På friluftsmarknaden finns det idag ett tomrum i form av personifierbar och modifierbar utrustning. Ett steg mot detta kan vara accessoarer som fungerar som komplement till huvudutrustningen. Ett sådant komplement är bältesväskan, en extra typ av förvaring som enkelt kan sättas på och tas av från ett skärp eller en ryggsäcks höftbälte eller axelremmar.  Produkten som beskrivs i denna rapport är just en sådan bältesväska. Den har universella fästen som fungerar på band och bälten av olika storlek och riktning: både de som sitter vertikalt, likt en axelrem, och de som sitter horisontellt, som ett skärp. Vidare har den en storlek som snabbt kan justeras efter behov vilket gör den unik på marknaden. Med ett medföljande midjebälte är det dessutom enkelt att göra om den till midjeväska när så önskas.  Projektet har utförts som examensarbete i samarbete med det jämtlandska friluftsföretaget Lundhags. Målet med arbetet var att utveckla en prisvärd, funktionell bältesväska som ska fungera på så många ryggsäckar och bälten som möjligt samt upplevas som en attraktiv produkt att använda både i stadsmiljö och inom friluftslivet. Väskan är systematiskt utvecklad via stödmetoder som ingått i övergripande faser. Stödmetoderna gick ut på att först samla information om behov, önskemål och lösningar på funktioner, för att sedan skissa upp möjliga koncept. Därefter eliminerades koncepten tills enbart det mest lovande fanns kvar. Detta syddes upp i prototyper som utvärderades och modifierades, för att slutligen nå en färdig produkt.  Arbetet har varit avgränsat till att enbart handla om utformning, ej pris eller material.

Background: Recent national trends and distribution of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) procedures for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are unknown. We examined the frequency of use of elective IPAA procedures among patients with UC and the distribution of IPAA procedures across more than 140 U.S. academic medical centers and their affiliates. Methods: Data were obtained from the University HealthSystem Consortium for patients with a primary diagnosis of UC admitted electively between 2012 and 2015. Results: The mean age of the study population (n=6,875) was 43 years and 57% were men. Among these, one-third (n=2,307) underwent an IPAA, while two-thirds (n=4,568) underwent colectomy, proctectomy, proctocolectomy or other procedures. The proportion of IPAA cases among all elective admissions was relatively stable at 33-35% during the years under study. A total of 131 hospitals, out of 279 hospitals participating in the UHC, performed IPAA. The median number of IPAA cases performed annually was 1.9 [IQR 0.8 – 4.3]. Nearly one half (48%) of these cases were performed by the top ten hospitals. Overall, only a total of 30 centers performed ³ five elective IPAA cases annually. Conclusions: Although the frequency of elective IPAA surgery in recent years has been stable, nearly one half of all IPAA cases was performed at ten hospitals. The concentration of IPAA cases at high-volume centers, and the steady number of cases performed annually, have potential implications for fellowship training, patient clinical outcomes and access to care.

Graphite-based dual-ion batteries (GDIBs) represent a promising battery concept for large-scale energy storage on account of low cost, high working voltage, and sustainability. The electrolyte concentration plays a critical role in determining the energy density and cycle life of GDIBs. However, the concentrated electrolytes show low Lithium ions (Li+) transport kinetics, reducing their intercalation and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation abilities. Moreover, the GDIBs in the high cut-off voltage suffer from electrolyte degradation, and corrosion of the current collector. Herein, we report a highly concentrated electrolyte formulation based on hybrid lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) salts with a super-wide electrochemical stability window (6 V) and the ability to form SEI and passivation layer on graphite anode and current collector, respectively. By regulating the concentrated LiFSI electrolyte with LiPF6 and solvent additive, the coulombic efficiency of the graphite cathode can be further improved to ∼98%. As a result, GDIB pouch cell exhibits a capacity of 21 mAh g−1 (cell level) at 50 mA g−1, and 98.2% capacity retention after 300 cycles. The resultant battery offers an energy density of 90.3 Wh kg−1, along with a high energy efficiency of 87% and average discharge voltage of 4.3 V.

