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Construction d'un modèle de réseau de pores à partir d'une image 3D pour l'estimation de la perméabilité / Building a pore network model from a 3D image for perme- ability estimationCombaret, Nicolas 12 December 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse propose d'étudier en détail une méthode générale de construction d'un réseaude pores interconnectés à partir d'une image 3D d'un matériau poreux afin de calculer laperméabilité absolue. Un squelette de l'espace poral est tout d'abord utilisé pour définir laposition des pores. Ce squelette est transformé en graphe, puis plusieurs étapes de fusiondes nœuds sont réalisées pour obtenir un réseau exploitable. Une ligne de partage des eauxprenant comme marqueurs les nœuds du graphe permet d'attribuer une géométrie auxpores. Le système d'équation linéaire à résoudre est construit en intégrant les équations deStokes sur des éléments de l'espace poral. Une méthode originale de calcul du coefficient deproportionnalité existant entre les pressions au centre de deux pores et le débit traversantla surface les séparant est proposée. Une application de l'intégralité de l'approche estégalement présentée sur un matériau réel. / A general method to build a pore network model from a 3D image of a porous material ispresented in this work in order to compute its permeability. A skeleton of the void spaceis first used to define pores position. This skeleton is converted to a first graph. Mergingsteps are necessary to obtain a relevant network. A volume is allocated to the pores using awatershed algorithm, starting with markers defined from the nodes of the graph. The linearsystem of equations to solve is deduced by integrating the Stokes equations on pore spacepartitioning elements. The proportionality coefficient linking the pressure drop betweentwo pore centers and the flow going through the surface separating them is calculated withan original method. Application of the complete process to a real material is presented.
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Des limites à la réduction d'échelle en réacteur de test catalytique en lit fixe? / On limits to downsizing of fixed bed catalytic reactorsRolland, Matthieu 07 July 2014 (has links)
Pour des raisons de coûts, les tests de catalyseur mis en forme (billes, extrudés, …) en réacteur est lit fixe sont mis en œuvre dans des réacteurs de plus en plus petits alors que la taille des objets catalytiques ne change pas. L'objet de cette thèse est d'explorer les domaines où la réduction d'échelle conduit à des questionnements nouveaux en termes de physique, répétabilité, représentativité et modélisation. Le document s'articule autour de 5 chapitres : 1) une introduction détaillée du contexte avec un état de l'art sur les réacteurs à lit fixe de petite taille et l'identification des questions en suspens, 2) une réflexion autour de la nature des écoulements gaz-liquide descendant dans des lits fixes quand les forces capillaires ne sont plus négligeables, 3) la présentation d'une méthodologie et d'un critère sur un nombre minimal de grain nécessaire pour limiter les conséquences d'une distribution granulométrique en présence de limitations au transfert interne, 4) l'étude des effets d'empilements aléatoires sur la performance apparente du réacteur, d'abord par un modèle réseau de pores qui décrit assez bien les tendances observées expérimentalement mais manque de capacité de prédiction, puis par simulation numérique directe d'écoulement réactif dans des empilements de 8 cylindres qui montre que les effets d'empilements apparaissent, avec les limitations au transfert externe, quand la diffusion moléculaire transverse n'est pas assez rapide pour compenser les gradients dus à la réaction et à la convection, 5) une conclusion qui résume les critères de conception de réacteurs de tests à petite échelle, et propose des pistes de continuation du travail / In order to lower costs, testing of catalytic pellets (spheres or extrudates) is performed in ever smaller fixed bed reactors whereas catalytic pellet size is unchanged. The object of this thesis is to explore domains where downsizing leads to new questions in terms of physics, repeatability and modeling. The thesis is built in 5 chapters, 1) a detailed introduction of the context and a review of the literature on small fixed bed reactors, 2) a discussion about flow patterns in fixed beds filled with fine powder where capilary effects are not negligible, 3) a presentation of a methodology to assess the impact of sampling small number of pellets out of a non uniform set and results for internally mass transfer limited reactions, 4) a study of the effect of randomness in fixed beds first through a pore network model with a good ability to predict trends but lacking accuracy, then using direct numerical simulation of a reactive flow in fixed beds made of 8 cylinders arranged in several configuration showing that packing effects occur, concurrently with external mass transfer limitations, when cross flow diffusion is not fast enough to level out convection and reaction induced gradients, 5) a conclusion that summarizes design criteria and offers a few perspectives for R&D in downsizing
