A qualitative study was conducted to identify perceptions of high-risk pregnant Aboriginal women during pregnancy. Five women were interviewed by the researcher who is also Aboriginal. Each woman was a client of the Healthy Mother Healthy Baby pregnancy outreach program in Saskatoon, and was considered to be at high-risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. Interviews were conducted utilizing a phenomenologically-based model of research, from which emerged themes or commonalities of thought between each woman during this time of their lives. The themes were discussed with Aboriginal women elders who worked with Aboriginal families in Saskatoon, for further insight and discussion of the findings. The themes were collated under one general theme called `hopes and dreams.' Each theme included the interest of these women to `want to' move ahead with their lives in the area of improving their relationships with their offspring, their partners, and within themselves. Though each women talked about these areas as being important, all except one did not manifest them in their lives.<p> The implications for the delivery of health care services include the need for health care workers to gain further understanding of the positive motivational factors of high-risk pregnant Aboriginal women that work towards achieving long-term positive behavioural changes, and thus reduce the risks of poor pregnancy outcomes. Other recommendations from this research for health promotion programs include the development of a partnership with the urban Aboriginal community in delivering culturally-based services and teachings to complement the educative and supportive model of program delivery.

A qualitative study was conducted to identify perceptions of high-risk pregnant Aboriginal women during pregnancy. Five women were interviewed by the researcher who is also Aboriginal. Each woman was a client of the Healthy Mother Healthy Baby pregnancy outreach program in Saskatoon, and was considered to be at high-risk for poor pregnancy outcomes. Interviews were conducted utilizing a phenomenologically-based model of research, from which emerged themes or commonalities of thought between each woman during this time of their lives. The themes were discussed with Aboriginal women elders who worked with Aboriginal families in Saskatoon, for further insight and discussion of the findings. The themes were collated under one general theme called `hopes and dreams.' Each theme included the interest of these women to `want to' move ahead with their lives in the area of improving their relationships with their offspring, their partners, and within themselves. Though each women talked about these areas as being important, all except one did not manifest them in their lives.<p> The implications for the delivery of health care services include the need for health care workers to gain further understanding of the positive motivational factors of high-risk pregnant Aboriginal women that work towards achieving long-term positive behavioural changes, and thus reduce the risks of poor pregnancy outcomes. Other recommendations from this research for health promotion programs include the development of a partnership with the urban Aboriginal community in delivering culturally-based services and teachings to complement the educative and supportive model of program delivery.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Orientador: Adriano Dias / Coorientador: Maria Cristina Ferreira Sena / Banca: Olímpio Barbosa de Moraes Filho / Banca: Adriano Bueno Tavares / Resumo: A análise da evolução e principais características dos nascimentos no Brasil no período de 2000 a 2007 evidencia que mulheres com idade de 15 a 19 anos, no momento do parto, respondem por 20% dos nascimentos no país. Estudos indicam que a gravidez na adolescência, etapa da vida de 10 a 19 anos, está associada a eventos adversos no recém- -nascido como baixo peso, prematuridade e comprometimento das condições de vitalidade ao nascimento. Dois objetivos foram definidos: 1.Revisar a ocorrência de partos prematuros e de baixo peso ao nascer com a gravidez em adolescentes e sua condição socioeconômica e cultural. Analisar os nascimentos, descrevendo-os segundo características da gestação, do parto e do recém-nascido. Dois trabalhos foram realizados para responder os objetivos. O primeiro compreende um artigo de revisão de um levantamento bibliográfico onde foram identificados textos que abordam assunto e o segundo um artigo original. Neste trabalho foram analisadas 24.800 