This thesis examines the formation of spatial theory and the linkage between space and place and their relationship with historic preservation and heritage tourism. First, this thesis analyzes the terms space and place, and how scholars define each term. Second, this thesis focuses on the concept of placelessness. Third, this thesis examines historic preservation as a strategy to help alleviate placelessness and as a crucial link to heritage tourism. This thesis also will use regional examples of preservation and tourism as exemplified by the preservation efforts of private organizations, citizens, and government officials in Jonesborough,Johnson City, and Washington County,Tennessee. This thesis provides some ideas for the creation of a possible heritage tourism program within Washington County,Tennessee.

Although many believe that digital information is imperishable, or at least much more reliable and durable than paper information, this is nothing more than an illusion, derived perhaps from the calculation efficiency, speed and high performance of modern computers. The digital information, stored in any type of media (optical, magnetic, and electronic), is perishable, and in terms much shorter than imagined; even shorter than the degradation times of printed-paper. This article discusses the problems of digital preservation in the long term, considering both the possibilities offered by current technology and the problems of implementing and maintaining an adequate preservation policy. The structure of the article is as follows: first, we will define the problem of digital preservation. Then we will see the possible solutions at the technological level (digital preservation techniques), including the advantages of using XML-TEI markup concerning long-term preservation and document maintenance. Finally, we will focus on digital preservation as an organizational problem, including digital preservation policies. / Aunque muchos creen que la información digital es imperecedera, o al menos mucho más confiable y duradera que la información en papel, esto no es más que una ilusión, derivada quizás de la eficiencia de cálculo, la velocidad y el alto rendimiento de los ordenadores modernos. La información digital, almacenada en cualquier tipo de medio (óptico, magnético y electrónico), es perecedera, y en términos mucho más cortos de lo imaginado; incluso más cortos que los tiempos de degradación del papel impreso. Este artículo discute los problemas de la preservación digital a largo plazo, considerando tanto las posibilidades que ofrece la tecnología actual como los problemas de implementar y mantener una política de preservación adecuada. La estructura del artículo es la siguiente: primero, definiremos el problema de la preservación digital. Luego veremos las posibles soluciones a nivel tecnológico (técnicas de preservación digital), incluyendo las ventajas de utilizar el marcado XML-TEI en cuanto a preservación a largo plazo y mantenimiento de documentos. Finalmente, nos centraremos en la preservación digital como un problema organizacional, incluidas las políticas de preservación digital.

Salvation-themed art environments are a roadside rarity, built out of a strong visionary dedication to God, but the sites are disappearing simply because the work is misunderstood. The historiography on the subject is sparse, trending more toward coffee table books with big glossy pictures than real scholarly endeavors, but the consensus among all has been clear. The sites are a valuable part of the recent American cultural landscape, crossing several scholarly fields - art, architecture, and history - and uniting them into a cohesive preservation movement. On a series of trips to visit, see, and experience five of these sites, I began to understand the massive scale that each site required to assemble and exactly what it would take to restore and preserve each site. The preservation goal is not small, but it is not unattainable. There are federal grants, nonprofit groups and localized support committees from which to gather support so that the site may continue to be a piece of history.

