雖然知識社會學發展到了當代，出現了各種研究取向，但是對於權力與知識間關係的研究，可以說是當代知識社學地圖中的新地標。本文一方面打算深入分析權力與知識兩者間關係的議題，另一方面則是試圖從知識與社會兩個面向切入將之相較於以「社會存在/結構決定知識」的古典理論，並找出知識社會學的從古典到當代發展在研究取向上所作轉變之關鍵為何。 由於研究權力與知識間關係之流派甚多，故而本文選擇兩位深具代表性的社會學家為分析對象，Elias與Foucault。在兼具一般性與特殊性的雙重目的下,本文則是分別以四個面向開展對於這兩位知識社會學家其學說的分析:知識的界定、所使用的歷史方法或觀點、權力與知識的關係，及其對於社會所採取的思考觀點。

This thesis is about participation in IT design. The problem background that I have outlined is that information technologies have far reaching consequences for societies and for individuals, and that the design of information technologies is one among many practices that shape the world in which we live. From a democratic point of view it is crucial that also women should be involved in these reality producing practices. In relation to this there are at least two stories about women’s participation in IT design; one about their absence from IT design, and one about their inclusion therein. Based on this problem background the purpose of my research is to critically explore participatory IT design practices, with a special focus on gender, power and knowledge. In order to fulfil the purpose I have three research questions: Who participated in the IT design practices? How did knowledge come into being in these practices? How was responsibility enacted? My frame of reference is based on two research fields. One is Participatory Design (PD) with its focus on practitioners as co-designers in IT design practices, and the other is feminist technoscience which focuses on theories, methods, approaches, knowledge processes, and gender in technoscience practices. These two frameworks shares an interest in power relations and democratic participation in IT design. My empirical material was gathered with the help of ethnographic methods, and comes from a large IT design project in a Swedish government agency. The project was an eGovernment project, and a central objective was to rationalise the business. My focus was some (women) administrative officers who participated as business process analysts. This material was analysed with the help of feminist technoscience methodologies, foremost agential realism and diffraction. My thesis is based on five research papers, and the results of these are discussed and related to the research questions and the purpose. Based on an expanded notion of IT design and of participation in IT design, I argue that the administrative officers in the IT design project participated as central actors in the project. These administrative officers were able to participate within the context provided by various entangled sociomaterial practices, such as the project method, boundaries between business and IT, gendered divisions of labour, eGovernment, rationalisation, the project objectives, and an innovation practice. I also argue that in the project knowledge did not simply exist, but came into being as a result of entanglements of these sociomaterial practices, foremost the project objectives and the method. As a result of the reconfigured knowledge the administrative officers were removed to the periphery of the project. An additional argument is that with participation comes responsibility, and that responsibility is related to agency. Responsibility was enacted in and as a result of entangled sociomaterial practices. In this project the administrative officers were given and took a lot of responsibility within the boundaries provided by the sociomaterial practices, but they also worked to widen their agency and thus extend their responsibilities in the project. In relation to gender my argument is that the administrative officers in the project – who were women – participated as central actors, but they were also marginalised and made invisible. Thus in this IT design project women were included as central actors. As one of my contributions to PD and to feminist technoscience I want to underscore the importance of sociomaterial practices in IT design, such as IT design methods, and project objectives. These may act to restrict actors’ possibilities to act and to exert influence. Another is that knowledge in IT design practices come into being and are reconfigured as a consequence of intra-acting sociomaterial practices. Reconfigurations of knowledge might shift the power balance among actors in IT design projects and marginalise previously central actors. Responsibility too comes into being, or is enacted, in entangled sociomaterial practices. Furthermore responsibility in IT design is closely related to agency and participation, and widened agency might lead to extended possibilities to take responsibility. Additionally if positions in IT design are understood as fixed, they might make invisible more shifting and intricate professional relations and activities, and once these become visible, more women may become visible as central actors in IT design. A further contribution is that an expanded notion of IT design and participation might make women visible as central participants in IT design and in eGovernment. However, also central participants may become marginalised, as happened in this project.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to explore concert institutions’ informative texts prior to upcoming concerts – texts in promotional materials and descriptive texts in programme papers. The thesis is carried out from a critical discourse analytical perspective. The discourse analysis is focusing on finding the texts’ messages and it asks the question: To whom are these texts addressed? Theoretical support is mainly taken from Foucault’s theory about the relation between power and knowledge. On the basis of this theoretical framework, Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) is applied to an analysis of informative texts from Swedish public financed concert institutions. In addition to a linguistic text analysis the discourse analysis also turns to the texts’ intertextual and interdiscursive relationships and to the texts’ historical, cultural and social contexts. The results show that the texts, analysed in this study, primarily address individuals already initiated and established within the discourse. The texts are also addressing individuals not yet belonging to the discourse who, in order to become established within the discourse, have to acquire the cultural and social characteristics that are requested by the discourse. The discourse analysis indicates that the language of the informative texts contain an exclusive mechanism. With this mechanism, the texts constitute a barrier hindering access to the art form. Based on these findings, it is concluded that concert institutions for Western art music could be more generally inviting by using a more inclusive language in their informative texts prior to upcoming concerts.As I haven’t found any previous Swedish or other Nordic studies of texts that are published prior to upcoming concerts, it seems likely that a small research gap has been discovered. / Syftet med denna masteruppsats är att granska konsertinstitutioners informativa texter inför konserter med västerländsk konstmusik – texter i reklammaterial inför konserter samt beskrivande texter i programtidningar. Studien genomförs ur ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv. I syftet ingår att söka fram sådana informativa texters budskap. Studiens essentiella frågeställning lyder: Till vilka riktar sig de informativa texterna? Teoretiskt stödjer sig uppsatsen främst på Foucaults teori om förhållandet mellan makt och kunskap. Utifrån detta perspektiv tillämpas Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys (CDA) för en analys av strategiskt utvalda informativa texter från svenska offentligt finansierade konsertinstitutioner. Utöver en lingvistisk textanalys riktar sig diskursanalysen även mot texternas intertextuella och interdiskursiva relationer samt mot texternas historiska, kulturella och sociala sammanhang. Studien visar att de analyserade texterna främst riktar sig till dem som redan är initierade och etablerade i diskursen. De riktar sig även till individer som ännu inte tillhör diskursen vilka dock måste tillägna sig de kulturella och sociala beskaffenheter som diskursen fordrar för att kunna bli etablerade i denna. Diskursanalysen indikerar att språket i de informativa texterna innehåller en utestängande funktion. Med denna funktion kan texterna utgöra ett hinder för tillträde till konstarten. Utifrån dessa resultat dras slutsatsen att konsertinstitutioner för västerländsk konstmusik skulle kunna tillämpa ett mer generellt inviterande genom att använda ett mer inkluderande språkbruk i de informativa texterna inför konserter.Eftersom jag inte har funnit några tidigare utförda svenska eller andra nordiska studier av texter som är publicerade inför konserter kan detta betyda att en viss forskningslucka har upptäckts.