declarações de nascidos vivos, correspondentes aos partos hospitalares ocorridos no Hospital Regional da Asa Sul (HRAS), no período de 1º de janeiro de 2006 a 31 de dezembro de 2009. As faixas etárias maternas foram estratificadas em: adolescente precoce, idade entre 10 a 14 anos; adolescente tardia, idade de 15 a 19 anos e adultas jovens, de 20 a 35 anos. Foi utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 17.0 e aplicado o Qui-quadrado de Pearson com significância de 5 %. Rocha et al apuraram que a ocorrência de baixo peso logo após o nascimento no grupo de gestantes precoces foi muito maior (13,5%) em relação ao grupo de gestantes tardias (3,1%); identificaram no seu estudo que 91,3% das gestantes precoces possuíam somente o ensino fundamental, enquanto que as gestantes tardias representavam 55,5%. Ainda nessa pesquisa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An analysis of the development and main characteristics of births in Brazil from 2000 to 2007 suggests that women aged 15 to 19 at childbearing represent 20% of births in this country. Studies have demonstrated that pregnancy among teenagers, a stage of life between the ages of 13 and 19, is associated with adverse birth outcomes such as low-birth weight, prematurity and compromised vitality conditions at birth. Two objectives were defined:To revise the incidence of preterm births and low-birth weight in teenage pregnant mothers and their socioeconomic and cultural condition. To analyse the births, describing them according to pregnancy, delivery and newborn infant characteristics. Two studies were carried out to meet the objectives. The first one is a review article based on reference materials in which article s related to the topic were identified, and the second one, the original article. In the present study, we analysed 24.8000 declarations of live births corresponding to hospital births at the Hospital Regional da Asa Sul (HRAS), from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2009. The mother age groups were stratified in: precocious adolescent, aged between 10 to 14; late adolescent, between 15 to 19; and young adult, between 20 to 35. We used the statistical program SPSS version 17.0 and applied the Chi-square Pearson with 5% level of significance. Rocha et al concluded that the incidence of low-birth weight in the group of precocious pregnant adolescents was much higher (13.5%) if compared to the group of late pregnant adolescents (3.1%); it was also showed that 91.3% of precocious pregnant adolescents had just basic schooling while in the late pregnant adolescents, 55.5%. Still in this study it has been showed that 37.5% of precocious pregnant adolescents had poor prenatal care, having fewer than 07 visits... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

MA (Psychology) / Department of Psychology

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Introduction and Background: Between 1999 and 2014 the number of patients in the labor and delivery that were on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) quadrupled. The rate of unintended pregnancies in pregnant patients of mOUD is at a tremendous high due to inconsistencies in the use of reliable contraception in this population. Purpose Statement: To reduce the number of unintended pregnancies and infants born with neonatal abstinence syndrome there is a need for prevention and required education for men and women in medication-assisted facilities. Literature Review: Twenty research studies were reviewed and evaluated. These articles were found by utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, One Search, and Google Scholar. Most articles were discovered in the following Journals: Medical, Contraceptive, Preventative Medicine, Women's Health, Addiction, and Neonatal Nursing Journals. Findings: Through this research, we found there is a need for prevention services and required education onsite at the facility where patients are receiving medication for opioid addiction (mOUD). The following articles show the lack of contraceptive education, and misinformation about reproduction while on methadone or other medication-assisted drugs. Conclusion: The accessibility of having contraceptives onsite with required education for patients who are in treatment has been proven to be more effective and can decrease the number of unintended pregnancies or infants born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. To be able to give better patient care for this specific demographic it is crucial that nurses are allowed to educate clients.

