise their choices in decisions affecting their lives, resist the negative influences of the adverse environment by holding onto the learning and social opportunities, and even change the environment by instilling hope in their parents. Fourth, the three main programmes under this study were organized for the same group of children for about nine to ten months in each cycle, which allowed time for the intervention to generate change and instill hope in the participating children and also enabled the parents, organizers and responsible staff to observe the growth and change in the participating children. / The findings suggest that the development of human capital is directly related to the supportive relationship built during the intervention process through bonding and bridging social capital, and the experiences of being listened, involved and respected in decisions affecting them through child participation. It is recommended that programmes should be organized for the poor children in their early stage of life-course and with a longer period of time for intervention and observation of their growth and change in the participating children. When hope is instilled in the children through joining the programmes, hope is subsequently instilled in the parents as well to acknowledge one’s merits, to feel hopeful to live a life with a wide range of possibilities, to have more confidence in making concrete plan for a better future and getting in touch with the people in the society. All these are indispensable on the road to beat the odds of poverty and conquer social exclusion. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tang, Mun Yu. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 437-467). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Tang, Mun Yu.

Wu, Ka Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i-iii / Table of Content --- p.iv-v / Abbreviations --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Poor Women: Where and Who are They? / Research Purpose and Questions / Research Methodology / Some Research Reflections / Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 / Women and Development under Economic Globalization / Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case / Hong Kong in the International Political Economy / Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens / Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams / The Political Economy of Welfare State / Feminist Critique of Welfare State / Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong / The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse / Discourse Analysis / Ideology versus Truth / The Power of Gaze / The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention / Power/ Knowledge / Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 / Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy / Poor Women after Economic Restructuring / Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries / No Jobs for Poor Mothers / Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility / Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor / Capitalist Production of Familialism / The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s / Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 / Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy / The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare / Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare / Single Mothers as Study Focus / Who has the Right to Social Welfare? The Breadwinner's Myth / Housing Problem for Single Mothers with Children / Poor Lives of Lone Mother: Child Caring and Work / Women in Our Welfare System without Citizenship / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discourse on the Welfare Cut: The Poor as Object of Intervention --- p.101 / Discursive Analysis / The Arrival of Dependency Culture in Hong Kong / Colonial Fear against the Poor: History of the Politics of Welfare / The Poor as the Object of Intervention / "The Poor against the “Imagined Poor"" " / The Construction of Social Subjectivities of the Lower Class / Conclusion: Difficulty of the Underclass and their Agency / Chapter Chapter Six --- Knowledge Production and Power Relation in Hong Kong --- p.124 / Social Welfare in Hong Kong: To Prevent People from Starving to Death / Make Money and Be Happy: People and Society in Hong Kong / Chou's Discourse on Welfare in Hong Kong / The Hidden Reality in the Affluent 1990s / Rocketing Welfare and Car Crash / The Meaning of Non-Interventionism: Government and Business Interests / Non-Interventionism as Ruling Success or Ruling Inability? / Power/ Knowledge and the Politics of Writing / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.148 / Complicity of Economic Development / Complicity of the Government / Power of Discourse / Effects of Discourse / Discourse and Knowledge Production / The Future / Bibliography --- p.155

Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.