This study is on the political and ethical aspects of recent advances in genetics. Its aim is to explicate the scientific and technological premises of genetics along historical, philosophical and political axes by employing the critical perspectives of Jonas, Heidegger and Foucault. Starting the discussion from a brief account of scientific and technological revolutions initiated in the 16th and 17th centuries, I defend the thesis that the idea of control and manipulation of life is not a novelty introduced by genetics, but a historical orientation underlying modern man&rsquo / s metaphysical reasoning. That is to say, &lsquo / the idea of control and manipulation of life&rsquo / is not an unintended technological excess of genetic practices, and hence a transgression of our moral principles. Rather, this endeavour is a scientific and technological &lsquo / project&rsquo / which has been at the very core of modern man&rsquo / s rational political agenda. Therefore, any attempts to understand genetics from a na&iuml / ve Baconian utilitarianism and optimism fails to grasp its complicated political nature. For the ethical concerns to become more comprehensive, three genetic cases (prenatal screening tests, cloning, and genetic engineering) are examined in the light of the philosophical reflections of Jonas and Heidegger. Besides, following Foucault&rsquo / s critical assessments of medicine and bio-power, a &lsquo / fourth spatialization of disease&rsquo / is proposed at the end of the study in order to evaluate the transformations with the introduction of genetics into medicine. Consequently, it is argued that geneticized medicine might sign a new regime of bio-power &ndash / a reconfiguration of knowledge, power and subjectivity.