A clonagem por transferência de núcleo de células somáticas (SCNT) em bovinos é uma biotécnica ineficiente, porém é uma ferramenta muito importante para pesquisas em biologia do desenvolvimento. Estudos prévios em nosso laboratório identificaram três fenótipos gestacionais de clones bovinos produzidos por SCNT: (1) gestação normal (CNG) - presença do embrião (EP), vesícula embrionária (VE) e corpo lúteo ativo (CL); (2) gestação anembrionada (CAG) - presença da VE e CL ativo e ausência de EP; (3) receptoras com CL ativo persistente sem a presença de EP e VE (CPCL). Vacas doadoras de embriões foram sincronizadas pelo protocolo de super-ovulação (SOV) e inseminadas artificialmente, os embriões obtidos após sete dias da ovulação foram transferidos para receptoras que ao ficarem gestantes formaram o grupo controle (GC). O objetivou do estudo foi investigar as características morfovasculares do útero nestes quatro fenótipos gestacionais. A hipótese central foi que as características morfovasculares do útero são moduladas diferentemente nos três fenótipos gestacionais de embriões clonados por SCNT e gestação controle. Vacas Nelores foram sincronizadas e utilizadas como receptoras de embriões. Coletas de sangue para análise de progesterona e exames ultrassonográficos nos modos B e Doppler para análise da morfologia e vascularização uterina foram realizados a cada dois dias a partir do dia 6 até o dia 30 pós-ovulação. Entre os dias 31 e 36, as receptoras foram abatidas e o útero coletado para análises in situ. A simetria entre cornos, o grau de desenvolvimento de carúnculas e da VE foram mensurados e amostras endometriais coletadas para quantificação relativa do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e seu receptor do tipo 2 (VEGF-R2) por western-blotting. No total foram realizadas 212 sincronizações do ciclo estral, das quais 79 receptoras receberam embriões de clones por SCNT e 49 receberam embriões produzidos in vivo. Aos 25 dias pós-ovulação as taxas de concepção por grupo foram: CNG = 15,1% (12/79), CAG = 2,5% (2/79), CPCL = 8,8% (7/79) e CG = 24,4% (10/49). Duas receptoras da raça Tabapuã (Bos taurus indicus) do fenótipo do grupo CAG provindas de outro experimento foram incluídas nas análises. Algumas receptoras foram excluídas do experimento devido a perdas gestacionais ocorridas antes do momento do abate, restando para as análises sete receptoras no grupo CNG, três no CAG, quatro no CPCL e nove no CG. Somente o grupo CG apresentou diferença de perfusão vascular entre os cornos uterinos ipso e contralateral (P&LT;0,05). Em relação ao corno ipsolateral, os grupos CG e CNG apresentaram maior perfusão vascular em relação ao grupo CPCL do dia 24 ao 30 (P&LT;0,05). Porém, com a média dos escores da perfusão vascular endometrial de ambos os cornos, o grupo CNG apresentou maiores valores em relação aos grupos CAG e CPCL nos dias 24 e 30. Os índices de resistência vascular (RI) nas artérias uterinas confirmaram os dados subjetivos de diferença de perfusão vascular entre cornos, o corno ipsolateral do grupo CG apresentou menor RI em relação ao contralateral nos dias 22, 24, 28 e 30 (P&LT;0,05) e os grupos CNG e CPCL não apresentaram diferença entre cornos (P&GT;0,05). Entre os grupos, o RI no CG e CAG foi menor que no CPCL no dia 30 (P&LT;0,05). A concentração de progesterona (P4) sanguínea foi menor no grupo CPCL em relação aos grupos CG e CNG nos dias 18 e 26 (P&LT;0,05). A P4 atingiu valores próximos de 8 ng/ml a partir do dia 22 nos grupos CG e CNG, sendo que no grupo CPCL os valores foram inferiores à 6 ng/ml a partir do dia 14. As análises in situ revelaram maior frequência de assimetria de cornos uterinos no grupo CG em relação aos grupos CNG, CAG e CPCL; o grupo CNG obteve maior frequência de ocorrência de carúnculas e VE desenvolvidas nos dois cornos uterinos em relação aos grupos CAG e CPCL (P&LT;0,05), não diferindo do grupo CG (P&GT;0,05). O comprimento dos embriões do grupo CNG foi maior que dos embriões do grupo CG (P&LT;0,05), entre os dias 28 e 34. Não foi detectada diferença de abundância relativa das proteínas VEGF e VEGF-R2 entre os quatro grupos estudados, porém quando os grupos de gestações normais (CG e CNG) foram comparados com os grupos de gestações alteradas (CAG e CPCL) foi detectada maior abundância relativa para o fragmento de 75 kDa da proteína do VEGF-R2 no grupo de gestações alteradas. A hipótese central do estudo, que afirma que as alterações morfovasculares do útero gestante durante o primeiro mês são moduladas em diferentes graus de forma dependente à qualidade de desenvolvimento do concepto foi confirmada. Por fim, este estudo proporcionou um melhor entendimento da fisiologia endócrina, morfológica e vascular