[ES] Los receptores tipo Toll, TLR, son receptores clave en la defensa contra los patógenos capaces de iniciar la respuesta inmunitaria innata para proteger al huésped. Su papel no solo se relega a responder a estímulos foráneos, sino que también pueden detectar daños en los tejidos o células lesionadas induciendo su respuesta a lo que se conoce como "inflamación estéril". Las células del sistema inmunitario no son las únicas que presentan TLR; también se encuentran en células de la glía, neuronas y precursores neurales (NPC). Concretamente, TLR2 y TLR4 en NPC en cerebro contribuyen a la determinación del destino celular y plasticidad neuronal durante el desarrollo. Sin embargo, sus funciones en la fisiología y patología de la médula espinal no están bien definidas, así como en procesos críticos como la neurogénesis, autorrenovación o proliferación. Esta tesis doctoral, distribuida entre tres capítulos, se ha centrado 1) en el estudio del papel de TLR2 y TLR4 en precursores derivados de medula espinal neonatal (Capítulo 1); 2) en evaluar el papel de ambos, TLR2 y TLR4 en el proceso de regeneración espontánea o tras trasplante ectópico de NPC, en un modelo de lesión medular inducida (Capítulo 2); 3) en el estudio del papel de TLR4 en la modulación del fenotipo inflamatorio en respuesta al proteoglicano condroitín sulfato (CSPG) secretado tras la lesión medular con actividad inhibitoria del recrecimiento axonal tras lesión medular (Capítulo 3). / [CA] Els receptors tipus Toll, TLR, són receptors clau en la defensa contra els patògens capaços d'iniciar la resposta immunitària innata per a protegir l'hoste. El seu paper no sols es relega a respondre a estímuls forans, sinó que també poden detectar danys en els teixits o cèl·lules lesionades induint la seua resposta al que es coneix com a "inflamació estèril". Les cèl·lules del sistema immunitari no són les úniques que presenten TLR; també es troben en cèl·lules de la glia, neurones i precursors neurals (NPC). TLR2 i TLR4 en NPC en cervell contribueixen a la determinació del destí cel·lular i plasticitat neuronal. No obstant això, les seues funcions en la fisiopatologia de la medul·la espinal no estan ben definides, així com en processos crítics com la neurogènesi, autorenovació o proliferació. Aquesta tesi doctoral, distribuïda entre tres capítols, s'ha centrat: 1) En l'estudi del paper de TLR2 i TLR4 en precursors derivats de medul·la espinal neonatal (Capítol 1); 2) A avaluar el paper de tots dos, TLR2 i TLR4, en el procés de regeneració espontània o després de trasplantament ectòpic de NPC, en un model de lesió medul·lar induïda (Capítol 2); 3) En l'estudi del paper de TLR4 en la modulació del fenotip inflamatori en resposta al proteoglicà condroití sulfat (CSPG) secretat després de la lesió medul·lar amb activitat inhibitòria del recreixement axonal després de lesió medul·lar (Capítol 3). / [EN] Toll-like receptors, TLRs, are key receptors in the defence against pathogens capable of initiating the innate immune response to protect the host. Their role is not only limited to responding to foreign stimuli, but they can also detect damage to injured tissues or cells, inducing their response to what is known as 'sterile inflammation'. Immune system cells are not the only cells that display TLRs; they are also found in glial cells, neurons and neural precursors cells (NPCs). TLR2 and TLR4 NPCs from brain contribute to cell fate determination and neuronal plasticity. However, their roles in spinal cord pathophysiology and in critical processes such as neurogenesis, self-renewal or proliferation are not well defined. This doctoral thesis, distributed among three chapters, has focused: 1) on the study of the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in neonatal spinal cord-derived precursors (Chapter 1); 2) on evaluating the role of both TLR2 and TLR4 in the process of spontaneous regeneration or after ectopic transplantation of NPC, in a model of induced spinal cord injury (Chapter 2); 3) to study the role of TLR4 in modulating the inflammatory phenotype in response to chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) secreted after spinal cord injury with inhibitory activity on axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury (Chapter 3). / The student has been granted with a PhD fellowship from a predoctoral program at the CIPF and with International Research and Training Exchange Programme at the CIPF. This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (projects RTI2018-095872-B-C21; MAT2015-66666-C3-R; SAF2015-69187R) and Spanish Ministry of Heath, PNSD2018 I003. / Sánchez Petidier, M. (2022). Toll-like receptors in spinal cord derived neural precursor cells: implications on spinal cord injury and cell transplantation [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180753 / TESIS