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[en] NETWORK SIMULATOR FOR TWO-PHASE DISPLACEMENT IN CONSTRICTED CAPILLARY CHANNELS / [pt] SIMULADOR DE REDE PARA ESCOAMENTO BIFÁSICO EM CAPILARES COM CONSTRIÇÃOMARTHA SALLES FRANCA 24 January 2018 (has links)
[pt] A compreensão dos mecanismos e fenômenos de transporte relacionados
ao fluxo multifásico em meios porosos é de grande relevância para
diversas aplicações práticas como captura e sequestro de dióxido de carbono,
transporte em células de combustível e recuperação avançada de reservatórios
de hidrocarbonetos. A geometria do espaço poroso e as interações
dos fluidos com sua parte sólida determinam propriedades macroscópicas
como porosidade, permeabilidades relativas e pressão capilar. Porém, a visão
em escala microscópica fornece uma melhor descrição e entendimento dos
processos físicos e químicos do escoamento de fluidos no espaço poroso. Neste
trabalho desenvolvemos um simulador de rede de poros para análise do escoamento
bifásico de fluidos imiscíveis tanto para o processo de drenagem
quanto para o de embebição. O modelo de rede 240×40 tem capilares com
raios médios na ordem de 52.35 micrometro com constrição. Os padrões de escoamento
e eficiências de deslocamento foram obtidos para diferentes razões
de viscosidade e números de capilaridade. Os resultados encontrados, considerando
deslocamento pistão, foram similares a de experimentos realizados
previamente, injetando água no meio saturado de óleo. Na drenagem,
a saturação residual de óleo cai com o aumento do número de capilaridade.
O padrão de escoamento observado é de fingerings viscosos e, a frente de
deslocamento torna-se mais estável com o aumento da razão de viscosidade.
Na embebição, para números de capilaridade mais baixos, o escoamento foi
dominado por fingers capilares. Para números de capilaridade altos, fingers
viscosos foram predominantes e, com o aumento da razão de viscosidade, a
frente apresentou maior estabilidade. / [en] Understanding the mechanisms and transport phenomena of multiphase
flow in porous media has great relevance in several practical applications,
such as capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide, transport in fuel
cells and enhancement hydrocarbon recovery. The geometry of pore space
and the fluid interactions with the solid determine macroscopic properties
such as porosity, relative permeabilities and capillary pressure. However,
microscopic analysis provides a better description and comprehension of
physical and chemical processes of fluid flow in the pore space. In this work,
we developed a pore-network simulator to analyze immiscible two-phase flow
for both drainage and imbibition processes. The 240×40 pore-network model
has constricted capillary channels with radius on the order of 52.35 micrometer. Flow
patterns and displacement efficiencies evaluation were obtained at different
viscosity ratios and capillary numbers. The results, considering piston-like
displacement, were similar to experiments realized previously, injecting water
in an oil saturated medium. In the drainage process, the oil saturation
reduces with increasing capillary number. The observed flow pattern is viscous
fingerings and the front is stable with the higher viscosity ratio. In
imbibition, the flow was dominated by capillary fingers at low capillary
numbers. At high capillary numbers, viscous fingers were predominant and,
with increasing viscosity ratio, the front presented higher stability.
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[pt] DESENVOLVIMENTO E APLICAÇÕES DE UM MODELO DE REDE DE POROS PARA O ESCOAMENTO DE GÁS E CONDENSADO / [en] DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF A COMPOSITIONAL PORE-NETWORK MODEL FOR GAS-CONDENSATE FLOWPAULA KOZLOWSKI PITOMBEIRA REIS 19 July 2021 (has links)
[pt] A formação e o acúmulo de condensado em reservatórios de gás retrógrado,
especialmente na vizinhança de poços de produção, obstruem parcialmente
o fluxo de gás e afetam negativamente a composição dos fluidos produzidos.
