A ideia central da pesquisa foi o desejo de estudar as soluções projetuais adotadas pelos edifícios comerciais ícones da Arquitetura Modernista, produzidos entre 1930 e 1965 em São Paulo, avaliando o seu desempenho atual do ponto de vista ergonômico e de conforto ambiental. Foram realizadas pesquisas de campo em nove escritórios do Edifício Itália, em ambientes reais, para compreender como as tipologias e os partidos arquitetônicos adotados no projeto do edifício estão afetando o conforto e o desempenho ergonômico nas condições de uso atual desses escritórios. A abordagem ergonômica permitiu uma visão integrada, relacionando, de um lado, as estratégias bioclimáticas e técnicas passivas utilizadas no projeto original do edifício com, de outro lado, os requisitos das novas atividades que estão ocorrendo atualmente nesses espaços, dentro dos novos contextos criados pelo uso de equipamentos diferenciados e pelo emprego de distintos layouts. Como este edifício exibe uma arquitetura voltada para os aspectos bioclimáticos, diferente do modelo comercial convencional que é atualmente empregado na cidade, o estudo traz a oportunidade de reacender a discussão sobre a necessidade de criar uma nova cultura para a arquitetura comercial em São Paulo, melhor adaptada ao clima da cidade e mais sustentável. Trata-se de um ponto de partida para defender um novo padrão arquitetônico para edifícios comerciais, valorizando as técnicas passivas e o conceito de conforto adaptativo. / The central idea of this research was the desire to study the architectonic solutions used in modernist buildings, designed between 1930 and 1965 in São Paulo, assessing their current performance with regard to ergonomic aspects and ambiental comfort. Field research was conducted in the real environment of nine offices of Italia Building aiming to understand how the typologies and the architectonic features can affect the current conditions of use regarding comfort and ergonomic performance. The ergonomic approach provided an integrated perspective, linking, on the one hand, bioclimatic strategies and passive techniques used in the original building project to, on the other hand, the requirements of the new activities taking place at these spaces, taking account of the new contexts created by distinguished equipment and distinct layouts. As this building displays an architecture oriented to bioclimatic aspects, different from the conventional commercial building model, this study brings the opportunity to further discuss the creation of a new culture for commercial building architecture in São Paulo, one that is better adapted to the climate of the city e more sustainable. This is a starting point to uphold a new architectural pattern for commercial buildings, increasing the value of passive techniques and the concept of adaptive model.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gigliese Aparecida Mendes.pdf: 4723690 bytes, checksum: d639f235c11f238d999f62cf269496c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-22 / The modernist architecture is strongly presented in the urban scenery of Irati-PR. Such movement arrived to this town from 1950`s, what indicates a certain temporal delay, considering that this movement was booming in 1920`s in large urban centers. The base of this research is the dialectic relationship between local and global scales, in order to show the ways that a globalized movement wields local influence, mixing to individuals` life and establishing a ‘glocal’ culture. The focus of this research is the modernist ‘living space’ in which are analyzed twelve single-familiy residences built from 1950’s to 1970’s, that was projected by Eduardo Posfaldo, a local professional that strongly presented lecorbusioan influence. In these are observed modernist architectonic elements, such as pans de verre, platibands and pilotis. The “living machine”, that was largely discussed in the modernist movement, has its space linked to practicality, and the beauty of its frontages is allied to the functionality of the interior rooms. Based on the analysis of these habitations, it is possible to establish that they follow a pattern in the distribution of the intern spaces, privileging the private spaces followed by the social ones. Furthermore, it was found singularities in the modernist architecture of Irati-Pr, such as the use of wood in frontage details, and the presence of integrated “professional spaces” in some cases. / A arquitetura modernista mostra-se bastante presente na paisagem urbana de Irati – PR. Tal movimento chegou à cidade a partir da década de 1950, ou seja, com um certo atraso temporal, tendo em vista que estava em alta na década de 1920 nos grandes centros urbanos. O eixo condutor da pesquisa é a dialética existente entre as escalas global e local, na tentativa de mostrar de que maneira um movimento globalizado exerce influência local, mesclando-se à vida dos indivíduos e estabelecendo uma cultura ‘glocal’. O foco da pesquisa é o ‘espaço de morar’ modernista, onde analisa-se doze residências unifamiliares, construídas entre as décadas de 1950 a 1970, projetadas por Eduardo Posfaldo, profissional local que detinha forte influência corbusierana. Nestas são observados elementos arquitetônicos característicos do modernismo, como os pans de verre, platibandas e pilotis. A ‘máquina de morar’, tão debatida durante o movimento modernista, tem seu espaço ligado à praticidade, de forma que a beleza das fachadas se alia à funcionalidade dos cômodos internos. A partir da análise destas habitações, constata-se que estas seguem um padrão na distribuição dos espaços internos, privilegiando-se os espaços íntimos seguidos dos espaços sociais. Além disso, são encontradas singularidades na arquitetura modernista de Irati - PR, como a utilização da madeira em detalhes nas fachadas e a presença de 'espaço profissional' integrado, em alguns casos.