Introduction: Inflammatory pouch complications, including pouchitis, chronic pouchitis (CP) and a Crohn’s disease-like phenotype (CDL) of the pouch following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), are relatively common, and arise via unknown mechanisms. The phenotypic similarities between pouch inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggest there may be common pathways involved in both disorders. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the serological, genetic and microbial factors contributing to the development of pouch inflammation in a large, well characterized patient cohort. Methods: Subjects with IPAA were recruited, and clinical and demographic information was obtained through medical chart review and patient questionnaire, allowing patients to be grouped based on post-surgical phenotype. Blood and tissue was collected for genetic, serological and microbial analyses. Anti-microbial antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), genotyping was carried out using the Illumina Goldengate custom SNP assay and Sequenome iPLEX platform, and tissue-associated microbial communities were assessed using 454 pyrosequencing. Results: Among our cohort, smoking was associated with CDL (P=0.003) and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage with CP (P<0.008). NOD2insC (rs2066847) (P=7.4x10-5), anti-CBir1 (P<0.0001) and ASCA (IgG) (P=0.03) were significantly associated with inflammatory pouch outcomes. Additional SNPs in NOX3, DAGLB, and NCF4 were also marginally associated with pouch outcome. A multi-variable risk model combining clinical, serologic and genetic markers was constructed and could differentiate between chronic pouch inflammatory phenotypes and no pouchitis. Genus level microbial analysis demonstrated that several organisms (Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Blautia and Moryella) were detected less frequently among the inflammatory outcome groups (P<0.05). These associations remained significant even following adjustment for antibiotic use, smoking, country of birth and gender. Conclusions: CD-associated anti-microbial antibodies and genetic markers are associated with chronic inflammatory pouch phenotypes. Additionally, changes in the composition of the pouch associated microbiome are associated with inflammation. These observations suggest that similar mechanisms may be involved in non-surgical IBD and pouchitis.

A presença do marsúpio fechado possibilitou aos isópodos terrestres a total independência do meio aquático para a reprodução, permitindo aos mesmos a colonização de habitats terrestres variados. Em seu interior, a prole é nutrida e oxigenada através de estruturas temporárias, chamadas cotilédones, as quais surgem durante o período ovígero das fêmeas e são exclusivas do grupo Crinocheta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever padrões dos cotilédones, analisados em 37 espécies de isópodos terrestres distribuídas entre as famílias: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae e Trachelipodidae, verificando se ocorre variação de comprimento ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento embrionário, sendo que para isto foram selecionadas seis espécies: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana, Balloniscus sellowii, Benthana cairensis e Porcellio scaber. Armadillidium vulgare e B. sellowii também foram estimados quanto à proporção comprimento dos cotilédones/ tamanho da fêmea. Entre as 13 famílias estudadas foram identificados seis formatos (tipos) de cotilédones e sete arranjos diferentes de número e distribuição. O comprimento foi estabelecido como: curto, médio e longo. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana e B. cairensis não apresentaram diferença no comprimento dos cotilédones durante os estágios embrionários sendo que este foi evidenciado para as demais espécies, uma vez que B. sellowii e P. scaber apresentaram aumento da fase de ovo para embrião, diminuindo na fase de manca. Já em A. nasatum ocorre um aumento gradual até a fase de manca, onde então regridem drasticamente. O comprimento dos cotilédones de A. vulgare e B. sellowii é proporcional ao tamanho da fêmea. Durante os estudos realizados outra novidade foi registrada: a presença de uma “extensão marsupial”. Para maiores informações sobre esta estrutura, foi necessário identificar quais espécies a apresentavam, o número de indivíduos abrigados em seu interior e diferenças na estrutura entre as espécies que portavam tal extensão e as que possuem o marsúpio fechado restrito aos cinco pares de oostegitos. Seis espécies apresentaram extensão marsupial, a qual possibilita o abrigo de aproximadamente ¼ do total da prole. XI Este marsúpio não apresenta formato distendido como o encontrado nas demais espécies o que vem a influenciar diretamente a alimentação da fêmea, pois com o desenvolvimento da prole ocorrendo em direção aos órgãos desta, conforme avançam as fases, aumenta a pressão interna, comprimindo seu interior. As diferenças morfológicas registradas aqui representam estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies, ao longo da evolução, podendo estar relacionadas (ou não) à filogenia dos grupos. / The presence of the closed brood pouch made it possible for terrestrial isopods to have full independence of the aquatic environment for reproduction, allowing them to colonize varied terrestrial habitats. Inside, the offspring is nourished and oxygenated by temporary structures, called cotyledons, which emerge during the ovigerous period of females and are unique to the group Crinocheta. This study aims to describe patterns of cotyledons, analyzed in 37 species of terrestrial isopods distributed among the families: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, "Philoscidae" Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae and Trachelipodidae , checking if there is variation in length along the stages of embryonic development, and for this, six species were selected as models: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana Balloniscus sellowii, Porcellio scaber and Benthana cairensis. Armadillidium vulgare and B. sellowii were also estimated concerning the proportion of cotyledon length / female size. Among the 13 studied families six formats (types) of cotyledons were identified as well as seven different arrangements of numbers and distribution. The length was established as: short, medium and long. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana and B. cairensis showed no difference in the length of the cotyledons during the embryonic stages while this was evidenced for the other species, since B. sellowii and P. scaber showed increased egg stage to the embryo, decreasing during the manca. Nevertheless in A. nasatum a gradual increase until the phase of manca occurs, which then regresses dramatically. The length of the cotyledons of A. vulgare and B. sellowii is proportional to female size. XIII During the carried out studies another new feature was recorded: the presence of an " marsupial extension." For obtaining further information about this structure it was necessary to identify the species that presented it, the number of individuals housed within, and differences in structure between species that harbored such extension and the others which had the closed pouch restricted to five pairs of oostegits. Six species showed marsupial extension, which provides shelter for approximately a quarter of the total offspring. This brood pouch does not have a distended format as the one found in other species, which directly influences the feeding of the female, because due to the fact that the offspring development occurs towards its organs as the stages advance, internal pressure increases, compressing its interior. The morphological differences reported here represent reproductive strategies adopted by the species, through evolution and could be related (or not) to the phylogeny of the groups.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze various aspects of quality of life and to determine if there is a difference in quality of life offered by a conventional ileostomy versus a continent ileostomy. An instrument was developed to measure several factors thought to influence quality of life as well as several structural/demographic variables. This instrument was designed for persons with a conventional ileostomy and was modified for persons who had undergone conversion surgery from conventional to continent ileostomy. Analysis of variance was performed to determine differences in quality of life for persons with a conventional, conversion, or original continent ileostomy. In addition to an overall quality of life measure, measures for specific areas: self esteem, family relationships, marriage relationships and a composite measure, were tested. No difference was detected for the three types of ileostomy for these variables. Analysis of variance was also performed on variables measuring specific aspects of life such as social activities and travel. This identified several differences in the ileostomy types which the analysis of the more general variables failed to detect. Those who had conversion surgery from conventional to continent ileostomies answered each question twice, comparing life with no ileostomy to life with a conventional, then comparing life with a conventional ileostomy to life with a continent. Three analyses were performed on the resulting data: sign test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. The use of these three tests showed differences in results concerning quality of life and differences in the statistical power of the tests. Both aspects are discussed. Significant improvement in quality of life for almost every aspect tested was seen for this group. Finally, principal component analysis was applied to the set of variables measuring specific aspects of quality of life and several new variables developed from the resulting factors. Analysis of variance was performed on these, as well as the original quality of life measures to determine which of the structural/demographic variables had an effect on quality of life.

