Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-14T16:25:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leilson Lopes Santos Silva.pdf: 648009 bytes, checksum: 3453befdc26841cf0fe7cf84e0463cf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T16:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leilson Lopes Santos Silva.pdf: 648009 bytes, checksum: 3453befdc26841cf0fe7cf84e0463cf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The grape variety of Italy is the main table grapes exported by Brazil mainly in the region of the São Francisco, but has major problems that arise after the harvest, among them is the rot. Among several agents of rot in grapes is of alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata which has caused great losses to producers and consumers. Objective was to verify the influence of different concentrations of inoculum (103, 104, 105,106 e 107 conídios/mL), wet period (0, 12, 24, 36 e 48 h) and temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35ºC) on the development of two isolates of A. alternata grape var. Italy, in addition to possible physical-chemical changes (pH, TSS, TA and ascorbic acid) in grape. Bunches of grape apparently free of disease in commercial maturation stage were inoculated by two most aggressive isolates were selected for the test of aggression, with 10μL of suspensão A. alternata, and concentration of 106 conidia/mL showed the greatest lesion size, no significant difference between different periods of wetness and temperature of 25°C favored the development of rot and temperature 10°C is recommended for storage for seven days without affecting the physical-chemical and providing the decrease in disease severity. / A variedade de uva Itália é a principal uva fina de mesa exportada pelo Brasil principalmente na Região do Vale do São Francisco, mas possui grandes problemas que se apresentam após a colheita, entre eles se encontra as podridões. Entre vários agentes de podridões em uva se encontra a podridão de alternaria causada por Alternaria alternata que tem provocado grandes perdas aos produtores e consumidores. O objetivo do trabalho foi de verificar a influência de diferentes concentrações de inóculo (103, 104, 105, 106 e 107 conídios/mL), do período de molhamento (0, 12, 24, 36 e 48 h) e da temperatura (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35ºC) sobre o desenvolvimento de dois isolados de A. alternata em uva var. Itália, além das possíveis alterações físico-químicas (pH, SST, AT e ácido ascórbico) nos cachos. Os cachos de uva aparentemente livre de doenças em estádio de maturação comercial foram inoculados por dois isolados mais agressivos, selecionados pelo teste de agressividade, com 10μL da suspensão de A. alternata, sendo que a concentração de 106 conídios/mL foi a que apresentou maior tamanho de lesão, não houve diferença significativa (ao nível de 5%) entre os diferentes períodos de molhamento e a temperatura em torno 25ºC favoreceu ao desenvolvimento da podridão e a temperatura ao redor 10ºC é recomendada para armazenamento durante sete dias sem afetar as características físico-químicas e proporcionando a diminuição da severidade da doença

Orientador: Wagner Bettiol / Banca: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Lilia Aparecida Salgado de Morais / Banca: Eliane Aparecida Benato R. da Silva / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Resumo: Penicillium digitatum, agente causador do bolor verde, e Guignardia citricarpa, agente causador da mancha preta, depreciam os frutos citricos. O controle desses patógenos em frutos é realizado com fungicidas sintéticos. Devido a preocupação da sociedade com os riscos de contaminação ambiental, intoxicação humana principalmente infantil e animal e ao surgimento de isolados fúngicos resistentes aos fungicidas sintéticos, estão em desenvolvimento técnicas alternativas aos fungicidas para uma agricultura mais sustentável. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de óleos essenciais e fixos e dos agentes de biocontrole no controle de P. digitatum e G. citricarpa em frutos laranja Pêra em pós- colheita. Assim, foram testados os óleos fixos de Allium sativum, Copaifera langsdorffii, Azadirachta indica; e os óleos essenciais de Pogostemon cablin, Mentha arvensis, Eucalyptus spp., Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum basilicum var. Maria bonita, Romarinus officinalis, Lippia sidoides, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantifolia, Piper aduncum e Ocimum basilicum. Além dos óleos, também foram estudados os seguintes agentes de biocontrole: Bacillus subtilis (Serenade®), Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus lichiniformes (Nemix®), Pichia guilliermondii (L29), Sporobolomyces roseus (L41), Rhodotorula mucilagenosa (L17), Sporodiobolus pararoseus, Pichia sp. (L4-1), Debaryomyces hansenii (L62), Pichia membranifaciens (L21) e uma bactéria isolada da laranja. Tanto os agentes de biocontrole, quanto os óleos foram testados in vivo e in vitro contra os dois patógenos. Para a avaliação da atividade dos óleos essenciais e dos antagonistas in vivo, no controle de P. digitatum, foram utilizadas laranjas Pêra. Cada fruto foi ferido em dois pontos opostos, na região equatorial, atingindo a região do albedo. Após o ferimento, os frutos foram inoculados com 20 μL da suspensão de conídios... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Penicillium digitatum, causal agent of green mold, and Guignardia citricarpa causal agent of black spot. Detracts the citrus fruit, the control of these pathogens is made with synthetic fungicides. Due to concern about the risks of environmental contamination, human, mainly children and animal toxicity and the emergence of fungal isolates resistant to fungicides, various researches has been development to obtain alternative techniques for a fungicides. The objectives of this work was to evaluate the effetives fix and essencial oils and biocontrol agents for the control of P. digitatum and G. citricarpa on Pera orange fruits in postharvest. Thus, were tested the fixed oils from Allium sativum, Copaifera langsdorffii, Eucalyptus spp. Azadirachta indica,and the essential oils of Pogostemon cablin, Mentha arvensis, Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum basilicum var. Maria bonita, Romarinus officinalis, Lippia sidoides, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantifolia, Piper aduncum and Ocimum basilicum. In addition were also studied the following biocontrol agents: Bacillus subtilis (Serenade ®), Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus lichiniformes (Nemix ®), Pichia guilliermondii (L29), Sporobolomyces roseus (L41), Rhodotorula mucilagenosa (L17), Sporodiobolus pararoseus, Pichia spp. (L4-1), Derbaryomyces hansenii (L62), Pichia membranifaciens (L21) and a bacterium isolate of the orange. Both biocontrol agents as the oils, were tested in vivo and in vitro against both pathogens. For the assessment of activity of essential oils and antagonists in vivo in controlling P. digitatum were used Pera orange. Each fruit was wounded in two opposite points in the equatorial region, reaching the albedo. After the injury, the fruits were inoculated with 20 mL of conidial suspension of P. digitatum (105 conidia / mL), followed by immersion in a suspension of cells of each biocontrol agent in the concentration: ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

O manejo nutricional é um dos fatores que interferem na qualidade da gérbera de corte e na longevidade pós-colheita desta flor. Muitos trabalhos têm demonstrado o sucesso da aplicação de cálcio e silício na qualidade de diversas culturas, incluindo flores de corte, como é o caso do crisântemo e do girassol. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação via foliar de Ca e Si no crescimento, desenvolvimento, produção e aspectos da longevidade póscolheita de gérbera de corte. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa comercial no período compreendido entre setembro de 2009 a junho de 2010, em Holambra, SP. Aplicações foliares semanais com soluções contendo 0; 23,75; 47,5 e 95 mg L-1 de Ca e 0; 42,8; 85,6 e 171,2 mg L-1 de Si foram realizadas a partir de 49 dias após o transplante das mudas, em esquema fatorial (4x4), num total de 16 tratamentos, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A partir do início das aplicações foi registrado semanalmente o número de hastes florais. No final da fase vegetativa, foram avaliados o número de folhas, a área foliar, a massa fresca, a massa seca e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas. O crescimento e a produção da gérbera na fase reprodutiva, em fevereiro e junho de 2010, foram avaliados pelo número de folhas, área foliar, massas fresca e seca das folhas, além da massa fresca e massa seca das hastes florais. Nesses mesmos períodos, também foram determinados os teores de nutrientes nas folhas e hastes florais, curvatura da haste no período pós-colheita, longevidade pós-colheita, perda de massa fresca da haste floral, além da qualidade das hastes florais em seu ponto de colheita. A qualidade comercial foi avaliada através do diâmetro e comprimento da haste, diâmetro do capítulo e coloração das pétalas (L*, C* e Hue). Aos 204 dias após o transplante das mudas, o diâmetro do capítulo aumentou com a aplicação de Si, na presença de 95 mg L-1 de Ca. Na pós-colheita, a redução da perda de massa fresca da haste foi máxima com a aplicação de 73,7 mg L-1 de Ca, na ausência de Si ou com a aplicação de 128 mg L-1 de Si, na ausência de Ca. / Nutritional management is one of the factors that affect cut gerbera quality and longevity of postharvest flower. Many studies have demonstrated the successful calcium and silicon application in the quality of numerous crops, including cut flowers, such as chrysanthemum and sunflower. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the foliar application effect of Ca and Si in the growth, development, production and some postharvest longevity aspects of cut gerbera. The experiment was conducted in a commercial greenhouse in the period between September 2009 and June 2010 in Holambra, São Paulo, Brazil. Weekly foliar applications containing 0, 23.75, 47.5 and 95 mg Ca L-1 and 0, 42.8, 85.6 and 171.2 mg L-1 of Si solutions were carried out 49 days after seedling transplanting in a factorial scheme (4x4), a total of 16 treatments distributed in a randomized block design with three replications. At the beginning of the application, weekly it was registered number of flower stems. At the end of the vegetative phase, it was evaluated number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and nutrient content in leaves. Gerbera growth and production in the reproductive phase, in February and June 2010 were evaluated by the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry leave mass, and fresh and dry weight of flower stems. In those periods, it was also determined nutrient contents in leaves and flower stems, stem curvature in the postharvest period, vase longevity and fresh mass loss, besides flower stem quality on its harvest point. The commercial quality was evaluated by the diameter and length stem, flower diameter and petals coloration (L *, C * and Hue). At 204 days after transplanting, the flower diameter increased with Si application in presence of 95 mg L-1 Ca. In postharvest, reduction of fresh mass floral stem loss was maximum with the application of 73.7 mg L-1 Ca in the absence of Si or with the application of 128 mg L-1 of Si in the absence of Ca.