The principal psychoactive component of marihuana is Δ-9-tetrahy-drocannabinol. This compound at 10-5 molar concentration in the medium of human cell cultures appeared to inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by 50, 40, and 30% respectively, as measured by incorporation of radioactive precursors into acid-insoluble cell fractions in human diploid fibroblasts, human neuroblastoma cells, and mouse neuroblastoma cells. While Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited semiconservative DNA synthesis, it had no effect on DNA repair synthesis in human cells as assayed by the photolysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA during repair after ultraviolet radiation damage. Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol also had no effect on rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks induced by γ-rays. The nonspecificity of the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis by Δ-9-THC suggested a possible interference with uptake of radioactive precursors. However, experimentation has shown that this depression of macromolecular synthesis cannot be accounted for by reduced transport of radioactive precursors into the cell because the rate of transport of these precursors into the cell is essentially the same in the presence or absence of Δ-9-THC. Pool sizes of macromolecular precursors as measured radioisotopically (3Hthymidine, 3H-uridine, 14C-leucine) appear to be reduced about 50%, and this reduced pool size could fully account for the reduced macromolecular synthesis seen in the presence of Δ-9-THC. We do not know what causes this apparent reduction of pool sizes in the presence of Δ-9-THC.

Glioma therapy relies on induction of cytotoxicity; however, the current combination of surgery, irradiation (IR) and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment does not result in a long-term cure. Our lab previously demonstrated that a small population of glioma cells enters a transient cell cycle arrest in response to chemotherapy. Treatment with TMZ significantly decreases initial neurosphere formation; however, after a short recovery period, a small number of cells resume neurosphere formation and repopulate the culture. This recovery of neurosphere growth recapitulates the inevitable glioma recurrence in the clinic. The focus of our laboratory is to study direct-target therapies that can be combined with TMZ to inhibit neurosphere recovery. The Notch pathway is a promising target because it is involved in cell growth and survival. Here, we demonstrate that blocking the Notch pathway using gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) enhances TMZ treatment. The combination of TMZ and GSI treatments targets the cells capable of recovery. TMZ + GSI treated cells do not recover and are no longer capable of self-renewal. Interestingly, recovery is inhibited when the GSI is administered 24 hrs after TMZ treatment, demonstrating a sequence-dependent mechanism. TMZ + GSI treatment also decreases tumorigenicity. When glioma cell lines were treated in vitro and implanted in NU/NU nude mice, TMZ + GSI treatment extended latency and greatly increased survival. In addition, in vivo TMZ + GSI treatment completely blocked tumor progression and resulted in the loss of a palpable tumor in 50% of mice, while none of the TMZ-only treated mice survived. TMZ + GSI treated cultures and xenografts display a senescent phenotype. Cultures treated with TMZ + GSI have decreased proliferation, but no increase in cell death. We observed an increase in the number of cells expressing senescence-associated β-galactosidase in vitro and in vivo. This demonstrates that inhibition of the Notch pathway shifts TMZ-treated cells from a transient cell cycle arrest into a permanent senescent state. Senescent cells can stimulate the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate that TMZ + GSI treatment increases phagocytosis in vitro. New therapy combinations, such as TMZ + GSI, are arising in the field of therapy-induced senescence (TIS). Overall, this data demonstrates the importance of the Notch pathway in chemoprotection and maintenance of TMZ-treated gliomas. The addition of GSIs to current treatments is a promising target-directed therapy to decrease the rate of brain tumor recurrence by inducing senescence and tumor clearance.