A presença do marsúpio fechado possibilitou aos isópodos terrestres a total independência do meio aquático para a reprodução, permitindo aos mesmos a colonização de habitats terrestres variados. Em seu interior, a prole é nutrida e oxigenada através de estruturas temporárias, chamadas cotilédones, as quais surgem durante o período ovígero das fêmeas e são exclusivas do grupo Crinocheta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever padrões dos cotilédones, analisados em 37 espécies de isópodos terrestres distribuídas entre as famílias: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae e Trachelipodidae, verificando se ocorre variação de comprimento ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento embrionário, sendo que para isto foram selecionadas seis espécies: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana, Balloniscus sellowii, Benthana cairensis e Porcellio scaber. Armadillidium vulgare e B. sellowii também foram estimados quanto à proporção comprimento dos cotilédones/ tamanho da fêmea. Entre as 13 famílias estudadas foram identificados seis formatos (tipos) de cotilédones e sete arranjos diferentes de número e distribuição. O comprimento foi estabelecido como: curto, médio e longo. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana e B. cairensis não apresentaram diferença no comprimento dos cotilédones durante os estágios embrionários sendo que este foi evidenciado para as demais espécies, uma vez que B. sellowii e P. scaber apresentaram aumento da fase de ovo para embrião, diminuindo na fase de manca. Já em A. nasatum ocorre um aumento gradual até a fase de manca, onde então regridem drasticamente. O comprimento dos cotilédones de A. vulgare e B. sellowii é proporcional ao tamanho da fêmea. Durante os estudos realizados outra novidade foi registrada: a presença de uma “extensão marsupial”. Para maiores informações sobre esta estrutura, foi necessário identificar quais espécies a apresentavam, o número de indivíduos abrigados em seu interior e diferenças na estrutura entre as espécies que portavam tal extensão e as que possuem o marsúpio fechado restrito aos cinco pares de oostegitos. Seis espécies apresentaram extensão marsupial, a qual possibilita o abrigo de aproximadamente ¼ do total da prole. XI Este marsúpio não apresenta formato distendido como o encontrado nas demais espécies o que vem a influenciar diretamente a alimentação da fêmea, pois com o desenvolvimento da prole ocorrendo em direção aos órgãos desta, conforme avançam as fases, aumenta a pressão interna, comprimindo seu interior. As diferenças morfológicas registradas aqui representam estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies, ao longo da evolução, podendo estar relacionadas (ou não) à filogenia dos grupos. / The presence of the closed brood pouch made it possible for terrestrial isopods to have full independence of the aquatic environment for reproduction, allowing them to colonize varied terrestrial habitats. Inside, the offspring is nourished and oxygenated by temporary structures, called cotyledons, which emerge during the ovigerous period of females and are unique to the group Crinocheta. This study aims to describe patterns of cotyledons, analyzed in 37 species of terrestrial isopods distributed among the families: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, "Philoscidae" Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae and Trachelipodidae , checking if there is variation in length along the stages of embryonic development, and for this, six species were selected as models: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana Balloniscus sellowii, Porcellio scaber and Benthana cairensis. Armadillidium vulgare and B. sellowii were also estimated concerning the proportion of cotyledon length / female size. Among the 13 studied families six formats (types) of cotyledons were identified as well as seven different arrangements of numbers and distribution. The length was established as: short, medium and long. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana and B. cairensis showed no difference in the length of the cotyledons during the embryonic stages while this was evidenced for the other species, since B. sellowii and P. scaber showed increased egg stage to the embryo, decreasing during the manca. Nevertheless in A. nasatum a gradual increase until the phase of manca occurs, which then regresses dramatically. The length of the cotyledons of A. vulgare and B. sellowii is proportional to female size. XIII During the carried out studies another new feature was recorded: the presence of an " marsupial extension." For obtaining further information about this structure it was necessary to identify the species that presented it, the number of individuals housed within, and differences in structure between species that harbored such extension and the others which had the closed pouch restricted to five pairs of oostegits. Six species showed marsupial extension, which provides shelter for approximately a quarter of the total offspring. This brood pouch does not have a distended format as the one found in other species, which directly influences the feeding of the female, because due to the fact that the offspring development occurs towards its organs as the stages advance, internal pressure increases, compressing its interior. The morphological differences reported here represent reproductive strategies adopted by the species, through evolution and could be related (or not) to the phylogeny of the groups.