Embora o Brasil ocupe a primeira posição no ranking mundial de produção de lima ácida Tahiti, somente 6,6% desta produção é exportada. Tal aspecto deve-se, parcialmente, às perdas provocadas por danos pós-colheita, as quais estão distribuídas ao longo da cadeia de comercialização da fruta, desde a colheita até o consumidor final. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os efeitos dos métodos de colheita e das etapas de beneficiamento pós-colheita de lima ácida Tahiti na sua qualidade e conservação. Para atingir este objetivo, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, avaliaram-se os métodos de colheita com a tesoura, por torção, com o cesto e com o gancho, nos períodos de safra e entressafra. No segundo experimento, foram avaliados os mesmos métodos de colheita, para frutas de lima ácida Tahiti destinadas a exportação, as quais após a colheita passaram pelo processo de beneficiamento pós-colheita. No terceiro experimento, avaliou-se o efeito das etapas do beneficiamento pós-colheita na qualidade e conservação da lima ácida Tahiti. Nos três experimentos foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais ao longo do armazenamento a 22ºC±2 e 70±5 de umidade relativa. Nos experimentos envolvendo a avaliação dos métodos de colheita constatou-se que a colheita com o gancho foi a que mais prejudicou os atributos de qualidade da lima ácida Tahiti independentemente de terem sido beneficiadas. Este método causou maior redução da coloração verde da casca das frutas, maior degradação do ácido ascórbico, maior perda de massa, maior incidência de distúrbios fisiológicos e maior alteração do sabor do suco quando comparado aos outros métodos. A quantidade de frutos aptos para exportação foi 23% menor para a colheita com o gancho quando comparado com a tesoura. Tais resultados estão diretamente relacionados com a quantidade de injúrias mecânicas causadas nos frutos no método de colheita com gancho. No experimento com as etapas do beneficiamento póscolheita observou-se que as limas ácidas Tahiti que passaram pelo beneficiamento completo apresentaram maior redução do conteúdo de ácido ascórbico, maior perda de massa, maior incidência de oleocelose, menor quantidade de frutos comercializáveis e maior alteração do aroma e sabor do suco quando comparado aos frutos que não passaram por todas as etapas do beneficiamento. Tais resultados podem ser relacionados ao fato do processo de beneficiamento aplicado nas limas ácidas Tahiti conter etapas consideradas agressivas aos frutos, impedindo que os demais procedimentos tenham resultado eficiente. A avaliação dos distintos métodos de colheita permitiu identificar a colheita com a tesoura como mais eficiente na conservação dos atributos de qualidade da lima ácida Tahiti e também como o método que apresentou maior rendimento de frutas com padrão de qualidade exigido para exportação. O método de colheita com o gancho causa danos físicos aos frutos e prejudica seus atributos de qualidade de forma irreversível. Os procedimentos de beneficiamento pós-colheita das limas ácidas Tahiti têm sua eficiência reduzida quando aplicados em frutos que sofreram danos físicos. / Although Brazil occupies the first position among the worlds largest producers of Tahiti lime, only 6,6% of this production is exported. This situation is partly due to fruit losses caused by postharvest injuries, which are distributed along the fruit supply chain from harvest to the final consumer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different harvesting methods and postharvest practices of Tahiti limes on their quality and conservation. For this purpose three trials were conducted. In the first trial, different harvesting methods were evaluated on fruit picked with scissors, by twisting, with basket and with hook, both during the main harvest as well as on the offseason periods. In the second trial, the same harvesting methods were assessed on Tahiti limes classified for export on a commercial packing line. In the third trial, different postharvest stages were evaluated regarding their effects on fruit quality and storage of Tahiti limes. In all the experiments physical, chemical and sensory analyses were conducted during fruit storage at 22±2 °C and 70±5% relative humidity. For the experiments comparing different harvesting methods, fruit picking with hook was found to cause largest injuries on quality attributes of Tahiti limes, both for sorted and unsorted fruit. This harvest method caused larger degradation of green skin color and ascorbic acid content on fruits, with larger mass loss, increased incidence of physiological disorders and major alterations of juice flavor, when compared to other harvest methods. The amount of fruit classified for export was 23% lower when the harvest was performed with the hook, as compared with scissors-harvesting. These results are directly related to the amount of mechanical injuries caused by fruit harvesting with hook. In the experiment evaluating different postharvest stages it was observed that Tahiti limes that went over all the sorting and grading steps showed larger reduction in ascorbic acid content, with larger mass loss and incidence of oleocelosis, fewer marketable fruit percentage and stronger alterations on juice smell and flavor, when compared to fruits that did not undergo through all the classification steps. These results may be related with the fact that sorting and grading processes currently applied to Tahiti limes in the packing house are considered to be aggressive to fruits, and they prevent from achieving positive effects with other postharvest practices. Scissors-picking of fruits was more efficient for conserving quality attributes of Tahiti limes, and this was also the method yielding higher percentage of fruit meeting the quality standards required for export. Fruit harvesting using the hook caused physical injuries that irreversibly affected fruit quality. Postharvest practices of Tahiti limes had reduced efficiency when applied onto fruits exposed to physical damage.