A ideia central da pesquisa foi o desejo de estudar as soluções projetuais adotadas pelos edifícios comerciais ícones da Arquitetura Modernista, produzidos entre 1930 e 1965 em São Paulo, avaliando o seu desempenho atual do ponto de vista ergonômico e de conforto ambiental. Foram realizadas pesquisas de campo em nove escritórios do Edifício Itália, em ambientes reais, para compreender como as tipologias e os partidos arquitetônicos adotados no projeto do edifício estão afetando o conforto e o desempenho ergonômico nas condições de uso atual desses escritórios. A abordagem ergonômica permitiu uma visão integrada, relacionando, de um lado, as estratégias bioclimáticas e técnicas passivas utilizadas no projeto original do edifício com, de outro lado, os requisitos das novas atividades que estão ocorrendo atualmente nesses espaços, dentro dos novos contextos criados pelo uso de equipamentos diferenciados e pelo emprego de distintos layouts. Como este edifício exibe uma arquitetura voltada para os aspectos bioclimáticos, diferente do modelo comercial convencional que é atualmente empregado na cidade, o estudo traz a oportunidade de reacender a discussão sobre a necessidade de criar uma nova cultura para a arquitetura comercial em São Paulo, melhor adaptada ao clima da cidade e mais sustentável. Trata-se de um ponto de partida para defender um novo padrão arquitetônico para edifícios comerciais, valorizando as técnicas passivas e o conceito de conforto adaptativo. / The central idea of this research was the desire to study the architectonic solutions used in modernist buildings, designed between 1930 and 1965 in São Paulo, assessing their current performance with regard to ergonomic aspects and ambiental comfort. Field research was conducted in the real environment of nine offices of Italia Building aiming to understand how the typologies and the architectonic features can affect the current conditions of use regarding comfort and ergonomic performance. The ergonomic approach provided an integrated perspective, linking, on the one hand, bioclimatic strategies and passive techniques used in the original building project to, on the other hand, the requirements of the new activities taking place at these spaces, taking account of the new contexts created by distinguished equipment and distinct layouts. As this building displays an architecture oriented to bioclimatic aspects, different from the conventional commercial building model, this study brings the opportunity to further discuss the creation of a new culture for commercial building architecture in São Paulo, one that is better adapted to the climate of the city e more sustainable. This is a starting point to uphold a new architectural pattern for commercial buildings, increasing the value of passive techniques and the concept of adaptive model.

Casablanca was long time perceived as laboratory for European architects to experiment with modernist mass housing. Yet, the spatial structure has since then been considerably transformed and appropriated by the inhabitants to respond to the requirements and aspirations of everyday life. The neighbourhood Hay Hassani has experienced substantial change since its construction in 1958-62, initiated by its residents. This paper aims to explore the inhabitants’ underlying reasons and means to adapt their dwellings, and further to provide perspectives into the logics behind these bottom-up, informal transformations. Applying phronetic planning research, an empirical case study has been carried out in Hay Hassani, which provides detailed narratives of the ways in which power and values are at work and with what consequences to whom. The findings indicate that multiple economic, socio-demographic, and cultural aspects are decisive dynamics that trigger the motivation or urge to adapt the original modernist architecture. While identifying the (f)actors of importance and drawing their power relations, the research reveals that because of reduced architectural, economic , institutional-political, and social barriers the inhabitants have been able to transform their built environment significantly. The present study highlights that questions of values, judgement, and power relations are central to understand and deal with the bottom-up transformation processes in the spatial development. / Migration as Inspiration (The Netherlands)