Entretanto, a previsão de bloqueio por condensado é comumente imprecisa,
visto que experimentos raramente reproduzem as condições extremas e
composições complexas dos fluidos dos reservatórios, enquanto a maioria dos
modelos em escala de poros simplificam demasiadamente os fenômenos físicos
associados à transição de fases entre gás e condensado. Para corrigir essa
lacuna, um modelo de rede de poros isotérmico composicional e totalmente
implícito é apresentado. As redes de poros propostas consistem em estruturas
tridimensionais de capilares constritos circulares. Modos de condensação
e padrões de escoamento são atrubuídos aos capilares de acordo com a molhabilidade
do meio, as saturações locais e a influência de forças viscosas e
capilares. Nos nós da rede, pressão e conteúdo molar são determinados através
da solução acoplada de equações de balanço molar e consistênc ia de volumes.
Concomitantemente, um cálculo de flash à pressão e à temperatura constantes,
baseado na equação de estado de Peng e Robinson, é realizado em cada
nó, atualizando as saturações e composições das fases. Para a validação do
modelo proposto, análises de escoamento foram executadas baseadas em experimentos
de escoamento em testemunho reportados na literatura, usando
composição dos fluidos e condições de escoamento correspondentes, e geometria
do meio poroso aproximada. Curvas de permeabilidade relativa medidas
nos experimentos e previstas pelo modelo mostraram boa concordância quantitativa,
para dois valores de tensão interfacial e três valores de velocidade de
escoamento de gás. Após a validação, o modelo foi usado para avaliar alteração
de molhabilidade e injeção de gás como possíveis métodos de recuperação avançada
para reservatórios de gás retrógrado. Os resultados exibiram tendências
similares àquelas observadas em experimentos de escoamento em testemunhos,
e condições ótimas para melhoramento do escoamento foram identificadas. / [en] Liquid dropout and accumulation in gas-condensate reservoirs, especially
in the near wellbore region, hinder gas flow and affect negatively the produced
fluid composition. Yet, condensate banking forecasting is commonly inaccurate,
as experiments seldom reproduce reservoir extreme conditions and complex
fluid composition, while most pore-scale models oversimplify the physical
phenomena associated with phase transitions between gas and condensate. To
address this gap, a fully implicit isothermal compositional pore-network model
for gas and condensate flow is presented. The proposed pore-networks consist
of 3D structures of constricted circular capillaries. Condensation modes and
flow patterns are attributed to the capillaries according to the medium s wettability,
local saturations and influence of viscous and capillary forces. At the
network nodes, pressure and molar contents are determined via the coupled
solution of molar balance and volume consistency equations. Concomitantly, a
PT-flash based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state is performed for each
node, updating the local phases saturations and compositions. For the proposed
model validation, flow analyses were carried out based on coreflooding
experiments reported in the literature, with matching fluid composition and
flow conditions, and approximated pore-space geometry. Predicted and measured
relative permeability curves showed good quantitative agreement, for two
values of interfacial tension and three values of gas flow velocity. Following
the validation, the model was used to evaluate wettability alteration and gas
injection as prospect enhanced recovery methods for gas-condensate reservoirs.
Results exhibited similar trends observed in coreflooding experiments and conditions
for optimal flow enhancement were identified.
