O crescimento econÃmico de longo prazo à condiÃÃo sine qua non para uma populaÃÃo garantir seu bem-estar e o de suas geraÃÃes futuras. Muitas vezes o fluxo de renda em uma economia especÃfica à insuficiente para proporcionar a todos uma vida digna de modo que todos estejam inclusos na sociedade do consumo. Outras vezes hà renda suficiente para que toda sociedade se beneficie dos frutos gerados por esta, como à o caso do Brasil. Entretanto, a renda gerada se concentra em camadas mais ricas da sociedade de modo que impossibilita, direta e muitas vezes indiretamente, Ãs camadas mais pobres as condiÃÃes mÃnimas de sobrevivÃncia. Portanto, sÃo sempre vÃlidos os estudos que busquem entender, identificar e propor soluÃÃes viÃveis para o problema da pobreza. Este trabalho busca diagnosticar os fatores de crescimento atravÃs da decomposiÃÃo dos Ãndices de pobreza (proporÃÃo de pobres, hiato de pobreza e hiato quadrÃtico), de modo a identificar os fatores de influÃncia do crescimento econÃmico e da desigualdade de renda nos Ãndices de pobreza, alÃm de acompanhar sua evoluÃÃo entre 1995 e 2005 com base nos dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional de DomicÃlios (PNAD) em valores constantes corrigidos pelo Ãndice Nacional de PreÃo ao Consumidor de 2005. Por meio dessa evoluÃÃo à possÃvel identificar se o crescimento econÃmico à pro pobre ou nÃo. O modelo de decomposiÃÃo consegue separar os efeitos do crescimento econÃmico e da distribuiÃÃo de renda nos Ãndices de pobreza, sendo necessÃrios os dados sobre a renda familiar per capita da zona rural e a curva de Lorenz, que à o parÃmetro de desigualdade. O modelo foi utilizado para a anÃlise em Ãmbito nacional, regional e estadual, abrangendo vinte estados e excluindo o Distrito Federal e os estados da regiÃo Norte, exceto Tocantins. Os resultados sinalizam na grande maioria dos estados, a ocorrÃncia de crescimento prà pobre na zona rural brasileira e indicam ainda o Nordeste como a regiÃo mais atingida com o fenÃmeno da pobreza rural. Juntamente com o Norte, à a que menos reduziu a sua proporÃÃo de pobres, sugerindo a formaÃÃo de clubes de convergÃncia. Em se tratando da anÃlise por estado, devem-se assinalar os estados das regiÃes Sul e Centro-Oeste que lideram o ranking de reduÃÃo de pobreza rural para todos os Ãndices observados. Os resultados deste estudo podem ainda fundamentar estratÃgias de polÃticas pÃblicas regionais que visem aumentar a atividade econÃmica, e as polÃticas de distribuiÃÃo de renda. / Long-term economic growth is a sine qua non condition for ensuring the well being of a population and of their future generations. Most of the time the level of income of a given economy is insufficient to provide a decent life for the population in such a way to enable that everyone is included in the society of consumption. Though, as in Brazilâs case, the income generated is more than enough to provide those benefits for the population, its distribution in fact, doesnât favor this desired outcome. Thus studies that attempts to analyses the relation of income distribution and poverty are relevant. This paper analyses the factors of growth through the decomposition of poverty rates (proportion of poor, the poverty gap and quadratic gap poverty), in order to identify the possible influence of economic growth and inequality of income distribution in the poverty indices. Additionally it analyses the evolution of the poverty indices as well its evolution in the period of 1995 and 2005 based on data provided by the National Survey of Household (PNAD) at constant values corrected by the National Index of Consumer Price to 2005. Through this evolution it is possible to identify if economic growth is in favor or not of the poor. This model of decomposition allows for the separation of effects of economic growth and income distribution on the poverty indices. To achieve this result data on household per capita income of rural area and on the Lorenz curve are necessary. This two set of information give a measure of inequality. The analysis was made at the national, regional and state levels, and involved twenty states. The Federal District and the states of the north region, except Tocantins were excluded. The results indicate the occurrence of positive effects in relation to the poor for the Brazilian rural area in the majority of states. It also indicates that the Northeast region was the most affected with the phenomenon of rural poverty. The Northeast and the Northern regions are the ones where the proportions of poor were less reduced suggesting the formation of clubs of convergence. At the state level it is important to note that the states of the South and Center-West regions are the leaders in reducing the rural poverty for all observed indices. These results can give a basis for implementation of strategies for public policies aimed at increasing regional economic activity, as well as policies for the distribution of income.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar algumas classes de anéis. Para isso, introduzimos o conceito de módulo pobre e provamos algumas propriedades básicas destes módulos. Além disso, estudamos quais hipóteses sobre um anel R fazem com que alguma família da classe dos R-módulos seja uma família destituída (famílias tais que todo R-módulo é pobre), uma família sem classe média (famílias tais que todo R-módulo ou é pobre ou é injetivo) ou uma família que é uma utopia (famílias tais que todo R-módulo não é pobre). / The goal of this dissertation is to study certain classes of rings. To this end, we introduce the definition of a poor module and prove some basic properties of these modules. Furthermore, we study which hypotheses on a ring R turn some classes of R-modules into a destitute family (families such that every R-module is poor), a family with no middle class (families such that every R-module is either poor or injective) or a family that is an utopia (families such that every R-module is not poor)