The study aims at the investigation and analysis of power relations connected to the sanatorium as a buildingtypology within the modernist architectural contest. The chosen building is the tuberculosis sanatorium ofPaimio, located in southwest Finland and built by architects Aino (1894-1949) and Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)between 1928 and 1933. The chosen theoretical framework is therefore based on the theories of Michel Foucault(1926-1984) about power, knowledge and discourse. The method used for this essay is inspired by the architecture theoretician Paul Hirst's notion of architecture as a discourse, its subjectification and a means of communication that changes over time, but also the semiotics of Umberto Eco and its conception of architecture as a double meaning tool.The study proceeds to analyze Paimio sanatorium taking into consideration the relationships between the various components of the building, their placement and formal elements as part of a bigger, institutional and medical discourse.The analysis of Paimio sanatorium has shown not only relevant historical and socio economic background butalso a mutual relationship between architecture and medical discourse capable of influencing each other overtime and space.

My study challenges the status quo that seems to exist in the design of modern apartments, which is heavily influenced by the modernistic movement that flourished in early 20th century. Modernists strived to create a just and equal society, by challenging the social order and the traditional hierarchical system. The architecture of the time reflected these ideals and ultimately resulted in simplistic and repetitive designs that often formed box like interiors with standardised furniture. Consequently, these designs are detached from the individualism of the inhabitants, forcing people to sit, sleep, dine and socialise in a predefined space in a prescribed manner. My project is an artistic intervention to the BOX - the soulless interior of modern apartments. My aim is to explore and imagine alternative ways of existing within the box and push the boundaries of how we conduct daily activities in the living space.

A defining feature of American abstract expressionist painting is its enormous size and scale. Heroic ambition, the vast American landscape, and the sense of "something big" happening in American painting are often cited as determining factors in this phenomenon. This dissertation examines how Jackson Pollock, Barnett Newman, and Mark Rothko not only painted large-scale canvases but, following trends in modern architecture, shifted their painting towards the construction of architectural environments, thus promoting the transformation of painting from a window in the wall to a wall without a window. The artist and architect Tony Smith, a close friend and colleague of these painters, played an active role in encouraging their interest in modern architecture. As a result of their investigations into the physical, as well as conceptual, limits of the canvas, these artists shifted the viewer’s experience from a perceptual experience of pictorial space to a physical encounter with actual space. In contradiction to the notion of the purely optical, one could describe this as a somatic viewing experience, tactile and active, which anticipated specific concerns of 1960s minimalism. This achievement redefines Pollock's, Newman's, and Rothko's legacy to the subsequent generation of artists and places their production into a broader historical framework. / text

Du Bauhaus à De Stijl, du Constructivisme au Style international ou au Mouvement moderne, le modernisme historique n’aura pas seulement occupé les historiens de l’architecture et du design. Il est en effet devenu, depuis une vingtaine d’années, un objet d’investissement à part entière d'un grand nombre d'artistes de toutes provenances. Au tournant des années 2000, ce phénomène de références, d'évocations, de déplacements, de réappropriations, de mises à distance ou de célébrations, a pris une ampleur telle que de nombreuses expositions en Europe et en Amérique du Nord l'ont interrogé, en le réduisant toutefois le plus souvent à une mouvance ruiniste, empreinte de nostalgie, qui n'est pas confirmée par une étude attentive des œuvres. Loin de toute vaine prétention à l’exhaustivité, notre recherche a opté pour une focale centrée sur les œuvres. Au risque d’un peu de myopie où pourrait sembler se perdre une conscience globale du phénomène historique traité, le parti est ici pris d’analyser individuellement les pratiques. L’étude des divers cas retenus conduit à différentes hypothèses et lectures, qu'on espère inédites. Si tous les travaux analysés ont en commun de se référer au modernisme, de prendre celui-ci pour objet à travers telle ou telle de ses réalisations, on verra qu’il est impossible de conférer un sens unitaire à pareil tropisme. L'indispensable proximité avec les œuvres aura ainsi permis de prendre non pas l’unique mais les mesures plurielles d’un phénomène qui aura indéniablement marqué la création artistique des dernières décennies, et continue de la marquer. / From Bauhaus to De Stijl, from Constructivism to the International Style or the Modern Movement, historical modernism has kept more than architecture and design historians busy. In fact, in the last twenty years, it has become a focus of investment in its own right for a large number of artists from all walks of life. At the turn of the century, this phenomenon of references, evocations, displacements, reappropriations, distancing or celebrations took on such a magnitude that many exhibitions in Europe and North America addressed it. However, it was primarily reduced to a ruinist movement, full of nostalgia, which is not discerned by a careful study of the works. Without pretense of being exhaustive, our research has chosen to focus on the works. At the risk of being slightly myopic, where a global consciousness of the historical phenomenon treated might seem lost, we seek to analyze individual practices. The study of the various cases selected leads to different hypotheses and readings, which we hope are novel. If the common thread of all the analyzed works is to refer to modernism, to take it as object through one or other of its achievements, we will see that it is impossible to confer a unitary meaning on such tropism. The indispensable proximity to the works will thus make it possible to take not the exclusive but the plural measures of a phenomenon that will undoubtedly mark the artistic creation of the last decades, and continues to mark it.