Abstract This thesis makes a novel and original contribution to the discourse surrounding engineering education, and how it can be made more accessible to underrepresented groups. The study includes two contexts representing two different perspectives. Two studies are conducted, one examines upper secondary school pupils’ views of engineering students and the other the societal and cultural production of the engineering student in a recruitment campaign for KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Few earlier studies have examined the messages communicated in initiatives aiming to increase and broaden the recruitment of underrepresented groups to technical universities. Still, many initiatives sharing this goal are initialised in Sweden. The theoretical framework applied by discourse analysis and governmentality analysis enables a critical examination of the discursive framework surrounding the engineering student. The thesis concludes that there is a power struggle between a discourse of a contemporary technologist and a traditional technologist and that this position is exclusively but only for the most advanced engineering students, excluding BSc students as communicated by a KTH recruitment campaign. / Moderna samhällen förutsätter att människor är ansvariga för att göra val av olika slag, till exempel av utbildning och yrke. Dessutom förväntas yrkesvalet överensstämma med individens självuppfattning. Det finns ett stort engagemang i Sverige och globalt för att öka och bredda rekryteringen till tekniska utbildningar som leder till yrken inom teknik och naturvetenskap. Detta är synligt i den stora mängd av initiativ som görs med syfte att öka ungas intresse för utbildningar av detta slag. Ungas intresse för teknikintensiva utbildningar är ett väl utforskat område. Detta är däremot inte budskap som kommuniceras med syfte att öka och bredda rekryteringen till teknisk intensiva utbildningar.  Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka det diskursiva ramverket som definierar subjektet ingenjörsstudenten i en rekryteringskontext i Sverige. Det teoretiska och metodmässiga tillvägagångsättet är inspirerat av diskursanalys och governmentalitetsstudier. Detta perspektiv förser analysen med en kritisk blick vilket resulterat i ett intressant bidrag till forskningen om diskursen som omger ingenjörsutbildningens tillgängliggörande för underrepresenterade studentgrupper. Uppsatsen består av en sammanhållande kappa och två artiklar som beskriver två olika studier och perspektiv. Den första studien undersöker gymnasieungdomars uppfattningar om ingenjörsutbildningar och ingenjörsstudien. Det metodmässiga tillvägagångsättet kombinerar klassrumsstudier gjorda med hjälp av mindmapping-tekniker och diskursanalys på ett unikt sätt. I den andra studien analyseras de budskap som kommuniceras i en rekryteringskampanj för KTH. I den sammanhållande kappan analyseras det samlade resultatet av studierna. Denna analys visar att det pågår en diskursiv kamp mellan en diskurs av traditionell karaktär och en av nutida karaktär. Den traditionella som lyfts fram av gymnasieeleverna bygger på ett reduktionistiskt förhållningsätt och traditionella värden som personlig framgång (ekonomisk framgång och social status). Den nutida som lyfts fram i kampanjen i bygger på ett holistiskt förhållningsätt och vikten av att bidra till en gynnsam samhällsutvecklingen för alla. I teorin bjuder den nutida in nya studentgrupper i högre grad än den traditionella. Intressant nog sker inte detta i kampanjen, vilket beror på att endast de mest avancerade grundstudenterna, civilingenjörsstudenter som studerar på det äldsta av KTH:s campus, representeras i kampanjen. Detta får till följd att den breddning som sker endast är gällande för en liten skara individer  Uppsatsens viktigaste bidrag är insikter om diskursen som omger ingenjörsutbildningen, som trots försök till breddning verkar exkluderande för många presumtiva studenter. Vidare är det teoretiska och metodmässiga tillvägagångsättet ett intressant bidrag till forskning och en breddad rekrytering till tekniska lärosäten.

The purpose for this research journey was twofold: (1) to discover the power of certain discourses in the charismatic church context and (2) to challenge disrespectful discursive practices in order to co-operate respectful, ethical and caring ways of being. Seven leaders in charismatic churches committed themselves to this qualitative research project. The research process resulted in a confirmation by the participants that some charismatic discursive practices can be abusive and also to the acknowledgement that they too have at times fulfilled the role of abuser, even in unknowingly. This research journey ended in Hope. Hope for more transparency and trust between leaders and members, resulting in more respectful practices. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

The purpose for this research journey was twofold: (1) to discover the power of certain discourses in the charismatic church context and (2) to challenge disrespectful discursive practices in order to co-operate respectful, ethical and caring ways of being. Seven leaders in charismatic churches committed themselves to this qualitative research project. The research process resulted in a confirmation by the participants that some charismatic discursive practices can be abusive and also to the acknowledgement that they too have at times fulfilled the role of abuser, even in unknowingly. This research journey ended in Hope. Hope for more transparency and trust between leaders and members, resulting in more respectful practices. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

Donna J. Haraway ist eine US-amerikanische Biologin, Wissenschaftsphilosophin und Literaturwissenschaftlerin, die an den Departments History of Consciousness und Feminist Studies der University of California lehrte. In dieser Position hatte sie die erste explizit der Feministischen Theorie gewidmete Professur in den USA inne. Haraways Arbeiten bewegen sich in einem thematischen Schnittfeld von feministischer Erkenntniskritik, Cultural Studies, politischer Theorie und Biowissenschaften.