O objetivo dessa reflexão é realizar a análise acerca da inserção de um novo agente no campo judaico, suas relações dentro desse campo e também com a metrópole. Um ex- pastor da Assembleia de Deus e fiéis de instituições pentecostais e neopentecostais passam a se identificar como bnei anussim, isto é, afirmam-se descendentes dos judeus forçados a se converter na Inquisição. Após as tentativas fracassadas de reconhecimento da identidade judaica perante as autoridades rabínicas, criam a sinagoga Beith Israel, no bairro de São Mateus, periferia de São Paulo. Lá, praticam o judaísmo, conforme seus próprios esquemas de percepção, ortodoxo. O universo empírico compreende a sinagoga dos ditos anussim, lideranças religiosas judaicas, especialistas religiosos do campo religioso de São Mateus e moradores do bairro. A metodologia consistiu na análise das interações existentes entre os agentes e suas produções discursivas, além da realização de etnografias para coletar dados qualitativos. A dinâmica existente entre a prática judaica dos autodenominados anussim e a lógica específica do bairro é essencial para compreender o fenômeno religioso em questão, pois os dois fatores mantém uma relação dialética. / The aim of this study is the analysis of a new agents entry at the judaic field and his relations inside this field and with the city. An ex-priest from Assemblies of God and others starts to identify himself as bnei anussim, in other words, descendents of jews who were forced to convert to christianity during the Inquisition. They try to be recognized by jewish authorities, but the attempt fails. After that, they created their own synagogue Beith Israel, at Sao Mateus neighborhood, a poor suburb area in Sao Paulo. There, they practice Orthodox Judaism, according to their own way of perception. The empiric universe consists in the anussims synagogue, jewish religious authorities, religious specialists of the religious field of Sao Mateus and habitants of the neighborhood. The methodology consisted in the analysis of the interaction between the agents and their discursive productions. Besides, the ethnographic research was used to gather qualitative data. The dynamic among the jewish practices and the neighborhoods logic is essential to comprehend the religious phenomenon, because these two factors are understood in terms of a dialectical relationship.