das gestações normais e alteradas de embriões clonados por SCNT durante o primeiro mês gestacional, fornecendo base para novos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento e manutenção da gestação inicial em bovinos. / Cloning by nuclear transfer of somatic cells (SCNT) in cattle is an inefficient biotechnique. However, it is a very important tool for research in developmental biology. Previous studies from our lab have identified three gestational phenotypes of bovine clones: (1) Clone normal gestation (CNG) - presence of embryo (EP = embryo proper), embryonic vesicle (EV) and corpus luteum (CL); (2) Clone anembryonic gestation (CAG) - presence of EV and CL and no EP; (3) Recipient presenting only a persistent CL (CPCL). Embryo donor cows were synchronized by superovulation protocol (SOV) and artificially inseminated, embryos obtained after seven days of ovulation were transferred to the control group (CG). This study aimed to investigate whether modulation of the morphological and vascular abnormalities of the uterus by the presence of the cloned conceptus is different between the three gestational clone phenotypes and control. The central hypothesis was that the morphovascular characteristics of the uterus are modulated differently in the three gestational phenotypes of embryos cloned by SCNT and control gestation. Nellore cows were synchronized and used as embryo recipients. Blood collections for progesterone analysis and ultrasound examinations in B and Doppler modes for analysis of uterine morphology and vascularization were performed every two days from day 6 to day 30. Between 31-36 days, the recipients were slaughtered and the uteri were collected for in situ analyzes. The symmetry between horns, the degree of caruncle and EV development were measured and endometrial samples were collected for relative quantification of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor type 2 (VEGF-R2) by western blotting. A total of 212 estrous cycle synchronizations were performed, 79 recipients cows received clone embryos by SCNT and 49 embryos produced in vivo. At 25 days after ovulation the conception rates by group were: CNG = 15.1% (12/79), CAG = 2.5% (2/79), CPCL = 8.8% (7/79), and CG = 24.4% (10/49). Two pregnant cows Tabapuã (Bos taurus indicus) of CAG phenotype from another experiment were included in the analyzes. Some recipients were excluded from the experiment due to gestational losses occurring before the time of slaughter, remaining seven recipients in CNG group, three in CAG, four in CPCL and nine in CG. Only the CG group had a difference in vascular perfusion between the ipso and contralateral uterine horns (P&LT;0.05). In relation to the ipsilateral horn, the CG and CNG groups presented higher vascular perfusion compared to the CPCL group from day 24 to 30 (P&LT;0.05). However, with the average of endometrial vascular perfusion scores of both uterine horns, the CNG group presented higher values in compared to the CAG and CPCL groups on days 24 and 30. The vascular resistance index (RI) of the uterine arteries confirmed the subjective data of vascular perfusion between horns. The ipsilateral horn of the CG group presented lower RI in compared to the contralateral on days 22, 24, 28 and 30 (P&LT;0, 05) and the CNG and CPCL groups did not show this difference between horns (P&GT;0.05). Among groups, the RI in CG and CAG was lower than in the CPCL on day 30 (P&LT;0.05). The blood progesterone (P4) concentration was lower in the CPCL group than in the CG and CNG groups on days 18 and 26 (P&LT;0.05). P4 reached values close to 8 ng/ml after day 22 in the CG and CNG groups, and in the CPCL group the values were lower than 6 ng/ml after day 14. In situ analyzes revealed a higher frequency of uterine horn asymmetry in the CG group compared to the CNG, CAG and CPCL groups; the CNG group had a higher frequency of caruncles and EV development in the two uterine horns compared to the CAG and CPCL groups (P&LT;0.05), not differing from the CG group (P&GT;0.05). The length of the embryos of the CNG group was higher than that of the embryos of the CG group (P&LT;0.05) between days 28 to 34. No difference was detected in the relative abundance of VEGF and VEGF-R2 proteins among the four groups, but when the normal gestation groups (CG and CNG) were compared with the altered pregnancies groups (CAG and CPCL) a greater relative abundance was detected for the 75 kDa fragment of the VEGF-R2 protein in the group of altered pregnancies. The central hypothesis of the study, which states that the morphovascular changes of the pregnant uterus during the first month are modulated in different degrees depending on the quality of development of the concept was confirmed. Finally, this study provided a better understanding of the endocrine, morphological and vascular physiology of normal and altered embryos of cloning by SCNT during the first gestational month, providing a basis for new studies on the development and maintenance of initial gestation in cattle.