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This dissertation examines how institutions and individuals navigate the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism by focusing on architectural preservationists' explanations of what are referred to as white cities. Through dialogue between architectural history, international relations, and critical heritage studies, I map the making and remaking of the histories of white cities, or what were designed as "European" zones – in opposition to "Indigenous" zones – that brought together modernist architecture, white supremacy, early twentieth-century European settler colonialism, and architectural preservation. My focus on preservationists' narrations of these white cities extends interdisciplinary work charting their historical production from a group of scholars focusing on the relationship of architecture in the production of domination in European colonialism. My work extends this scholarship by shifting to preservationists' narrations of white cities through the question: how do preservationists remake the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism that underpinned the production of white cities? In this dissertation, I argue that preservationists remake the histories of racial difference and settler colonialism that produced white cities by relying on what I refer to as didactic narratives to legitimate preservation interventions. Preservationists use these didactic narratives to reframe white cities as part of national histories, the universalism of the World Heritage List, and the history of the modernist movement in architecture and planning. My argument advances by showing preservationists' appropriations of the didactic narratives in the World Heritage List inscription materials for White City of Tel Aviv (2003), Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: A Shared Heritage (2012), and Asmara: A Modernist African City (2017) and through ethnographic fieldwork with local preservationists in Casablanca and Tel Aviv. To frame these analyses, I map the institutional changes within the UNESCO World Heritage Committee that sought greater legitimacy by expanding the typological and geographical scope of the World Heritage List. To do so, the institution enlisted the International Committee for the Documentation and Conservation of Buildings, Sites, and Neighborhoods of the Modern Movement (DOCOMOMO-International) to recraft the criteria to include twentieth-century modernist architecture onto the List. However, DOCOMOMO promoted a particular way of interpreting white cities through the didactic narratives that led to the proliferation of white cities on the World Heritage List. By charting the different ways that preservationists appropriate the didactic narratives in the World Heritage List materials and in the text of semi-structured interviews and from participant observation, I show how the intersecting power structures of white supremacy and settler colonialism that were embedded in the production of white cities are adapted by preservationists in the co-constitution of international institutions, disciplinary knowledge, and individual subject positions. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation considers how the histories of race and colonialism are narrated by architectural preservationists. I do so by focusing on preservationists' narrations of white cities, "European" enclaves designed in opposition to "Indigenous" zones in early 20th century settler colonialism. By focusing on the preservation of what were designed as racialized spaces, I explore how these histories of racial difference and colonialism are mediated by forms of knowledge, institutions, and individuals. Yet it is the focus on preservationists that I detail how preservationists silence, downplay, or mobilize the histories of white cities through three different narrative tropes of national histories, the universalism of the World Heritage List, and modernist movement architecture and design. I show how these narrative tropes justify preservation interventions while making some histories more accessible and others less so. To analyze how preservationists remake the histories of white cities, I map the creation and transformations of the primary international preservation organization, the World Heritage List. These institutional changes led to the addition of white cities in Asmara, Rabat, and Tel Aviv based on preservationists' adaptations of the three narrative tropes. I then show how these same narrative tropes are appropriated by local preservationists to remake the histories of race and colonialism in white cities. By drawing attention to the ways that the histories of race and colonialism are remade through the intersections of individuals, institutions, and forms of knowledge, the project shows how knowledge on the modernist movement is implicated in the constitution of power in the World Heritage List and in consolidating privileged subject positions. Moreover, my analysis opens up questions on the co-constitution of institutions, forms of knowledge, and individual subject positions. Lastly, the analysis demonstrates that individuals have the potential to challenge – rather than to uphold – the constellations of power etched into white cities. I show one instance of architectural preservationists challenging these structures of power in the preservation effort of Les Abattoirs in Casablanca in 2009-2013.