Destaca a reconstituição histórica e estética do processo da arte político-religiosa no Brasil de 1970 aos dias atuais. O período marca o nascimento, expansão, recuo e sobrevivência da Teologia da Libertação, e junto com o discurso que brota dessa reflexão, nasceu uma produção iconográfica própria e que escapa daqueles modelos consagrados pela teologia tradicional. O negro, o índio, o retirante nordestino, a mulher marginalizada, emprestam seus rostos à Virgem Maria e a Jesus Cristo, a fim de reafirmar o nascimento de um homem novo que surge dos escombros da colonização e da dependência política e econômica que marcaram a América Latina. As figuras, os desenhos, os cartazes, as expressões corporais, se transformaram em documentos que essa teologia produziu ao longo das décadas e que aqui serão abordados. De fato, o que nos interessa de perto, não é privilegiar questões de estilo, mas compreender, através de dados iconográficos, a latência de uma teologia exuberante e eficaz em sua intenção de se tornar a voz do pobre e marginalizado. A hipótese da pesquisa se constitui no problema referente ao processo de sacralização de iconografias, personagens profanos sob a égide da Teologia da Libertação no decorrer desse período no Brasil. A originalidade está em mostrar como esse ideário tomou forma através de representações pictóricas que facilitavam a sua compreensão e aceitação por parte do povo, especialmente o morador da periferia das grandes cidades ou do campo. Nesses lugares, graças a essa estratégia, conjugada a outras, como canções, danças e novos rituais, a Teologia da Libertação teve grande aceitação e força, semeando, através das CEBs (Comunidades Eclesiais de Base), a proposta da criação de uma nova sociedade, baseada em relações mais justas e fraternas, superando a exploração e a opressão dos poderosos a serviço do sistema capitalista. No entanto, a partir do final dos anos 1980, o rosto do sagrado estampado no rosto do pobre começa a esmaecer, sinal de um retorno conservador na Igreja. Apesar disso, esse rosto resiste e atravessa os tempos revelando a sobrevivência de um nicho mais que sagrado no profano. / It focuses the historical and aesthetical process of the politic-religious art in Brazil from 1970 to present time, a period which gives birth and at the same time, a kind of disaggregation to an iconographic model that sets apart the traditional ones, consecrated by the church. Black people, Indians, migrants living in poor areas, marginalized women, offer their faces to Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ with the proposal of reaffirming the birth of a new man that revives from the ashes of colonization ruins and also from the politic and economic dependence which was imprinted in Latin America. Pictures, drawings, posters, body language, become themselves, documents that Liberation Theology produced during these decades and will be studied in this research. As a matter of fact, what is mostly important to us to comprehend is not style matters but, above all, through iconographic issues, the latency of an exuberant and effective Theology in its intention to become the voice of the poor and the marginalized. The main hypothesis of this research constitutes in seeing the sacralization process on profane personages according to the Liberation Theology vision. The originality of this research is to show how an ideal took shape through pictorial representations that facilitate its comprehension and acceptation from poor people, especially those who live at the margins of the big cities. In those places, thanks to this strategy, but also with songs, dances and new rituals, Liberation Theology had large acceptation and gained strength, spreading its seeds through the Cebs (Base Communities), and with them, cherished the possibility of creating a new society based on fraternal and fair relations, overcoming exploration and oppression that come from powerful people who serve the capitalist system. However, from the end of the 1980s, the face of the sacred in the face of the poor starts fading as a sign of a conservative return inside the Catholic Church. In spite of this, that face endures and go across the times revealing the survival of a niche more than sacred in the profane.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-21T20:11:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 francinellyaparecidamattoso.pdf: 892010 bytes, checksum: ed345016d2974c1da3868df7929abccc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:28:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 francinellyaparecidamattoso.pdf: 892010 bytes, checksum: ed345016d2974c1da3868df7929abccc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 francinellyaparecidamattoso.pdf: 892010 bytes, checksum: ed345016d2974c1da3868df7929abccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo discute as implicações da dimensão territorial na vida dos jovens pobres. Privilegia-se como eixos de análise a juventude, entendida como categoria socialmente construída e sua relação com o espaço e tempo histórico; o território, a partir das relações estabelecidas pelos jovens por meio de suas práticas e interações cotidianas em seus espaços de inserção na cidade e as repercussões daí advindas, no que se refere aos limites e possibilidades de participação desses sujeitos. Nesse sentido, são problematizadas questões como as condições de vida dos jovens pobres no espaço urbano por meio das categorias cotidiano e pobreza. A análise incide nas experiências e percepções de jovens pertencentes a dois bairros do município de Juiz de Fora no campo da educação, trabalho, família e das relações que estabelecem com a cidade. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que jovens com mesmo perfil sócio-econômico, mas que vivenciam dinâmicas sócio-espaciais distintas, estabelecem perspectivas de participação e de futuro destoantes em virtude das desigualdades vivenciadas na cidade. / This paper focuses on analyzing the effects of the territory on young people’s behavior. For this purpose, youth is considered as a built-up group of the society that keeps regular interaction with space and time; the territory consists of the place where youth are living, taking into consideration the various areas of their lives in a city and, consequently, the boundaries to their actions and the limits to their participation in everyday’s social life. In this sense, many matters are studied, such as that of the poor youth’s life quality and how it has to do with the urban standards. The main analysis is based on the experience and point of view from young people grown in two neighborhoods of Juiz de Fora. Not only were family and education subjects of this study but also relationships established at the workplace and relationships established with different sectors of their urban life. The results of this study appoint that young people with similar socioeconomic background but raised in different special contexts, tend to have different expectations for the future as well as divergent conception on social engagement.