Les travaux de thèse concernent la synthèse et la vectorisation d'analogues de la combrétastatine A-4, une molécule naturelle connue pour ses propriétés anti-vasculaires et cytotoxiques. Ces recherches se situent à l’interface de la chimie et de la biologie.D'une part, des études en méthodologie de synthèse, mettant en œuvre des réactions de couplages entre des composés diazo-précurseurs et des halogénoarènes ou des amines ont été réalisées dans le but de fournir des outils de synthèse nécessaires à la constitution de chimiothèques. Ces études ont conduit à la synthèse des 2-pyridilalkylamines à partir de pyridotriazole et d’amines, à la synthèse du motif 1,1-diaryléthyl via une réaction green ainsi qu'à l’accès au noyau benzofurane à travers une réaction « one-pot ».D’autre part, des analogues duaux de l'isocombrétastatine A-4, inhibiteurs de la tubuline et des histones désacétylases ont été développés. L'évaluation biologique de ces analogues a permis d’identifier deux molécules « lead » dont les activités antiprolifératives sur des lignées cellulaires cancéreuses sont de l'ordre du nanomolaire. D'excellents résultats d'inhibition de la polymérisation de la tubuline et de l’histone déacétylase 8 ont également été observés.Finalement, des essais de vectorisation de quelques analogues de l’isoCA-4 sous forme de liposomes ou d’ADC ont été réalisés. / The thesis reports the synthesis and vectorization of combretastatin A-4 analogues, a natural molecule known for its anti-vascular and cytotoxic properties. Our research work is at the chemistry-biology interface.On the first hand, synthetic methodology studies were performed, indeed coupling reactions between diazo-precursors and haloarenes or amines have been carried out providing new and interesting synthethic tools. These studies led to the synthesis of 2-pyridylalkylamines from pyridotriazole and amines, as well as to the synthesis of the 1,1-diarylethylene compounfs via a green reaction and finally to access to the benzofuran ring through a one-pot fashion reaction ".On the other hand, dual targeting analogs of isocombretastatin A-4 with tubulin and histone deacetylases inhibition properties have been developed. The biological evaluation of these analogs allowed us to identify two lead molecules whose antiproliferative activities on cancer cell lines are in the order of nanomolar. These molecules showed an excellent tubulin polymerization and histone deacetylase 8 inhibitions.Finally, vectorization assays of some isoCA-4 analogs using liposomes or ADCs were performed.