A procura de frutas com boas características para exportação in natura tem aumentado, sendo em grande parte dependente da melhoria da qualidade da fruta. Neste sentido, a adequação das operações ligadas à produção e pós-colheita é fundamental para tornar a fruta cítrica brasileira mais competitiva no mercado externo. Em decorrência de grande parte da área citrícola brasileira localizar-se em regiões de clima tropical, os frutos cítricos alcançam à plena maturação interna, enquanto que a casca permanece parcialmente verde, tornando-os inaceitáveis para a comercialização in natura em mercados exigentes. Assim, há necessidade do estudo de métodos e condições mais apropriadas para o desverdecimento dos frutos em pós-colheita para as nossas variedades e condições climáticas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da técnica de desverdecimento pós-colheita de tangor Murcott e de laranja Valência, por meio da aplicação de etileno, na forma líquida e gasosa (em câmara). Utilizaram-se concentrações de 0 a 8000 mg L-1 de ethephon aplicadas por imersão (3 minutos) e 0,0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0 L m-3 de etileno aplicadas em câmaras por 24 a 120 horas de exposição e 15 a 30ºC e 90% UR. Foram definidas as melhores condições de desverdecimento e, posteriormente, parte dos frutos ficou por 3 dias a 25ºC e 80% UR, simulando a comercialização, e outra parte dos frutos foi submetida à refrigeração (5ºC e 90% UR) por período de 30 dias (+3 dias a 25ºC e 80% UR, simulando a comercialização). Foi avaliado também o efeito do desverdecimento em câmara após o armazenamento refrigerado dos frutos. Os frutos foram avaliados logo após os tratamentos, após a primeira simulação de comercialização, após a refrigeração e após a segunda simulação de comercialização. A condição de 0,5 L m-3 de etileno por 96 horas de exposição a 25ºC foi a mais eficiente para incrementar a coloração dos frutos. As taxas respiratórias e produção de etileno aumentaram em função da concentração usada de etileno. O incremento na atividade da clorofilase foi acompanhado pela queda no teor de clorofila, enquanto que o teor de carotenóides se manteve constante. Quanto às características internas não foram observadas alterações significativas em função dos tratamentos. Verificou-se que o armazenamento refrigerado após o desverdecimento não interfere no desenvolvimento da coloração da casca dos frutos, não afetando a qualidade dos mesmos. Além disso, o processo de desverdecimento após a refrigeração é eficaz para a mudança da coloração dos frutos das duas variedades estudadas. / The demand for fresh fruits with good characteristics to exportation has increased, being mostly dependent on the improvement of fruit quality. In this sense, the adequacy of the operations related to production and post-harvest is crucial to make the Brazilian citrus fruit more competitive in foreign markets. Due to the large part of Brazilian citrus growing area is located in the tropical, citrus fruit reaches full internal maturity, while the peel remains partially green, making them unacceptable for the demanding fresh fruit markets. Thus, there is a necessity to study methods and more suitable conditions for the degreening of post-harvest fruit in our climatic conditions and varieties. This study was based on the technique of post-harvest degreening of \'Murcott\' and \'Valencia\', involving the application of ethylene in liquid and gaseous form (chamber). The concentrations used were 0 to 8000 mg L-1 of ethephon by immersion (3 minutes) and 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 L m-3 of ethylene applied inside the chamber for 24 to 120 hours of exposure and 15 to 30ºC and 90% RH. The best conditions for degreening were defined and later, part of the fruits was for 3 days at 25ºC and 80% RH, simulating the commercialization, and the other part was stored under refrigeration (5ºC) with 90% RH for 30 days, and after that, 3 days at 25ºC and 80% RH, simulating the commercialization. The effect of cold storage of the fruit before the degreening inside the chamber was also evaluated. The fruits were evaluated right after the applications, the first simulation of commercialization, the cooling and the second simulation. The condition of 0.5 L m-3 for 96 hours at 25ºC was the most efficient way to improve fruit color. Respiratory rate and ethylene production increased with the dosage of ethylene used. The increased activity of chlorophyllase was followed by decrease in chlorophyll content, while the carotenoid content remained constant. As for the internal features, significant changes in the treatments were not observed. It was found that refrigerated storage after degreening do not interfere on the development of the fruits peal color, neither affecting their quality. Beyond that the process of degreening after cooling is effective for changing the color of both studied varieties.