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T17:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Donata Norman Paulino Brandão Silva.pdf: 1865506 bytes, checksum: c21da17fdb147fdd8e4ea3bc66a055a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-22T12:19:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Donata Norman Paulino Brandão Silva.pdf: 1865506 bytes, checksum: c21da17fdb147fdd8e4ea3bc66a055a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T12:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Donata Norman Paulino Brandão Silva.pdf: 1865506 bytes, checksum: c21da17fdb147fdd8e4ea3bc66a055a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / AVALIAÇÃO DO MECANISMO DE AÇÃO ANTI-INFLAMATÓRIA DO EXTRATO METANÓLICO E FRAÇÃO HEXÂNICA DE Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers. Silva D.N.P.B. Dissertação apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências da Saúde, Área de Farmacologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Amílcar Sabino Damazo; Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins. Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers é uma árvore que pertence à família Lecythidhaeae Esta família está presente em regiões muito diferentes como áreas baixas com inundação periodicamente, regiões montanhosas com elevações superiores a 1.000 metros acima do nível do mar, cerrados e regiões com vegetações secundárias (capoeiras) que se formam após distúrbios em ambientes naturais. Tem atualmente oito compostos químicos já identificados a partir da entrecasca como Compostos fenólicos: β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, α e β-amirinas, ácido arjunólico e sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopiranosil. Saponinas triterpenicas: 28-β-glucopiranosil-23-O-acetil acido arjunolico, 3-O-β-glucopiranosil acido arjunolico e 28-O-[α-L-Rhanopiranosil-(1→2)-β-glucopiranosil]-23-O-aceti0l acido arjunolico. O Objetivo deste trabalho foi a validação de suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, determinação de seu mecanismo de ação e identificação dos seus metabólitos secundários utilizando modelos experimentais in vivo e in vitro. Para obter a fração o extrato metanólico foi inicialmente submetido à partição líquido-liquido através da suspensão de uma mistura de água destilada e de metanol. Em seguida, foi adicionado hexâno e após agitação a formação da fração hexânica. A fitoquímica revelou a existência de diversos metabólitos secundários muitos dos quais sabidamente de ação anti-inflamatória. Foi possível a identificação de alguns compostos que são responsáveis pela ação anti-inflamatória pela análise cromatográfica e espectrométrica. No ensaio hipocrático não houve morte dos animais e os órgão analisados não apresentaram alteração demostrando que tanto o EMCr quanto a FrHCr não apresentam toxicidade. No modelo de inflamação por bolha de ar as análises histológica da pele demonstraram que o EMCr e a FrHCr apresentam um efeito antimigratório de leucócitos e as análises do lavado da bolha a migração leucocitária demonstrou que o tratamento com EMCr foi semelhante a droga padrão, impedindo a migração de PMN e MN na cavidade, após a administração de carragenina. Para compreender o mecanismo de ação do processo inflamatório, foram avaliados a liberação das citocinas TNF-α, IL-1β e a IL10 e expressão da AnxA1. A expressão da proteína AnxA1 foi avaliada pela imunoistoquímica os dados indicaram que, após a indução do processo inflamatório, observamos um aumento da proteína anti-inflamatória AnxA1, particularmente nos neutrófilos. O fato do EMCr induzir a expressão da AnxA1 indica que algum componente fitoquímico dessa planta induz a expressão proteica deste mediador, sendo esse um de seus possíveis mecanismos anti-inflamatórios. / EVALUATION OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTI - INFLAMMATORY METHANOL EXTRACT AND HEXANE FRACTION OF Cariniana rubra Gardner ex miers. Silva D.N.P.B. Dissertation presented to the Coordination of the Post-Graduation Programs in Medicine of Faculty of Medicine of Federal University of Mato Grosso, as a partial requirement for the Master Degree of Health Sciences, Pharmacology Field. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Amilcar Sabino Damazo, Co -supervisor: Prof. Dr. Domingos Tabajara de Oliveira Martins. Cariniana rubra Gardner ex Miers is a tree that belongs to the family Lecythidhaeae This family is present in very different regions as areas with low flood periodically , mountainous regions with higher elevations to 1,000 feet above sea level clenched and regions with secondary vegetation ( capoeira ) formed after disturbances in natural environments . Currently has eight chemical compounds have been identified from the inner bark as phenolic compounds: β - sitosterol , stigmasterol , α and β-amirinas , arjunolic acid and sitosterol 3 - O- β - D - glucopiyanosil . Triterpenoid saponins : 28 - β - glucopyranosyl -23 - O- acetyl arjunolic acid , 3 - O- β - glucopyranosil arjunolic acid and 28 - O- [ α -L - rhamnopiranosil - ( 1 → 2 ) - β - glucopyranosil ] -23 - O- aceti0l arjunolic acid . Goal of this study was the validation of its anti-inflammatory properties, determining its mechanism of action and identification of secondary metabolites using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. To obtain the fraction of methanol extract was first subjected to liquid -liquid partition by suspending a mixture of methanol and distilled water. Then, hexane was added and after stirring the formation of the hexane fraction. Phytochemical screening revealed the existence of several secondary metabolites many of which are known anti - inflammatory action. It was possible to identify some compounds that are responsible for the anti-inflammatory action as by chromatographic and spectrometric analysis.The Hippocratic essay no animal death and organ analyzed did not change demonstrating that both EMCR as FrHCr not exhibit toxicity. In the cytotoxicity assay using cells of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) by the method of Alamar Blue showed that both EMCR as FrHCr can be considered cytotoxic (IC50 ˂ 50 mg / ml). In an inflammation model by air pouch histological analysis demonstrated that the skin FrHCr have an EMCR and antimigratory effects of leukocytes and analysis of the washed leukocyte migration bubble demonstrated that treatment with EMCR was similar to standard drug , preventing migration PMN and MN cavity following administration of carrageenan . To understand the mechanism of action of the inflammatory process, we evaluated the release of the cytokines TNF - α, IL - 1β and IL-10 and expression of AnxA1. The AnxA1 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry data indicated that, after induction of inflammation, we observed an increase in anti-inflammatory protein AnxA1, particularly in neutrophils. The fact that EMCR induce expression of AnxA1 indicates that some phytochemical component of this plant induces the protein expression of this mediator, this being one of its possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

A presença do marsúpio fechado possibilitou aos isópodos terrestres a total independência do meio aquático para a reprodução, permitindo aos mesmos a colonização de habitats terrestres variados. Em seu interior, a prole é nutrida e oxigenada através de estruturas temporárias, chamadas cotilédones, as quais surgem durante o período ovígero das fêmeas e são exclusivas do grupo Crinocheta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever padrões dos cotilédones, analisados em 37 espécies de isópodos terrestres distribuídas entre as famílias: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae e Trachelipodidae, verificando se ocorre variação de comprimento ao longo das fases de desenvolvimento embrionário, sendo que para isto foram selecionadas seis espécies: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana, Balloniscus sellowii, Benthana cairensis e Porcellio scaber. Armadillidium vulgare e B. sellowii também foram estimados quanto à proporção comprimento dos cotilédones/ tamanho da fêmea. Entre as 13 famílias estudadas foram identificados seis formatos (tipos) de cotilédones e sete arranjos diferentes de número e distribuição. O comprimento foi estabelecido como: curto, médio e longo. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana e B. cairensis não apresentaram diferença no comprimento dos cotilédones durante os estágios embrionários sendo que este foi evidenciado para as demais espécies, uma vez que B. sellowii e P. scaber apresentaram aumento da fase de ovo para embrião, diminuindo na fase de manca. Já em A. nasatum ocorre um aumento gradual até a fase de manca, onde então regridem drasticamente. O comprimento dos cotilédones de A. vulgare e B. sellowii é proporcional ao tamanho da fêmea. Durante os estudos realizados outra novidade foi registrada: a presença de uma “extensão marsupial”. Para maiores informações sobre esta estrutura, foi necessário identificar quais espécies a apresentavam, o número de indivíduos abrigados em seu interior e diferenças na estrutura entre as espécies que portavam tal extensão e as que possuem o marsúpio fechado restrito aos cinco pares de oostegitos. Seis espécies apresentaram extensão marsupial, a qual possibilita o abrigo de aproximadamente ¼ do total da prole. XI Este marsúpio não apresenta formato distendido como o encontrado nas demais espécies o que vem a influenciar diretamente a alimentação da fêmea, pois com o desenvolvimento da prole ocorrendo em direção aos órgãos desta, conforme avançam as fases, aumenta a pressão interna, comprimindo seu interior. As diferenças morfológicas registradas aqui representam estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelas espécies, ao longo da evolução, podendo estar relacionadas (ou não) à filogenia dos grupos. / The presence of the closed brood pouch made it possible for terrestrial isopods to have full independence of the aquatic environment for reproduction, allowing them to colonize varied terrestrial habitats. Inside, the offspring is nourished and oxygenated by temporary structures, called cotyledons, which emerge during the ovigerous period of females and are unique to the group Crinocheta. This study aims to describe patterns of cotyledons, analyzed in 37 species of terrestrial isopods distributed among the families: Agnaridae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, "Philoscidae" Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Scleropactidae and Trachelipodidae , checking if there is variation in length along the stages of embryonic development, and for this, six species were selected as models: Armadillidium nasatum, A. vulgare, Atlantoscia floridana Balloniscus sellowii, Porcellio scaber and Benthana cairensis. Armadillidium vulgare and B. sellowii were also estimated concerning the proportion of cotyledon length / female size. Among the 13 studied families six formats (types) of cotyledons were identified as well as seven different arrangements of numbers and distribution. The length was established as: short, medium and long. Armadillidium vulgare, A. floridana and B. cairensis showed no difference in the length of the cotyledons during the embryonic stages while this was evidenced for the other species, since B. sellowii and P. scaber showed increased egg stage to the embryo, decreasing during the manca. Nevertheless in A. nasatum a gradual increase until the phase of manca occurs, which then regresses dramatically. The length of the cotyledons of A. vulgare and B. sellowii is proportional to female size. XIII During the carried out studies another new feature was recorded: the presence of an " marsupial extension." For obtaining further information about this structure it was necessary to identify the species that presented it, the number of individuals housed within, and differences in structure between species that harbored such extension and the others which had the closed pouch restricted to five pairs of oostegits. Six species showed marsupial extension, which provides shelter for approximately a quarter of the total offspring. This brood pouch does not have a distended format as the one found in other species, which directly influences the feeding of the female, because due to the fact that the offspring development occurs towards its organs as the stages advance, internal pressure increases, compressing its interior. The morphological differences reported here represent reproductive strategies adopted by the species, through evolution and could be related (or not) to the phylogeny of the groups.

Orientadores: Carlos Alberto Rodrigues Anjos, Marcelo Cristianini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T22:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RojaJunior_NelsonPedro_M.pdf: 1008534 bytes, checksum: f8af7df8acbf3611069d44225ab3d001 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As rações operacionais s~so meios fundamentais para a execução das atividades de treinamento e desdobramento real das Forcas Armadas do mundo inteiro, sendo empregadas ainda em circunstancias de contingencia de ordem civil. Neste sentido, a Força Aerea Brasileira, na busca continuada de solucoes e melhorias na area do fornecimento de alimentos, vem priorizando pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de produtos de pronto consumo. Nessa linha, o objetivo principal desta investigacao foi desenvolver uma refeicao de pronto consumo em embalagens flexiveis esterilizaveis, para equipagens de aeronaves e para uso terrestre, em substituicao ao sistema atualmente utilizado pelas Forças Armadas. A refeição foi composta por dois itens, em embalagens unitarias: arroz e carne bovina com legumes. A formulação do arroz foi composta por agua (54%), arroz parboilizado (32%), cebola (8%), oleo (4%), sal (1%) e alho (1%). A carne com legumes foi formulada com