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar o índice sucesso na realização de um ecocardiograma fetal completo entre a 11ª e a 14ª semanas, estabelecer a semana mais adequada para a realização de um exame completo, mensurar os diâmetros dos anéis das valvas cardíacas e comparar os diâmetros obtidos com o comprimento crânio-nádegas (CCN) correlacionando a evolução das dimensões cardíacas com o crescimento fetal nesta fase evolutiva. Avaliamos por ecocardiografia 46 fetos que apresentavam translucência nucal e avaliação Doppler do fluxo do ducto venoso normais. O estudo ecocardiográfico fetal foi realizado por via transvaginal, entre a 11ª e a 14ª semanas, com intervalos seriados de uma semana. Em cada exame, foram obtidos os três principais planos ecocardiográficos básicos e os diâmetros das valvas aórtica, pulmonar, mitral e tricúspide. As medidas dos diâmetros valvares foram comparadas ao diâmetro do CCN. Os resultados demonstraram uma taxa de sucesso na obtenção de um ecocardiograma completo de 37% na 11ª semana, de 85% na 12ª semana e de 100% entre a 13ª e a 14ª semanas. O corte mais freqüentemente obtido, nas duas primeiras semanas, foi o eixo longo e o mais difícil de ser visibilizado foi o eixo curto. As curvas de crescimento dos diâmetros das valvas mitral, tricúspide, aórtica e pulmonar demonstraram uma correlação linear com o crescimento fetal com valores de r² de 0,74, 0,75, 0,77 e 0,73. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os diâmetros das valvas atrioventriculares e entre os diâmetros das valvas ventriculoarteriais. A obtenção dos três planos ecocardiográficos básicos em 85% dos casos na 12ª semana e 100% dos casos, a partir da 13ª semana, demonstra que é possível a realização de um ecocardiograma fetal completo no primeiro trimeste da gestação, por via transvaginal. Houve correlação positiva entre os diâmetros valvares e o CCN demonstrando uma curva de crescimento neste período. A comparação entre diâmetros valvares mitral e tricúspide, do mesmo modo que, a comparação entre os diâmetros valvares aórtico e pulmonar não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas, sugerindo não haver dominância no tamanho destas estruturas, nesta fase do desenvolvimento em fetos normais. / The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of performing a complete echocardiography study during the first trimester of pregnancy by transvaginal approach and to establish the best week to accomplish a complete evaluation. A correlation between the measurements of the diameters of the cardiac valves and the gestational age along this period of the fetal life was made. Forty-six fetuses with normal nuchal translucency and Doppler evaluation of the venous duct were submitted to fetal echocardiography studies by transvaginal approach between the 11 and 14 weeks of gestation with a week interval. The following measurements were obtained: mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary valves diameters and the crown-rump length (CRL). The obtained results of the cardiac dimensions were compared with the CRL in the four weeks determinations. The rates of complete echocardiography evaluation were 37%, 85% and 100% at 11, 12 and 13 – 14 weeks, respectively. The longitudinal view was the easiest to obtain (100% at 12 weeks) and the short view was the most difficult one. There was no statistically significant difference between neither the diameters of the mitral and tricuspid nor the aortic and pulmonary valves. The diameters of the valves were correlated with the CRL and a linear growing curve was obtained with values of r2 of 0.74, 0.75, 0.77 and 0.73 respectively. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a complete fetal echocardiography evaluation by transvaginal approach during the first trimester of gestation. The rate of a complete evaluation increased along the period and reached 100% at 13 weeks. The longitudinal view was the easiest to obtain with a success rate of 100% at 12 week. There was a linear correlation between de cardiac valves diameters and the cranial caudal measurement revealing a relationship between the cardiac and fetal development during this phase of fetal life. The absence of statistically significant difference between the left and right valves dimensions possibly means that there is no predominance of right or left chambers during this period of evaluation.