Zusammenfassung: Patienten mit Down Syndrom (DS, Trisomie 21) entwickeln im vierten Lebensjahrzehnt eine Neuropathologie, wie sie beim Morbus Alzheimer (AD) beobachtet wird. Im Gehirn dieser Patienten kommt es zur Ausbildung von senilen Plaques, neurofibrillären Veränderungen und zu einer Schädigung des cholinergen Systems. Als erstes Zeichen der beginnenden Veränderungen wird die erhöhte Konzentration und Akkumulation von sogenannten beta-A4-Peptiden gewertet. Diese Peptide, die auch den Hauptbestandteil der senilen Plaques darstellen, entstehen durch die Prozessierung eines größeren Proteins des Amyloidvorläuferproteins (amyloid precursor protein, APP). Beim Menschen wurde das APP-Gen auf einem distalen Segment des langen Arms des Chromosoms 21 lokalisiert. Das Homolog dieses evolutionär stark konservierten, syntenen Segmentes liegt bei der Maus auf dem Chromosom 16. Natürlich in wilden Mäusepopulationen auftretende Robertsonsche Translokationen ermöglichen es, Mäuse mit Trisomie 16 zu züchten. Mit Hilfe der Maus-Trisomie 16 sollte ein Modell etabliert werden, mit dem es unter in vivo Bedingungen möglich ist, die Auswirkungen der erhöhten APP-Gendosis auf die Ausbildung der bei DS und AD beobachteten neurodegenerativen Veränderungen zu untersuchen. Da trisomische Feten am Ende der Trächtigkeit absterben, wurden aus dem basalen Vorderhirn trisomischer und diploider Feten Transplantate gewonnen und in den Lateralventrikel adulter euploider Mäuse implantiert. Die Entwicklung der Transplantate wurde nach 1, 3, 6, 9 und 12 Monaten immunhistochemisch charakterisiert. Ein Antikörper gegen das Thymozytenantigen (Thy)-1.2 wurde, beruhend auf der unterschiedlichen Thy-1-Allel-Expression von Transplantat und Empfänger, zur Transplantatidentifikation genutzt. Mit Antikörpern gegen das neuronale Markerprotein PGP-9.5, gegen Cholinacetyltransferase, Parvalbumin und Glutamatdecarboxylase wurden Neuronen charakterisiert. Die immunologische Reaktion wurde mit Antikörpern gegen saures fibrilläres Gliaprotein, gegen das Makrophagenantigen F4/80, gegen CD3, gegen CD45/ B220 und mit Lycopersicon esculentum-Lektin untersucht. Für den APP- bzw. beta-A4-Peptidnachweis wurden ein Antikörper gegen den C-Terminus des APP und der Antikörper 4G8 eingesetzt. Zusätzlich wurde mit Hilfe von molekularbiologischen Techniken (Northern-Blot, Polymerase-Kettenreaktion) die APP-Expression in Trisomie 16-Feten untersucht. Mit immunhistochemischen und histochemischen Methoden wurde versucht, den Entwicklungstand des basalen Vorderhirns zum Zeitpunkt der Transplantatpräparation am Gestationstag 15 zu untersuchen. / Summary: Patients suffering from Down''s syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) develop neuropathological abnormalities similar to Alzheimer''s disease (AD) in the fourth decade of life. Amongst others, neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary abnormalities and alterations in cholinergic basal forebrain systems were observed. These sequentially occuring disturbancies are initiated by a rise in the concentration and accumulation of the beta-amyloid-peptides. The beta-amyloid-peptides are derived by proteolytic processing from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) and compose the majority of the material deposited in amyloid plaques. In humans, the APP gene maps to the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 21, but in mice the homolog gene locus is on chromosome 16. The naturally occuring Robertsonian translocations in feral mice (Mus musculus sp.) allow to breed trisomy 16 mice. The aim of this study was to establish an in vivo model to investigate the consequences of increased APP gene dosage on the generation of neuropathological abnormalities typical for DS and AD using trisomy 16 mice. Since trisomy 16 mice die at the end of prenatal development, basal forebrain tissue of diploid and trisomic fetuses was prepared and transplanted into lateral ventricles of adult euploid mice. Grafts were identified immunocytochemically using an antibody against thymocyte antigen-1.2, selectively labeling graftet tissue. Antibodies against the neuronal markerprotein PGP-9.5, choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin and glutamate decarboxylase were used to characterize grafted neurons over a period of twelve months after implantation. The immunological tissue response in the brains of acceptor mice was monitored using antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the macrophage antigen F4/80, CD3,CD45/B220 and using the Lycopersicon esculentum lectin. To detect APP and beta-amyloid-peptides,antibodies against a C-terminal APP fragment and the antibody 4G8 were used. Additionally, the APP mRNA expression in trisomy 16 mice was followed employing Northern-blot analysis and RT-PCR. The developmental state of basal forebrain tissue to be transplanted was characterized at the time of transplantation (gestation day 15) by means of histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

No description available.

No description available.

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a versatile tool to produce nanostructures through electron-induced decomposition of metal-containing precursor molecules. However, the metal content of the resulting materials is often low. Using different Ag(I) complexes, this study shows that the precursor performance depends critically on the molecular structure. This includes Ag(I) 2,2-dimethylbutanoate, which yields high Ag contents in FEBID, as well as similar aliphatic Ag(I) carboxylates, aromatic Ag(I) benzoate, and the acetylide Ag(I) 3,3-dimethylbutynyl. The compounds were sublimated on inert surfaces and their electron-induced decomposition was monitored by electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) experiments in ultrahigh vacuum and by reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The results reveal that Ag(I) carboxylates with aliphatic side chains are particularly favourable for FEBID. Following electron impact ionization, they fragment by loss of volatile CO2. The remaining alkyl radical converts to a stable and equally volatile alkene. The lower decomposition efficiency of Ag(I) benzoate and Ag(I) 3,3-dimethylbutynyl is explained by calculated average local ionization energies (ALIE) which reveal that ionization from the unsaturated carbon units competes with ionization from the coordinate bond to Ag. This can stabilise the ionized complex with respect to fragmentation. This insight provides guidance with respect to the design of novel FEBID precursors.