Thesis (M.S.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit quality is the most important factor that determines prices for the fruit in the international markets. Although different consumers perceive quality differently there are quality variables that are always associated with poor quality by all consumers. In table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) these variables may include overall appearance, stem condition, SO2 damage, decay, berry browning and shatter. The presence of these quality defects negatively affects prices and most often results in quality claims. Cooling is the most widely used method to reduce the postharvest loss of fruit quality. In South Africa, most deciduous fruits including table grapes are forced air cooled to a statutory pulp temperature of –0.5°C prior to shipping in an effort to preserve quality, thus ensuring good market prices for the fruits. Despite these efforts, there are still quality claims from the markets and this reduces the returns to the growers. The objectives of this research were to: (i) see if cooling time can be reduced by cooling to higher pulp temperatures of 1.5°C and 3°C without causing quality losses, thus improving the throughput of the cold rooms; (ii) see if the problem of berry browning can be alleviated by cooling grapes to higher pulp temperature, and (iii) see whether pallet positioning in the cooling tunnels and reefer container affect quality. The trends showed better quality when ‘Victoria’ and ‘Regal Seedless’ were forced air cooled (FAC) to pulp temperatures of 1.5 °C and 3 °C as opposed to –0.5 °C. There were no economic losses associated with pre-cooling grapes to pulp temperatures of 1.5 °C and 3 °C. There were no significant differences in berry browning related to pre-cooling treatments. However, cooling time was reduced significantly. In most of the cooling tunnels and reefer containers used in this trial, grape quality results showed no significant differences between the positions in the stack and in reefer containers. However, in cases where there were significant differences, the middle and the rear positions showed better grape quality in terms of stem condition (dry and brown stems) than the front position (near fan) in both the pre-cooling stack and reefer containers. The trends showed that the front is cooler than the back of the pre-cooling stack. The pulp temperature differences between the front and rear positions in the reefer container were as high as 1.23 °C. The trends also showed that the bottom layers of the pallets were cooler than the top layers in the reefer container. FAC to 3°C resulted in a constant reduction in percentage electrolyte leakage after 4 weeks of storage at –0.5°C, while FAC to 1.5°C, -0.5°C and static room cooling (control) in some cases showed an initially low electrolyte leakage followed by an increase in leakage after 4 weeks of storage. FAC grapes to higher pulp temperatures of 3°C and 1.5°C could reduce the cooling time, thereby improving the throughput of cold rooms. There was no clear evidence to suggest that browning was due to pre-cooling practices. Both preharvest and postharvest conditions need to be further investigated to better understand the problems of browning in white table grapes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrugkwaliteit is ʼn kritiese faktor in die bepaling van pryse op die internasionale markte. Alhoewel daar variasie voorkom tussen verbruikers in wat vrugkwaliteit is, bly sekere aspekte altyd onveranderd. Ononderhandelbare kwaliteit aspekte in tafeldruiwe (Vitis vinifera L.) sluit die algemene voorkoms, toestand van die trosstingels, SO2 skade, bederf, korrel verbruining en los-korrels in. Indien enige van die kwaliteit-defekte voorkom het dit ʼn negatiewe impak op die prys en lei gewoonlik tot gehalte eise. Verkoeling word algemeen gebruik om die verlies van na-oes kwaliteit te verminder. Die meeste sagtevrugte geproduseer in Suid Afrika (insluitend tafeldruiwe) ondergaan geforseerde verkoeling tot ʼn statutêre pulptemperatuur van -0.5°C, voor verskeping. Ondanks hierdie maatreëls om hoë pryse te verseker, is daar steeds kwaliteiteise in die mark wat lei tot ‘n laer inkomste vir produsente. Die navorsing het dus ten doel gehad om : (i) te bepaal of die tyd van verkoeling verminder kan word, indien na hoër pulptemperature van 1.5°C en 3°C verkoel kan word, sonder ‘n verlies in kwaliteit en sodoende die deurvloeitempo van die koelkamers verhoog; (ii) om te bepaal of die voorkoms van korrelverbruining verlaag kan word indien tot hoër pulp-temperature verkoel word, en (iii) laastens om te bepaal of posisie van die palet in die verkoelingstonnel en verskepingshouer ʼn invloed het op vrugkwaliteit. Tendense toon dat ‘Victoria’ en ‘Regal Seedless’ kwaliteit beter was indien verkoel tot pulptemperature van 1.5°C en 3°C in vergelyking met -0.5°C. Daar was geen ekonomiese verliese waargeneem indien die hoër verkoelingstemperature gebruik is nie. Alhoewel daar geen betekenisvolle verskille in korrelverbruining voorgekom het tussen temperatuur behandelings nie is die verkoelingsperiode verkort. In die meeste van die verskepingshouers, asook in posisies tydens geforseerde verkoeling is daar geen betekenisvolle verskille waargeneem nie. In die gevalle waar daar egter wel betekenisvolle verskille voorgekom het, het die middel en agter posisies beter vrugkwaliteit gehad as