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[pt] ESTUDO DE CARACTERÍSTICAS PERMOMECÂNICAS DE COQUINAS SINTÉTICAS A PARTIR DE IMAGENS 3D / [en] STUDY OF PERMOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNTHETIC COQUINES FROM 3D IMAGESFRANCISCO JOSE R DA SILVA JR 18 September 2023 (has links)
[pt] As coquinas carbonáticas são rochas sedimentares constituídas
principalmente por conchas e detritos. Elas apresentam diferentes características
de textura que são afetadas pela sedimentação e diagênese, influenciando no
arranjo de poros, e consequentemente, na permeabilidade. É necessário o
entendimento do efeito da variação das tensões efetivas nessas formações
rochosas e como problemas de dano mecânico irão afetar na produção e injeção
de poços de sistemas de produção de petróleo e gás. Nesta tese, amostras de
coquinas sintéticas foram confeccionadas e, com o auxílio de técnicas de
microtomografia de raios-x (microCT), modelagem de rede de poros (PNM) e
ensaios in situ, a influência da microestrutura dessas rochas na variação de suas
propriedades devido a tensões de compressão confinada foi avaliada. O uso de
microCT permitiu a análise da estrutura interna das amostras para a discriminação
de poros. Uma célula para ensaios mecânicos, acoplável ao tomógrafo e capaz de
aplicar tensões de compressão confinada, auxiliou no estudo da alteração da
microestrutura das coquinas sob tensão. As amostras foram tomografadas em 3
condições: sem carregamento, com carregamento e após despressurização. PNM
foi utilizada para simulação de transporte bifásico nas coquinas, além de
relacionar dados como número de conectividade de poros, tortuosidade,
permeabilidade, porosidade, diâmetro dos poros e capilares. Os resultados obtidos
demonstram que a aplicação de tensões de compressão confinada resulta na
redução da porosidade e permeabilidade das coquinas. A redução da porosidade
total do estágio final em relação às condições iniciais das amostras foi de 87,5 por cento,
70,0 por cento e 85,9 por cento para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente. Já a permeabilidade
absoluta em condições iniciais apresentou valores de 33,10, 11,60 e 22,90 mD
para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente, reduzindo a zero com o aumento dos
estágios de pressão, impossibilitando as coquinas de permear fluidos em seus
interiores. Em relação aos estudos da literatura, a fabricação de coquinas sintéticas
mostrou-se eficiente em termos de reprodutibilidade para coquinas carbonáticas
autênticas, apresentando propriedades geomecânicas semelhantes. / [en] Carbonate coquinas are sedimentary rocks composed mainly of shells and
fragments. They present different texture characteristics that are affected by
sedimentation and diagenesis, influencing the pore arrangement and,
consequently, the permeability. It is necessary to understand the effect of
variations in effective stresses on these rock formations and how mechanical
damage problems will affect the production and injection of wells in oil and gas
production systems. In this thesis, samples of synthetic coquinas were made, and
with the help of x-ray microtomography, pore network modeling techniques, and
in situ tests, the influence of the microstructure of these rocks on the variation of
their properties due to confined compression stresses was evaluated. The use of x-ray microtomography allowed the analysis of the samples internal structure for
the discrimination of pores. Using a cell for mechanical tests, coupled with the
tomograph and able to apply confined compressive stresses, helped study changes
in the coquinas’ microstructure under tension. The samples were scanned under
three conditions: without loading, with stress loading, and after depressurization.
Pore network modeling was used to simulate single-phase transport in the
coquinas, as well as for relating data such as pore connectivity number, tortuosity,
permeability, porosity, pore, and capillary diameter. The results obtained
demonstrate that the application of confined compressive stresses results in the
reduction of porosity and permeability of the coquinas. The reduction of total
porosity in the final stage relative to the initial conditions of the samples was
87.5 percent, 70.0 percent, and 85.9 percent for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. Meanwhile, the absolute permeability under initial conditions presented values of 33.10, 11.60, and 22.90 mD for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively, which reduced to zero with
the increase of pressure stages, making it impossible for the coquinas to permeate
fluids within their interiors. Compared to literature studies, the production of
synthetic coquinas proved to be efficient in terms of reproducibility for authentic
carbonate coquinas, presenting similar geomechanical properties.