M.Comm. / This dissertation examines the role of land reforms in the alleviation of rural poverty. A three-pronged approach is adopted in the background study process. This includes a review of the South African land reform programme, a review of international experiences in land reforms, and finally, a focused study of the Uitkyk community of the North West Province. Chapter 1 lays the framework for the study and ends up with the fundamentals of the South African land reform programme. Chapter 2 examines experiences in land reforms in three other countries namely, Brazil, China and Zimbabwe. Based on the comparability of these countries to South Africa in various respects, lessons are drawn from their experiences for South Africa. Chapter 3 traces the origin and evolution of the land question among the Uitkyk community and their subsequent quest for restitution. Chapter four presents empirical evidence from a field survey, with subsequent analysis thereof. Finally, Chapter 5 summarises the lessons drawn from the Uitkyk and South African experience and the international experience. It also offers some tentative recommendations for the South African land reform programme. Two fundamental approaches to land reforms are recognised in this dissertation. These include the government-assisted approach and the market based approach. It is difficult to find any pure form of either approaches anywhere on a national scale. However, at different time periods, countries may tend to prefer one approach over the other. After the 2005 National Land Summit, there is growing , momentum for South Africa to switch from a predominantly market-based· approach to a more government-assisted programme. For a land reform programme to be effective, it must go beyond changes in access to resources to actual economic development. Such development is indicated by changes in income, employment, nutrition and education. The evidence from this dissertation suggests that within the Uitkyk community, land reforms may so far have resulted in change in access to land, but not so much in economic development. To advance the goals of land reform, South Africa will have to carefully consider the tradeoffs between two seemingly conflicting goals of land reform, namely, efficiency and equity, Both community and individual beneficiaries of land grants must also take greater responsibility in translating the change in land access to more wealth and better living conditions.

M.Ed. / Poverty is a serious concern all over the world. This phenomenon hinders development, particularly in rural areas where the majority of families are living below the poverty line. In many rural communities the RDP programme did not reach the majority of people. The study is aimed at finding out the extent, perceived causes and consequences of poverty in Homu A and Homu C near Giyani. The families regarded as the more impoverished in the two villages were selected as participants of the study. One member from eight families in each village was interviewed in this qualitative study. The collection of data was made through survey interviews as suggested by Silverman (1993), observations, and the recording of artefacts on poverty. A literature review was conducted to construct a theoretical framework for the inquiry. The findings show that many people in these areas are extremely poor. They are physically, socially and psychologically affected by poverty. They are helpless because they believe there is nothing they can do to develop themselves and their villages. Their helplessness hampers development of these communities. The findings also indicate that there is a need for informal and non-formal programmes to educate and empower the community members to combat poverty. These programmes should be linked with income generating projects to equip the community members with skills needed for the economy.

The purpose of the study and following thesis is to investigate how employees in a R&D department perceive the product development process. Review of present process documentation aims at identifying potential discrepancies between the process as it is designed and the way it´s used. The company is operating in a regulatory environment and have recently merged with another company. The company is aligning different processes and work teams. The result indicates that the organization will benefit from working with processes with an inclusive approach, i.e. involve employees working in the process. The process studied is a global process i.e. the process is used at multiple sites. This presents challenges for local adaptations. By actively involving employees a common understanding of the challenges can be achieved which will increase engagement and commitment. The organization will also benefit by looking at the organization from a process perspective. Aligning process goals with departmental goals can be achieved by developing processand department strategies based on overall organizational objectives and the organizational context. The underlying principles for the study are the foundations of TQM. Relevant tools, such as the improvement wheel (PDCA) and GAP-analysis, that can be used for business improvements are presented.

The study determined the impact of agricultural development projects on poverty alleviation at Amajuba district municipality. Data was drawn from 100 respondents, projects were purposively selected in line with the focus of projects members and non-projects members in Dannhauser under Amajuba District municipality to access and investigate the impact of agricultural development projects on poverty alleviation. The study presents the results of assessing those that are in groups and those that are working individually on agricultural production to alleviate poverty. The data was captured using a questionnaire which was administered through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used to analyse and compare the level of livelihood and variables between project and non-project members. The results show that project members are more productive than non-project members. Project members had more access to funding, training, markets and extension services compared to non-members. However, the results further showed that being a project member attracts some rewards which end up improving the living standards as well as alleviates the poverty levels of farmers, whereas working as an individual limits the farmer(s) from receiving reasonable government assistance such as funding and extension services delivery. The descriptive results indicated that members of most rural households were relatively old, married, literate but unemployed. Non-project members were dependent on remittances, social grants and pension funds because the farming strategy could not meet all their household needs. However, The major crops that were grown for income and food security to maintain their livelihoods include: maize, potatoes, onions, butternut, carrots, cabbage and dry beans. Factors that had significant influences on outcomes were extension services, grants, pension and remittances, land productivity, market accessibility, output difference and livelihood. The available opportunities for project members were access to land, funding, markets, infrastructure, inputs and support services from government institutions, as well as NGO’s.

One of the major problems obstructing international development is the issue of food security. Solutions for this global concern have not yet been found. This research sought to explore the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity. Social transfers are regular services or donations which are offered by the government or/and other institutions such as non-governmental organisations to vulnerable households. This exploratory study administered structured interviews, incorporating the Household Hunger Scale, Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning indicator and self designed questions soliciting general household information, to Harare rural residents. The population was divided into clusters and a simple random sampling was used to select three clusters, Mufakose, Glen Norah and Warren Park, thereafter, systematic random sampling was employed within selected clusters.