This dissertation examines how institutions and individuals navigate the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism by focusing on architectural preservationists' explanations of what are referred to as white cities. Through dialogue between architectural history, international relations, and critical heritage studies, I map the making and remaking of the histories of white cities, or what were designed as "European" zones – in opposition to "Indigenous" zones – that brought together modernist architecture, white supremacy, early twentieth-century European settler colonialism, and architectural preservation. My focus on preservationists' narrations of these white cities extends interdisciplinary work charting their historical production from a group of scholars focusing on the relationship of architecture in the production of domination in European colonialism. My work extends this scholarship by shifting to preservationists' narrations of white cities through the question: how do preservationists remake the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism that underpinned the production of white cities? In this dissertation, I argue that preservationists remake the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism that produced white cities by relying on what I refer to as didactic narratives to legitimate preservation interventions. Preservationists use these didactic narratives to reframe white cities as part of national histories, the universalism of the World Heritage List, and the history of the modernist movement in architecture and planning. My argument advances by showing preservationists' appropriations of the didactic narratives in the World Heritage List inscription materials for White City of Tel Aviv (2003), Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: A Shared Heritage (2012), and Asmara: A Modernist African City (2017) and through ethnographic fieldwork with local preservationists in Casablanca and Tel Aviv. To frame these analyses, I map the institutional changes within the UNESCO World Heritage Committee that sought greater legitimacy by expanding the typological and geographical scope of the World Heritage List. To do so, the institution enlisted the International Committee for the Documentation and Conservation of Buildings, Sites, and Neighborhoods of the Modern Movement (DOCOMOMO-International) to recraft the criteria to include twentieth-century modernist architecture onto the List. However, DOCOMOMO promoted a particular way of interpreting white cities through the didactic narratives that led to the proliferation of white cities on the World Heritage List. By charting the different ways that preservationists appropriate the didactic narratives in the World Heritage List materials and in the text of semi-structured interviews and from participant observation, I show how the intersecting power structures of white supremacy and settler colonialism that were embedded in the production of white cities are adapted by preservationists in the co-constitution of international institutions, disciplinary knowledge, and individual subject positions. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation considers how the histories of race and colonialism are narrated by architectural preservationists. I do so by focusing on preservationists' narrations of white cities, "European" enclaves designed in opposition to "Indigenous" zones in early 20th century settler colonialism. By focusing on the preservation of what were designed as racialized spaces, I explore how these histories of racial difference and colonialism are mediated by forms of knowledge, institutions, and individuals. Yet it is the focus on preservationists that I detail how preservationists silence, downplay, or mobilize the histories of white cities through three different narrative tropes of national histories, the universalism of the World Heritage List, and modernist movement architecture and design. I show how these narrative tropes justify preservation interventions while making some histories more accessible and others less so. To analyze how preservationists remake the histories of white cities, I map the creation and transformations of the primary international preservation organization, the World Heritage List. These institutional changes led to the addition of white cities in Asmara, Rabat, and Tel Aviv based on preservationists' adaptations of the three narrative tropes. I then show how these same narrative tropes are appropriated by local preservationists to remake the histories of race and colonialism in white cities. By drawing attention to the ways that the histories of race and colonialism are remade through the intersections of individuals, institutions, and forms of knowledge, the project shows how knowledge on the modernist movement is implicated in the constitution of power in the World Heritage List and in consolidating privileged subject positions. Moreover, my analysis opens up questions on the co-constitution of institutions, forms of knowledge, and individual subject positions. Lastly, the analysis demonstrates that individuals have the potential to challenge – rather than to uphold – the constellations of power etched into white cities. I show one instance of architectural preservationists challenging these structures of power in the preservation effort of Les Abattoirs in Casablanca in 2009-2013.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 P72 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 C475 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 C525 / Master of Science