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Simulations of heat and mass transfer within the capillary evaporator of a two-phase loop / Simulation tridimensionnelle des échanges de masse et de chaleur dans les évaporateurs capillairesMottet, Laetitia 23 February 2016 (has links)
Le contrôle thermique des composants électroniques embarqués dans les engins spatiaux est souvent assuré par des boucles fluides diphasiques à pompage capillaire (Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) ou Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL)). La présente étude est centrée sur les évaporateurs des LHP. Ils sont composés principalement d’un bâti métallique, d’une mèche poreuse et de cannelures. Le milieu poreux est initialement saturé en liquide. La charge thermique à évacuer est appliquée sur le bâti entraînant la vaporisation du liquide au sein de la mèche. La vapeur est ensuite récoltée au sein des cannelures pour être évacuée. L’étude est effectuée sur une cellule unitaire de l’évaporateur. Dans le but d’étudier les transferts de masse et de chaleur, un modèle de réseau de pores 3D dit mixte a été développé. Les champs de pression et de température sont calculés à partir des équations macroscopiques tandis que la capillarité est gérée à l’aide d’une approche réseau de pore classique. L’un des avantages d’une telle formulation est de pouvoir accéder à la répartition des phases liquide et vapeur au sein de l’espace poral du milieu poreux. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence qu’une zone diphasique (zone où le liquide et la vapeur coexistent) se met en place pour une large gamme de flux lorsque la vapeur apparait dans la structure capillaire. Cette zone diphasique est localisée sous le bâti métallique et est corrélée avec les meilleures performances thermiques de l’évaporateur. Cette observation diffère fortement de l’hypothèse souvent considérée de la présence d’une zone sèche dans cette région. Trois positions différentes de cannelures ont été étudiées. Il a ainsi pu être mis en évidence que la plus large gamme de flux, pour laquelle les performances de l’évaporateur sont les meilleures, est obtenue lorsque les cannelures sont usinées à la surface extérieure de la mèche. Toujours dans le but d’améliorer les performances thermiques de l’évaporateur, une étude paramétrique a été menée pour mettre en évidence les paramètres qui influencent positivement la conductance de l’évaporateur. Finalement, l’étude de l’influence d’une mèche biporeuse/bidispersée, c’est-à-dire d’un milieu poreux caractérisé par deux tailles de pores/liens différentes, a été menée. La distribution des phases liquide et vapeur au sein de la structure capillaire bidispersée est différente de celle d’un milieu mono-poreux du fait des chemins préférentiels créés par les larges pores. Par ailleurs, l’analyse thermique a montré qu’un tel milieu poreux permet de réduire considérablement la température du bâti ainsi que d’augmenter les performances thermiques de l’évaporateur. Un deuxième modèle basé sur une approche continue a été développé. Cette méthode utilise l’algorithme IMPES (IMplicit Pressure Explicit Saturation) et est couplé à la résolution du champ de température avec changement de phase. Ce type de résolution permet d’accéder à un champ de saturation. Les résultats ainsi obtenus sont en bon accord avec ceux prédits par le modèle réseau de pores mixte. Le modèle continu, moins gourmand en temps de calcul, permet d’envisager des simulations sur une plus grande partie de l’évaporateur. / The thermal control of electronic devices embedded in spacecraft is often carried out by capillary twophase loop systems (Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) or Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL)). This thesis focuses on the LHP evaporators. They mostly consist of a metallic casing, a porous wick and vapour grooves. The porous medium is initially saturated with liquid. The heat load is applied at the external surface of the casing inducing the vaporisation of the liquid within the wick. The vapour is then evacuated thanks to the vapour grooves. A unit cell of the evaporator is studied and corresponds to our computational domain. A so-called 3D mixed pore network model has been developed in order to study the heat and mass transfers. Pressure and temperature fields are computed from macroscopic equations, while the capillarity is managed using the classical pore network approach. The main advantage of such formulation is to obtain the liquid-vapour phase distribution within the porous medium pore space. The work highlights that a two-phase zone (characterized by the coexistence of the liquid and the vapour) exists for a large range of fluxes when vaporisation takes place within the capillary structure. This twophase zone is located right under the casing and is positively correlated with the best evaporator thermal performances. This result differs from the often made assumption of a dry region under the casing. Three different groove locations are tested. This investigation highlights that evaporator thermal performances are the best over a large range of fluxes for grooves manufactured at the external surface of the wick. In complement, a parametric study is performed to highlight parameters which impact positively the evaporator thermal performances. Finally, a biporous/bidispersed wick, i.e. a wick with a bimodal pore/throat size distribution, is studied. The liquidvapour phase distribution within the capillary structure is different from the one for a monoporous structure due to preferential vapour paths created by the large throats and pores-network. Moreover, the thermal analysis shows that such a porous medium permits to reduce considerably the evaporator wall temperature and to increase the evaporator thermal performances. A second model is developed based on a continuum approach. This method uses the IMPES (IMplicit Pressure Explicit Saturation) algorithm coupled with the heat transfer with phase change. Results are in good agreement with those predicted by the mixed pore network model. The continuum model, requiring less computing time, should allow considering larger sub domains of the evaporator.