Carbon fiber (CF) is predominantly produced from fossil-based sources and is therefore an area of interest for further development towards a more sustainable society. The purpose of this thesis work was to investigate the possibility of producing precursor fibers (PFs) for CF production from a blend of renewable cellulose andlignin. Cellulose, which is used to some extent for CF production, was chosen, while the possibility of adding lignin was investigated in hope of increasing the gravimetric yield of the CF production. Blends of softwood kraft cellulose pulp (SKP) and softwood kraft lignin (SKL) were dissolved in an alkaline (NaOH) solvent system at different cellulose/lignin ratios. A total of eight dopes were prepared (SKP/SKL ratios of 100/0–60/40 wt./wt.) with total dope concentrations ranging from 4.5 wt.% to 9.2 wt.%. The addition of SKL resulted in dark colored dopes with viscosities of which mainly appeared to depend on the SKP concentration. The dopes were wet spun, resulting in continuously spun PFs. The PFs showed on an increasing pyrolysis yield with increased SKL content but decreasing mechanical properties. However, process optimization was not included in the work, subsequently leading to the assumption that greater values on mechanical properties can be achieved. A pure SKP PF and a SKP-SKL (70/30 wt./wt.) PF were successfully thermally converted into CFs by carbonization at 1000 °C. The PF containing SKL had a total gravimetric yield more than twice as high as the pure SKP PF, 28 wt.% and 12 wt.%, respectively. Thereby, the addition of SKL seems to have a positive impact on the CF yield when utilizing a NaOH(aq) solvent system. This thesis work has become a base for the future work towards the development of CFs from wet spun cellulose-lignin PFs in the NaOH(aq) solvent system.

Användningen av cellulosa och lignin för prekursorfibrer (PF) för kolfibrer (CF) är ett mycket intressant forskningsområde på grund av den stora miljöpåverkan som dagens PF-fossilbaserade råvara PAN har. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att utveckla PF med ett kallt NaOH-upplösningssystem med cellulosakoncentrationer från 4,5 till 5,5 viktprocent med varierande massaviskositet och tillsats av lignin från 0-40 viktprocent jämfört med cellulosa. Koagulationssystemet som användes var ett fosforbaserat system med fosforsyra och ammoniumdivätefosfat (ADP) och tvätttiden ändrades för att undersöka påverkan på det slutliga oorganiska innehållet i PF. Effekten av tillsatt lignin och användning av en högre massaviskositet med en förändrad cellulosakoncentration undersöktes. Det som noterades av resultatet av dragegenskaperna och spinnbarheten hos dopen visar en viss trend som är att hög massaviskositet på 330 ml/g och hög ligninhalt på 40 viktprocent (i jämförelse med cellulosamängden i dopen) tycks uppvisa dålig spinnbarhet och svagare dragegenskaper. Användning av längre tvätttider under centrifugeringsprocessen resulterade i en lägre ask- och fosforhalt i PF. / The use of cellulose and lignin for precursor fibers (PFs) for carbon fibers (CFs) is a highly researched topic because of the large environmental impact that today’s PF raw material PAN which is fossil based. This thesis focuses of developing PFs with a cold NaOH dissolution system with cellulose concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 wt% with varying pulp viscosity and the addition of lignin ranging from 0-40 wt% in comparison to the cellulose. The coagulation system used was a phosphorus-based system with phosphoric acid and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and the washing time was altered to investigate the impact on the final inorganic content in the PF. The impact of the addition of lignin and using a higher pulp viscosity with an altered cellulose concentration is researched. What was noticed from the result of the tensile properties and the spinnability of the dope shows a certain trend which is that high pulp viscosity of 330 ml/g and a high lignin content of 40 wt% (in comparison to the cellulose amount in the dope) seems to present poor spinnability and weaker tensile properties. Using longer washing times during the spinning process resulted in a lower ash and phosphorus content in the PF.