die voorste posisie tydens verkoeling asook houerverskeping. Die palette aan die voorkant (naby die waaier) het as ʼn algemene tendens laer temperature as in die agterkant van die verkoelingstonnel. Verskille in pulptemperature tussen palette in die voor en agterkant van verskepingshouers was so hoog as 1.23°C. Die temperatuurdata het uitgewys dat die onderste laag kartonne neig om by ‘n laer temperatuur te wees as die boonste lae kartonne tydens houerverskeping. Geforseerde verkoeling teen 3°C het gelei tot ‘n afname in persentasie elektrolietlekkasie na 4 weke van verkoeling teen -0.5°C. Terselfdertyd het geforseerde verkoeling tot 1.5°C en -0.5°C asook statiese verkoeling (kontrole) in sekere gevalle gelei tot ‘n laer aanvanklike uitlek van elektrolietlekkasie, gevolg deur ʼn verhoging na 4 weke opberging. Geforseerde verkoeling van tafeldruiwe tot pulptemperature van 1.5°C en 3°C verkort die verkoelingstyd en verhoog dus die deurvloeitempo in die verkoelingskamers. Daar was gedurende die studie geen duidelike bewyse gevind dat korrelverbruining voorkom as gevolg van verkoelingspraktyke nie. Beide voor en na-oes praktyke sal verder ondersoek moet word om die invloed daarvan te bepaal op die verbruining van wit tafeldruiwe.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The table grape industry uses rapid cooling and packaging to protect grapes from desiccation and decay. Numerous packaging methods and combinations are used in the industry with each having their own advantages and disadvantages. Inferior postharvest grape quality can usually be ascribed to either deficient or excessive moisture in the carton. Berry split, decay and S02 damage are all disorders that are either caused or aggravated by wet berries in conjunction with elevated temperature. On the other hand, grapes that are exposed to desiccating conditions will develop brown stems and cause ineffective control by S02 gas generators. Moisture management is governed by perforated or non-perforated liners and/or by placing moisture absorbing materials inside the liners. To find the optimum liner perforation or moisture sheet combination, 'Thompson Seedless' and 'Red Globe' (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus) table grape quality was evaluated in various trials. The investigation of non-perforated liners compared to liners with different degrees of perforation concluded the following: Perforated liners benefit grape quality by decreasing S02 damage and berry split due to less moisture in the carton. These benefits, however, also lead to loss in quality due to increased stem desiccation and a lower S02 concentration in the packaging. The lower moisture content in the carton compensates for the lower S02 concentration, creating an environment less favourable for decay development. S02 damage and berry split decreased with an increase in degree of liner perforation, irrespective of the cultivars sensitivity to the disorder. Optimum level of perforation depends on the specific sensitivity of a cultivar to certain quality disorders and the characteristics of the quality disorders associated with a cultivar. Additionally, packing conditions such as product temperature and humidity should be considered. The specific costs associated with the advantages and disadvantages influenced by the degree of liner perforation will be the deciding factor in liner selection. The investigation of a clay-containing, moisture absorbing sheet emphasized the benefits and risks of absorbing large amounts of water within the packaging. Irrespective of using a perforated or non-perforated liner the influence of the desiccant sheet was evident throughout the trials. It benefited grape quality by lowering the incidence of berry split and S02 damage. However, decay control was impaired by the desiccant sheet, and stem desiccation was aggravated. The comparison of non-perforated liners with liners of various degrees of perforation showed the benefit of faster cooling rates of perforated liners. The various perforated liners showed little variation in airflow and cooling times. Morphological studies of various cultivars could not ascribe differences in stem condition to anatomical dissimilarities between various cultivars. It was found that 'Red Globe' had a much larger berry volume to stem weight ratio contributing to a high rate of water loss and stem dehydration. Stem visibility is high in 'Red Globe' due to the straggly, loose nature of the bunches. This heightens the perception of dry, brown stems and overemphasizes the actual severity of the disorder. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tafeldruifbedryf gebruik versnelde verkoeling en verpakking om druiwe te beskerm teen uitdroging en bederf. Verskeie verpakkingsmetodes word gebruik in die industrie waarvan elkeen sy eie voor- en nadele het. Ondergeskikte na-oes kwaliteit kan gewoonlik toegeskryf word aan óf te min óf te veel vog in die karton. Korrelbars, S02 skade en bederf is almal kwaliteitsdefekte wat óf veroorsaak word, óf vererger word deur nat korrels, saam met 'n verhoging in temperatuur. In teenstelling hiermee sal druiwe wat blootgestel word aan droë toestande, bruin stingels ontwikkel en S02 beheer salook ondoeltreffend wees. Vog in verpakking word beheer deur geperforeerde of nie-geperforeerde binnesakke en/of deur vogabsorberende materiaal binne die binnesak te plaas. Om die optimum binnesak perforasie