Ever since the Reformation the providence of God has been variously applied in the doctrine of scripture. In the Reformed and Protestant Orthodox traditions, and in the context of polemic surrounding the nature of scripture that has prevailed down the centuries, providence has always played an important supporting role. In the case of inspiration, it is applied to the preparation of God’s spokesmen. In the case of canon, God is understood to have supervised the reception of just those books He intended for His church. In the case of textual transmission, ‘a singular act of God’s providence’ has preserved the scriptures through time. Thus, providence undergirds the Reformed doctrine of scripture. It functions almost at the level of presupposition. However, such usage is seldom justified, and this raises the question of warrant. The Bible itself must be revisited to determine if the application of providence to scripture in Reformed Dogmatics is legitimate by its own standard of Sola Scriptura. A survey and exegesis of a number of important passages confirms that it is. It shows that the application of providence in the doctrine of scripture is not only justified, but is also helpful to a better understanding of the nature of God and His written Word. / MA (Dogmatics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Ever since the Reformation the providence of God has been variously applied in the doctrine of scripture. In the Reformed and Protestant Orthodox traditions, and in the context of polemic surrounding the nature of scripture that has prevailed down the centuries, providence has always played an important supporting role. In the case of inspiration, it is applied to the preparation of God’s spokesmen. In the case of canon, God is understood to have supervised the reception of just those books He intended for His church. In the case of textual transmission, ‘a singular act of God’s providence’ has preserved the scriptures through time. Thus, providence undergirds the Reformed doctrine of scripture. It functions almost at the level of presupposition. However, such usage is seldom justified, and this raises the question of warrant. The Bible itself must be revisited to determine if the application of providence to scripture in Reformed Dogmatics is legitimate by its own standard of Sola Scriptura. A survey and exegesis of a number of important passages confirms that it is. It shows that the application of providence in the doctrine of scripture is not only justified, but is also helpful to a better understanding of the nature of God and His written Word. / MA (Dogmatics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Constructing spline models for isogeometric analysis is important in integrating design and analysis. Converting designed CAD (Computer Aided Design) models with B-reps to analysis-suitable volumetric T-spline is fundamental for the integration. In this thesis, we work on two directions to achieve this: (a) using Boolean operations and skeletons to build polycubes for feature-preserving high-genus volumetric T-spline construction; and (b) developing weighted T-splines with arbitrary degree for T-spline surface and volume modeling which can be used for analysis. In this thesis, we first develop novel algorithms to build feature-preserving polycubes for volumetric T-spline construction. Then a new type of T-spline named the weighted T-spline with arbitrary degree is defined. It is further used in converting CAD models to analysis-suitable volumetric T-splines. An algorithm is first developed to use Boolean operations in CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry) to generate polycubes robustly, then the polycubes are used to generate volumetric rational solid T-splines. By solving a harmonic field with proper boundary conditions, the input surface is automatically decomposed into regions that are classified into topologically either a cube or a torus. Two Boolean operations, union and difference, are performed with the primitives and polycubes are generated by parametric mapping. With polycubes, octree subdivision is carried out to obtain a volumetric T-mesh. The obtained T-spline surface is C2-continuous everywhere except the local region surrounding irregular nodes, where the surface continuity is elevated from C0 to G1. B´ezier elements are extracted from the constructed solid T-spline models, which are further used in isogeometric analysis. The Boolean operations preserve the topology of the models inherited from design and can generate volumetric T-spline models with better quality. Furthermore, another algorithm is developed which uses skeleton as a guidance to the polycube construction. From the skeleton of the input model, initial cubes in the interior are first constructed. By projecting corners of interior cubes onto the surface and generating a new layer of boundary cubes, the entire interior domain is split into different cubic regions. With the splitting result, octree subdivision is performed to obtain T-spline control mesh or T-mesh. Surface features are classified into three groups: open curves, closed curves and singularity features. For features without introducing new singularities like open or closed curves, we preserve them by aligning to the parametric lines during subdivision, performing volumetric parameterization from frame field, or modifying the skeleton. For features introducing new singularities, we design templates to handle them. With a valid T-mesh, we calculate rational trivariate T-splines and extract B´ezier elements for isogeometric analysis. Weighted T-spline basis functions are designed to satisfy partition of unity and linear independence. The weighted T-spline is proved to be analysis-suitable. Compared to standard T-splines, weighted T-splines have less geometrical constraint and can decrease the number of control points significantly. Trimmed NURBS surfaces of CAD models are reparameterized with weighted T-splines by a new edge interval extension algorithm, with bounded surface error introduced. With knot interval duplication, weighted T-splines are used to deal with extraordinary nodes. With B´ezier coefficient optimization, the surface continuity is elevated from C0 to G1 for the one-ring neighborhood elements. Parametric mapping and sweeping methods are developed to construct volumetric weighted T-splines for isogeometric analysis. Finally, we develop an algorithm to construct arbitrary degree T-splines. The difference between odd degree and even degree T-splines are studied in detail. The methods to extract knot intervals, calculate new weights to handle extraordinary nodes, and extract B´ezier elements for analysis are investigated with arbitrary degrees. Hybrid degree weighted Tspline is generated at designated region with basis functions of different degrees, for the purpose of performing local p-refinement. We also study the convergence rate for T-spline models of different degrees, showing that hybrid degree weighted T-splines have better performance after p-refinement. In summary, we develop novel methods to construct volumetric T-splines based on polycube and sweeping methods. Arbitrary degree weighted T-spline is proposed, with proved analysis-suitable properties. Weighted T-spline basis functions are used to reparameterize trimmed NURBS surfaces, handling extraordinary nodes, based on which surface and volumetric weighted T-spline models are constructed for isogeometric analysis.