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[pt] MODELAGEM DA REDE POROSA DE AGLOMERADOS DE MINÉRIO DE FERRO: DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA METODOLOGIA BASEADA EM MICROTOMOGRAFIA DE RAIOS-X / [en] PORE NETWORK MODELING OF IRON ORE AGGLOMERATES: DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY BASED ON X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHYIGOR NOGUEIRA LIMA 19 October 2023 (has links)
[pt] Uma das características mais relevantes nos aglomerados de minério de
ferro é a sua porosidade, que impacta fortemente no desempenho desses materiais
nos processos siderúrgicos. O desempenho é diretamente dependente da existência
de uma rede porosa que permite o fluxo de gases pelo interior desses aglomerados
sem comprometer sua integridade física. Neste trabalho, amostras de diferentes
tipos de aglomerados de minério de ferro foram caracterizadas com o auxílio de
técnicas de microtomografia computadorizada de raios X (microCT),
processamento digital de imagens e modelagem de rede de poros (PNM). Com
isso, a influência da microestrutura desses aglomerados na variação da sua
porosidade e permeabilidade foi avaliada. O uso de microCT permitiu uma
visualização 3D da estrutura dos aglomerados, permitindo realizar uma análise da
estrutura interna das amostras para a discriminação do espaço poroso. O pixel size
ideal foi estipulado por meio de diversas capturas com resoluções diferentes. A
PNM foi utilizada para realizar a simulação da permeabilidade absoluta das
amostras, correlacionando com a porosidade, conectividade dos poros e diâmetro
de poros e conexões. Foi realizada uma variação de mais ou menos 5 tons de cinza nos limiares
de segmentação para estipular a sensibilidade do impacto desse parâmetro nos
resultados da modelagem. Os dois aglomerados apresentaram porosidade
parecida, em torno de 20 por cento. Os resultados para piores resoluções apresentaram
uma inconsistência, em muitos casos não possuindo sequer permeabilidade. As
imagens adquiridas com um tamanho de voxel de 2 micrômetros resultaram em cálculos
consistentes de permeabilidade, em torno de 0,4 a 2,4 mD para os briquetes e 0,03
a 1,6 mD para as pelotas, sugerindo que os briquetes são levemente mais
permeáveis. A variação do limiar de segmentação dos poros teve forte impacto
nos resultados das modelagens, influenciando diretamente no valor do cálculo da
permeabilidade absoluta. / [en] One of the most relevant features of iron ore agglomerates is their porosity, which strongly impacts the performance of these materials in steelmaking processes. Performance is directly dependent on the existence of a porous network that allows gas flow through the interior of these agglomerates without compromising their physical integrity. This study characterized samples of different iron ore agglomerates using X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT), digital image processing, and pore network modeling (PNM). The influence of the microstructure of these agglomerates on the variation of their porosity and permeability was evaluated. MicroCT enabled a 3D visualization of the agglomerate structure, allowing for an analysis of the internal structure of the samples to discriminate the porous space. The ideal pixel size was determined through various captures at different resolutions. PNM was used to simulate the absolute permeability of the samples, correlating it with porosity, pore connectivity, and pore and connection diameter. A variation of more or less 5 gray tones in the segmentation thresholds was performed to determine the sensitivity of this parameter s impact on the modeling results. The two agglomerates had similar porosity of around 20 percent. The results for lower resolutions showed inconsistency, with many cases lacking permeability altogether. Images acquired with a pixel size of 2 micrometers resulted in consistent permeability calculations, ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 mD for briquettes and 0.03 to 1.6 mD for pellets, indicating that briquettes are slightly more permeable. The variation of pore segmentation threshold had a strong impact on the modeling results, directly influencing the value of the absolute permeability calculation.
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