of vogabsorberende vel kombinasie te vind is 'Thompson Seedless' en 'Red Globe' (Vitis vinifera Linnaeus) tafeldruif kwaliteit ge-evalueer in verskeie proewe. Die bestudering van nie-geperforeerde binnesakke teenoor binnesakke met verskillende grade van perforasies het die volgende resultate gelewer: Geperforeerde binnesakke bevoordeel druif kwaliteit deur die vermindering van S02 skade en korrelbars weens minder vog in die karton. Hierdie voordele sal egter lei tot verlies in kwaliteit weens die vinniger uitdroging van stingels en die verlaging van S02 konsentrasie in die verpakking. Die laer vog inhoud in die karton vergoed vir die vermindering van S02 konsentrasie, omdat minder gunstige toestande vir die ontwikkeling van bederf geskep word. S02 skade en korrelbars het verminder met 'n vermeerdering van perforasies, ongeag die kultivar se sensitiwiteit vir die defekte. Optimum vlakke van perforasie is afhanklik van die spesifieke sensititiwiteit van 'n kultivar tot sekere kwaliteitsdefekte, en eienskappe van die kwaliteitsdefekte wat geassosieer word met die kultivar. Boonop moet verpakkingsomstandighede soos produktemperatuur en humiditeit ook in gedagte gehou word. Die spesifieke koste verbonde aan die voor- en nadele wat beïnvloed word deur die graad van perforasie sal die bepalende faktor wees wanneer 'n binnesak gekies word. Die bestudering van 'n klei-bevattende, vogabsorberende vel het bewys dat dit voordele en risiko's inhou om groot hoeveelhede vog te absorbeer. Ongeag die gebruik van 'n geperforeerde of nie-geperforeerde binnesak, was die invloed van die desikkante vel duidelik in al die proewe. Dit was voordelig vir druif kwaliteit deurdat dit korrelbars en S02 skade verminder het. Bederfbeheer is egter verswak deur die desikkante vel, en stingel uitdroging IS vererger. Die vergelyking van nie-geperforeerde binnesakke met verskillende grade van geperforeerde binnesakke het die voordeel bewys van vinniger verkoelinstempo's van die geperforeerde binnesak. Verskille in die graad van perforasie het 'n klein invloed gehad op die lugvloei en verkoelingstempo 's. Bestudering van verskeie kultivars kon geen morfologiese verskille uitwys wat variasie in stingelkwaliteit tussen kultivars kan verklaar nie. Dit is bevind dat 'Red Globe' 'n baie groter korrelvolume tot stingelgewig verhouding het. Stingels is meer sigbaar by 'Red Globe' weens die yl, los aard van die trosse. Dit verhoog die persepsie van droë, bruin stingels en dit oorbeklemtoon die voorkoms van die defek.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CibeleAP_DISSERT.pdf: 906726 bytes, checksum: f35ab63641d6357a836264e4f9a46d2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years the increase in greenhouse gases, has increased the temperature of the earth. Given the economic importance of melon crop, there is a need to study how temperature effects act on the rates of gas exchange and quality of these plants. Currently, it can not be inferred the competitiveness of melon production systems without conducting research on the impacts of this climate change on culture. The experiment was conducted and the experimental area of Embrapa, in the city of Pacajus-Ceará, with the aim of studying post-harvest fruit quality of yellow melon "Goldex", aimed at adapting this culture to high temperature conditions. Yellow melon "Goldex" was grown under field conditions in the period July to September 2013 in order to collect temperature data measured by sensors (DataLogger) and gas exchange measurements through the IRGA, in which the collections were performed once a week. One group of plants was conducted in accordance with the commercial production system already used in the producing states, with the same irrigation schedules, fertilization and phytosanitary treatment (control treatment), another group was conducted under shaded area (chamber) chapel plastic type, which is expected an increase in temperature around 2 ° C, forming a sort of microclimate. The experiment was conducted in factorial outlining randomized block, which treatments were two rooms (with chamber and without chamber), three storage periods (0, 14 and 21 days), four blocks. For the analysis of gas exchange the least significant difference for the comparison of treatments was used. The use of chambers provided an average increase of 2 ° C temperature. There was a significant influence of the environment on the physical length and diameter of the internal cavity and firmness of the stern, which the rise in temperature reduced the internal cavity of the fruit, making them firmer. Regarding the physical and chemical characteristics was no significant influence of the environment on vitamin C, soluble solids and titratable acidity, yet the quality of the fruit was little influenced by temperature and gas exchange were not affected by temperature / Nos últimos anos o aumento dos gases de efeito estufa, tem aumentado à temperatura da terra. Diante da importância econômica da cultura do melão, existe a necessidade de estudar como os efeitos da temperatura atuam sobre os índices de trocas gasosas e qualidade dessas plantas. Atualmente, não se pode inferir sobre a competitividade dos sistemas de produção do melão, sem a realização de pesquisas sobre os impactos dessa mudança climática sobre a cultura. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agroindústria, situado no município de Pacajus-Ceará, com o objetivo de estudar qualidade pós-colheita do fruto do meloeiro amarelo Goldex , visando à adaptação dessa cultura às condições de alta temperatura. O meloeiro amarelo Goldex foi cultivado em condições de campo no período de julho a setembro de 2013, tendo em vista a coleta de dados da temperatura medidas através de sensores (DataLogger) e das trocas gasosas medidas através do IRGA, na qual as coletas realizaram-se uma vez por semana. Um grupo de plantas foi conduzido de acordo com o sistema de produção comercial já utilizado nos estados produtores, com os mesmos calendários de irrigação, fertilização e tratamento fitossanitário (tratamento controle), outro grupo foi conduzido sob telado (câmara) plástico do tipo capela, o qual se espera um aumento da temperatura em torno de 2ºC, formando um tipo de microclima. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento fatorial em blocos casualizados, cujos tratamentos foram dois ambientes (com câmara e sem câmara), três tempos de armazenamento (0, 14 e 21 dias), quatro blocos. Para as análises de trocas gasosas utilizou-se a diferença mínima significativa para comparação dos tratamentos. O uso de câmaras proporcionou um aumento médio da temperatura em 2ºC. Houve influência significativa do ambiente sobre as características físicas: comprimento e diâmetro da cavidade interna e firmeza da polpa, onde a elevação da temperatura reduziu a cavidade interna dos frutos, tornando-os mais firmes. Com relação às características físico-químicas foi encontrada influência significativa do ambiente sobre a vitamina C, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável, mesmo assim a qualidade dos frutos foi pouco influenciada pela temperatura e as trocas gasosas não foram afetadas pela temperatura

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoSOS_DISSERT.pdf: 761865 bytes, checksum: a0ac67b4ba92b97c64b01ed6cb86815c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The culture of fig (Ficus carica L.) constitutes one of the most important fruit crops, raising Brazil to the status of tenth largest producer of figs in the world. The fig 'Roxo de Valinhos' highly perishable and sensitive handling product. However, studies of phenology, production and post-harvest quality of the fruit of fig, especially in semi-arid regions are still rare. This aimed to evaluate the phenology, the productive aspects, post-harvest and storage time of fig cv. Purple of Valinhos in Natal west. The experiment was conducted at two different times, where post-harvest occurred in November 2014, and phenology in the period from July to December 2015. For the characteristics of phenology, we used descriptive statistics, while for the characteristics quantitative and qualitative, we used regression and mean test by Tukey test at 5% probability. For post-harvest, we used a completely randomized design in a 5x3 factorial scheme, where 5 is the storage periods (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days) and 3 is maturity stages (50, 75 and 100%), with 4 repetitions and 40 fruits per maturity stage. The fruits were harvested and taken to the Postharvest the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Laboratory (UFERSA), and were stored in a cold room (10 ± 2 ° C and 80-90% RH) for a period of 16 days, being evaluated every 4 days. The fig tree cultivation showed good adaptability and precocity to the semi-arid region in all phenological phases compared with temperate regions. In terms of the fruit quality, the fig tree shows a promising fruit for cultivation in semi-arid region / A cultura da figueira (Ficus carica L.) constitui-se numa das mais importantes frutíferas cultivadas, elevando o Brasil à condição de décimo maior produtor de figos do mundo. O figo Roxo de Valinhos é um produto altamente deteriorável e sensível ao manuseio. Entretanto, ainda são raros os estudos de fenologia, produção e qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos de figo, principalmente em regiões semiáridas. O presente teve como objetivo avaliar a fenologia, os aspectos produtivos, a pós-colheita e o período de armazenamento de frutos de figueira cv. Roxo de Valinhos no oeste potiguar. O experimento foi realizado em duas épocas distintas, onde a pós-colheita ocorreu em novembro de 2014, e a fenologia no período de julho a dezembro de 2015. Para as características de fenologia, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva, ao passo que para as características de quantitativas e qualitativas, utilizou-se regressão e teste de médias, por meio do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para a pós-colheita, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x3, onde 5 representa os períodos de armazenamento (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias) e 3, os estádios de maturação (50, 75 e 100%), com 4 repetições e 40 frutos por estádio de maturação. Os frutos foram colhidos e levados ao Laboratório de Pós-colheita da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido (UFERSA) e foram armazenados em câmara fria (10±2ºC e 80-90% de UR) por um período de 16 dias, sendo avaliados a cada 4 dias. O cultivo da figueira apresentou boa adaptabilidade e precocidade para a região semiárida em todas as fases fenológicas em comparação com as regiões de clima temperado. Em termos de qualidade dos frutos, a figueira se mostra uma frutífera promissora para cultivo na região semiárida