Die prospektive Studie untersuchte den Verlauf von Hochrisikoschwangerschaften mit zwischen 24/0 und 34/0 Schwangerschaftswochen erstmals diagnostiziertem ARED-Flow in der Arteria umbilicalis hinsichtlich ihres fetal outcome im Vergleich zu einer nach Gestationsalter gematchten Kontrollgruppe. Während der Studiendauer von 1995-1999 wurden 60 Feten aus Einlingsschwangerschaften mit ARED-Flow in der Umbilikalarterie in die Beobachtung einbezogen. Feten mit Malformationen und Chromosomenanomalien wurden ausgeschlossen. Die Beobachtung erfolgte mit wiederholten Doppler-Messungen der arteriellen und venösen Gefäße, mit CTG und mütterlichen Parametern. Eine Entbindung wurde eingeleitet, wenn sich entweder die fetalen Parameter verschlechterten (68%), wie ein Reverse Flow im Ductus venosus oder späte Dezelerationen im CTG oder eine mütterliche Indikation gegeben war (28%), wie das Auftreten einer Präeklampsie. Gemäß Protokoll wurden 50% der Feten mit ARED-Flow 6 Tage nach Erstdiagnose entbunden. Bei mütterlicher Indikation war dies bereits nach 4 Tagen, bei fetaler Indikation nach 7 Tagen der Fall. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich eine Mortalität von 38% mit 23 Verstorbenen (16 intrauteriner Fruchttod und 7 postnataler Tod), die meisten intrauterinen Fruchttode (14) traten bei einem Schwangerschaftsalter unter 29/0 SSW auf. 44 Feten wurden lebend geboren. Die lebendgeborenen Feten wurden in drei Gruppen A, B und C nach dem bei der Entbindung erreichten Schwangerschaftsalter eingeteilt. Zwischen 24/0 und 28/6 SSW (Gruppe A) betrug die Mortalität 36%, zwischen 29/0 und 31/6 SSW (Gruppe B) 10% und ab 32/0 SSW (Gruppe C) 8%. Signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den drei Gruppen zeigten sich bezüglich des Auftretens von periventrikulärer Leukomalazie (nur A: 36%), von neurologischen Auffälligkeiten (A: 73%, B: 45%, C: 8%), von Atemnotsyndrom (A: 100%, B: 35%, C: 8%) und hinsichtlich der Apgar-Werte nach 5 und 10 Minuten. Die 44 lebendgeborenen Feten mit ARED-Flow wurden einer nach Schwangerschaftswochen gematchten Kontrollgruppe normgewichtiger Frühgeborener gegenübergestellt. Zwischen den Feten mit ARED-Flow und der Kontrollgruppe konnten verschiedene signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt werden: In der ARED-Gruppe fanden sich niedrigere pH-Werte (p=0,001), ein geringeres Geburtsgewicht (p=0.0001), häufigeres Auftreten von bronchopulmonaler Dysplasie (p=0.002) und von Darmkomplikationen (p=0.01). Weitere beobachtete Parameter, wie z.B. peri- und intraventrikuläre Hämorrhagien, neurologische Auffälligkeiten, waren nicht signifikant verschieden. Allerdings war das Risiko postnatal zu versterben in der ARED-Gruppe 8-fach erhöht. Es ergibt sich der Rückschluss, dass die Diagnose ARED-Flow eine Gruppe ernsthaft hypotropher hypoxämischer Feten umschreibt, die eine hohe Mortalitäts- und Morbiditätsrate aufweist. Die Mortalität ist tendenziell bei niedrigem Schwangerschaftsalter bei der Entbindung (vor 29/0 SSW), bei extrem niedrigem Geburtsgewicht (unterhalb der 3. Perzentile), bei Vorliegen von spät auftretenden Dopplerveränderungen (wie Reverse Flow in der Arteria umbilicalis oder pathologischem venösen Doppler) erhöht. Obwohl die Inzidenz peri- und intraventrikulärer Hämorrhagien (16%) und neurologischer Defizite (40%) hoch war, erwies sich dieser Unterschied gegenüber den Frühgeborenen der Kontrollgruppe als nicht signifikant. Es kann angenommen werden, dass eine Verlängerung der Schwangerschaft unter venöser Dopplerkontrolle das fetal outcome verbessert. / The study examined prospectively the progression of high-risk pregnancies in cases of ARED flow in the Arteria umbilicalis detected between 24/0 and 34/0 weeks gestation in respect of their fetal outcome compared with a gestational age-matched control group. During the 1995-99 study period, 60 fetuses from singleton pregnancies with ARED flow in the umbilical artery were included in the study. Fetuses with malformations and anoiploidy were excluded. Surveillance was performed by repeated Doppler measurements of arterial and venous vessels, CTG and maternal parameters. Delivery was induced when either fetal parameters deteriorated (68%), as in the case of reverse flow in the Ductus venosus or late decelerations in CTG, or when maternal indication (28%) was given, as when pre-eclampsia occurred. Following our protocol, 50% of fetuses with ARED flow were delivered 6 days after the first diagnosis. In the event of maternal indication, this took place after 4 days, with fetal indication after 7 days. The results showed a mortality rate of 38% with 23 deaths (16 intrauterine and 7 postnatal). The majority of intrauterine deaths (14) occurred under 29/0 weeks of term. 44 fetuses were born live. The fetuses born live were divided into Groups A, B and C in line with gestational age on delivery. Mortality between 24/0 and 28/6 weeks pregnancy (Group A) was 36%, between 29/0 and 31/6 weeks (Group B) 10%, and 8% from 32/0 weeks onward (Group C). Significant variations between the three groups was indicated in the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia (only A:36%), neurological development (A:73%, B:45%, C:8%), respiratory syndrome (A:100%, B:35%, C:8%), and in relation to the Apgar values after 5 and 10 minutes. The 44 fetuses with ARED flow born live were compared with a control group of preterm neonates of average weight and similar gestational age. Various significant differences could be shown between ARED flow fetuses and the control group: the ARED group showed lower pH values (p=0.001), lower birth weight (p=0.0001), and a higher incidence of broncho-pulmonal dysplasia (p=0.002) and of intestinal complications (p=0.01). Other observed parameters such as peri- and intraventricular haemorrhage and neurological development were not significantly different. Nevertheless, the risk of postnatal death was 8 times higher in the ARED group. It has to be concluded that diagnosis of ARED flow encompasses a group of severely hypotrophic, acidemic fetuses showing high rates of mortality and morbidity. Mortality tends to increase in the case of low gestational age on delivery (up to 29/0 weeks), in cases of extremely low birth weight (less than 3%), and in incidences of late Doppler changes (such as reverse flow in the umbilical artery or pathological venous Doppler). Although the incidence of peri- and intraventricular haemorrhages (16%) and neurological defects (40%) was high, compared with the neonates of the control group it was insignificant; It can be assumed that prolongation of pregnancy using venous Doppler improves the fetal outcome.