cubos de carne (35%), selada, pre-processada por imersao em oleo vegetal a 178°C por 3 min., molho de carne (29%), batata (22%) e cenoura (14%) em cubos. Foram utilizados 3 tipos de embalagens laminadas, pre-formadas, com picote para abertura manual e capacidade de 250 g de produto, sendo duas com estrutura auto-sustentavel (uvcpf"wr"rqwej) e uma do tipo envelope de quatro soldas (hncv). A caracterização das embalagens foi realizada por medidas dimensionais, propriedades de barreira (taxa de permeabilidade ao oxigenio e ao vapor de agua), propriedades mecânicas (resistencia a tracao e estouro) e inspecao visual de defeitos. As analises microbiologicas foram realizadas para avaliacao da carga microbiana inicial das materias-primas e obtencao de dados iniciais, para verificacao da eficiencia do processo de esterilizacao. O tratamento termico foi realizado em autoclave de imersao com F0 de 14 min. As refeicoes foram submetidas a analise sensorial atraves de teste de aceitacao de escala hedonica para aparencia, sabor, aroma e impressao global e testes de aceitacao de escala do ideal para textura do arroz, carne bovina e legumes e gosto de sal. Os testes foram conduzidos com 140 homens, militares da Aeronautica, distribuidos nas guarnicoes do Amazonas, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro e Sao Paulo. Os resultados do teste de escala hedonica indicaram que o tipo de embalagem nao influenciou na aceitacao da refeicao (p<0,05), sendo que pelo menos 60% dos provadores atribuiram notas maiores ou iguais a cinco para os atributos aparencia, sabor, aroma e impressão global. No teste da escala de ideal verificou-se que pelo menos 80% dos provadores consideraram a textura da carne entre os termos -1 e +1, a textura dos legumes entre -1 e +1, a textura do arroz entre -1 e +1 e o gosto salgado entre ¿1 e +1. Isto indica a aceitação sensorial da refeição. Os experimentos demonstraram a satisfacao dos militares e puderam servir de fundamento para o atual emprego das rações operacionais no ambito da Força Aerea Brasileira / Abstract: The operational meals means are fundamental to the implementation of the activities of training and actual deployment of the armed forces around the world and is still employed in circumstances of contingency of civil order. In this sense, the Brazilian Air Force, in the search for solutions and continuing improvements in the area of the food supply, is prioritizing the research and development into products ready for consumption. The main objective of the research was to develop a meal ready for consumption in sterile flexible packaging to aircraft crews and land use to replace the system currently used by the Armed Forces. The board was composed of two items on individual packages: rice and meat with vegetables. The wording of the rice was composed by water (54%), rice (32%), onion (8%), oil (4%), salt (1%) and garlic (1%). The meat with vegetables was made with cubes of meat (35%), stamped, pre-processed by immersion in vegetable oil to 178 ° C for 3 min., sauce, meat (29%), potatoes (22%) and carrot (14%) in the cubes. We used 3 types of packaging rolled, pre-formed, for manual opening and capacity of 250 g of product, and two with structure self-sustaining (stand up pouch) and an envelope of the type of four solders (flat). The characterization of the packaging was done by measurements dimensional, property of barrier rate (permeability to oxygen and water vapor) and mechanical properties (tensile strength and burst test) and visual inspection of defects. Microbiological analyses was made for evaluation of the initial microbial load of raw materials and obtaining initial data references for verification of the efficiency of the process of sterilization. The heat treatment was carried out in retort of immersion with F0, 14 min. Meals were subjected to analysis by means of sensory test of acceptance of hedonic scale for appearance, flavor, aroma and overall impression, and acceptance tests of scale of the ideal texture to the rice, meat and vegetables and taste of salt. The tests were conducted with 140 men, soldiers of Aeronautics, distributed in trimmings of Amazonas, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The results of the test hedonic scale indicated that the type of packaging not influenced the acceptance of the meal (p <0.05), of which at least 83% of the judges assigned notes greater than or equal to five to the attributes appearance, flavor, aroma and overall impression. In the ideal test of the scale of it was found that at least 62% of the tasters found the texture of the meat, vegetables and rice, and the salty taste ideals. The experiments demonstrated the satisfaction of the military and could serve as the basis for the current employment of operational meals of the Brazilian Air Force / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos