The presented thesis focuses on study of transport and thermoelastic properties of materials under conditions of planetary interiors by means of high-pressure experimental tools and finite element modeling, and their role in the dynamics and states of cores of terrestrial planets. Experiments in laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) in combination with numerical simulations of heat transfer in DAC are shown to yield information on thermal conductivity of a pressurized sample. The novel technique consists of one-sided laser heating and double-sided temperature measurements and utilizes a precise determination of several parameters in course of the experiment, including the sample geometry, laser beam power distribution, and optical properties of employed materials. The pressure-temperature conditions at the probed portion of the sample are, however, not uniform. To address this problem, thermal pressure in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell and anisotropic thermal conductivity originating from the texture development upon uniaxial compression have been studied by means of numerical simulations. The method for determination of thermal conductivity is applied to iron at pressures up to 70 GPa and temperatures of 2000 K, meeting the Earth’s lower mantle conditions and covering Mercury’s entire core. The obtained results are extrapolated to the conditions of the Earth’s core-mantle boundary using a theoretical model of the density dependence of thermal conductivity of metals and published values on Grüneisen parameter and bulk modulus. After considering the effect of minor core elements, the obtained value at these conditions supports case for the downward revision of the thermal conductivity in the core. From the point of view of core dynamics and energy budget, the lower thermal conductivity implies more favorable conditions to drive the dynamo. Similar scenario applies for Mercury where, for high values of thermal conductivity, heat flux conducted along the iron-core adiabat exceeds the actual heat flux through the core-mantle boundary. This leads to a negative rate of entropy production in the core that makes it impossible to sustain the dynamo process presumably responsible for the observed magnetic field of Mercury.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This doctoral thesis is called “Marriages, Microscopes and Missions: Three Women in Postwar Australia.” It takes the form of three stories and a research essay. The stories examine the lives of three Australian women in the decades following the Second World War, while the research essay discusses those lives and the influences that guided and informed the creative writing process. The stories are set in times that encompassed the White Australia Policy, fear of Communism, the Vietnam War, the feminist movement, the sexual revolution and the recent Northern Territory “Intervention.” After the war, women were expected to fit back into the roles prescribed for them before the war. “Populate or Perish” was the catchcry. A single woman was expected, because of her biology, to marry and start a family at a time when marriage often meant losing her job. But the war had changed women. Those who had had wartime jobs or joined the armed forces remembered the freedom, the pay packet and the realisation that they could do the job as well as a man. The old stereotype of women as handmaidens to men seemed out of step with the way women now saw themselves. But with men still in charge there was bound to be conflict ahead. The first story, “The Doctor’s Wife,” looks at a married woman in coastal New South Wales living the prescribed “dream.” The second, “The Drug Analyst,” shows a Sydney-based career woman attempting to live on her own terms. The third, “The Minister’s Maid,” explores the changing role of an Aboriginal woman in a remote semitraditional Northern Territory community. As each story unfolds within its own culture, physical landscape and carrying its history of conflict, the pressures placed on each woman to conform to her society’s expectations, become apparent. In one way or another, the women in these stories are part of my family. While they sometimes find their identities and self esteem under threat, each is sustained by her strong connection to family and community. At this time in our history, finding a sense of belonging is sometimes a difficult task for young people, both white and black Australians. Perhaps that is why family stories are important. They establish our identity and give us a place in history, a sense of belonging to an ongoing, unfolding narrative.

Background: Sustainability is realized by companies to different extends as plenty of pressures operate on projects which influence the outcome. One specific influence are the actors who make sense of the pressures based on organizational and personal experiences. By the combination of institutional logics and organizational sensemaking theory, organizational influences in form of pressures and logics (forming the macro-level) and personal views based on individual sense making (micro-level) are combined to a micro-macro connection. The integration of the both theories leads to a deeper understanding on ‘sustainability integration’. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to understand how individuals handle sustainability in a project in a multinational company with has a focus in sustainability. It is of most interest how the influences, represented by the concept of institutional logics, are constructed by the sensemaking of the actors. Research question: How do employees make sense of a project with a sustainability purpose based on institutional logics? Method: The research design of this thesis is an exploratory case study with data collection by the hands of semi-structured interviews. Abductive reasoning was applied. An epistemological position of constructivism and interpretivism was taken. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that organizational pressures are not explicitly noted by each individual. A collective sensemaking is found in the fact that a sustainable project must be affordable for the customers to meet their needs. This finding however, can be traced back to the organizational level which is coined by a strong value culture.

A radiação térmica é frequentemente considerada um mecanismo de transferência de calor muito importante em processos de combustão em alta pressão, devido à presença de meios participantes e às altas temperaturas envolvidas. Resolver a radiação térmica em meios participantes é um problema complexo devido à natureza integro-diferencial da equação governante e à dependência espectral altamente irregular das propriedades de radiação. Atualmente, o método mais preciso para resolver a integração espectral é o método linha-porlinha (LBL), que possui um custo computacional muito elevado. Para contornar essa dificuldade, o problema espectral é geralmente resolvido usando modelos espectrais e, consequentemente, a equação da transferência radiativa (RTE) é simplificada. Um destes modelos é o da soma-ponderada-de-gases-cinza (WSGG), que substitui o comportamento espectral altamente irregular do coeficiente de absorção, por bandas de coeficientes de absorção uniforme e tem mostrado um bom desempenho em diversas aplicações, mesmo sendo um modelo bastante simplificado. Entretanto, recentemente alguns autores não obtiveram bons resultados ao tentar aplicar o WSGG a problemas de combustão em alta pressão. Este artigo desenvolve um modelo WSGG para CO2 e H2O em condições de alta pressão. Para validar o modelo, a emitância total é calculada usando os coeficientes WSGG e comparada à solução do LBL obtida usando o banco de dados espectrais HITEMP 2010. Os resultados mostraram grande convergência entre os valores de emitância de ambos os métodos, mesmo para valores de alta pressão, tanto para o CO2 quanto para H2O, provando que o método WSGG é aplicável a condições de alta pressão. O modelo também foi validado pelo cálculo do fluxo de calor e termo fonte radiativo, e comparando-os com os obtidos através do método LBL. O H2O teve melhores resultados para baixas pressões, enquanto o CO2 apresentou melhores resultados para pressões mais altas. O efeito da pressão total sobre a solução de LBL foi maior para o H2O, o que pode ser um dos motivos pelo qual os desvios foram maiores para os casos de alta pressão. / Thermal radiation is often a very important heat transfer mechanism in high pressure combustion processes due to the presence of participating media and the high temperatures involved. Solving thermal radiation in participating media is a tough problem due to the integro-differential governing equation and the complex spectral dependence of radiation properties. Currently, the most accurate method to solve the spectral integration is the line-byline (LBL) method, which has a very high computational cost. In order to avoid this drawback the spectral problem is usually solved using spectral models, and as a consequence the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is simplified. One of the models is the weighted-sum-ofgray- gases (WSGG) which replaces the highly irregular spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient by bands of uniform absorption coefficients, and has shown great performance a lot of applications even though it is a very simple model. However, recently some authors didn’t have good results when trying to apply the WSGG to high pressure combustion problems. This thesis develops a WSGG model for both CO2 and H2O on high pressure conditions. In order to validate the model the total emittance is calculated using the WSGG coefficients and compared to the LBL solution which was obtained using the HITEMP 2010 spectral emissivity database. The results showed that the emittance values from both methods were very close even for high pressure values for both CO2 and H2O proving that the WSGG method is applicable to high pressure conditions. The model was also validated by calculating the radiative heat flux and source, and comparing them with the LBL method. H2O had better results for low pressures while CO2 had better results for higher pressures. The effect of total pressure on the LBL solution was higher for H2O, which might be the reason why deviations were higher at high pressure values.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6640.pdf: 3550944 bytes, checksum: d30528732e74d92750389a70e54b8387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-23 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The gas filtration process has several advantages, such as to prevent damage to the environment and health of living beings and to avoid damage in the equipment used in various industrial processes. The filter media applied in these processes can be made of various materials, including metal, fiberglass, polypropylene, polyester and cellulose, with the latter being highlighted by its low cost. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the cellulose filters RAD + and RAD Plus, through permeability, filtration and porosity of the filter cake tests, when subjected to high pressures using the experimental apparatus located in the Environmental Control Laboratory in the Chemical Engineering Department at UFSCar and talc as particulate matter. The working conditions used in the experiments were pressures of 93, 193, 293, 393 and 493kPa, for the permeability tests, and 93, 293 and 493kPa, for the filtration tests. In the permeability tests, the superficial velocity of the gas was varied from 0 to 0.25m/s, while in the filtration tests, the velocities of filtration were 0.05 and 0.06 m/s. The porosity of the cake filtration was determined by mathematics correlations. The permeability constants calculated for both filter media could be considered constant with pressure. For filtration assays, it could be observed that increasing the pressure of the system was the mass withheld by filter media increased for the same pressure drop, without any significant variation with the filtration velocities studied. It was also observed an increase in porosity and a decrease in the resistance of cake filtration when the system pressure was raised. / O processo de filtração de gases possui diversas vantagens, tanto para prevenção de danos ao meio ambiente e saúde dos seres vivos quanto para prevenção de danos a equipamentos em diversos processos industriais. Os meios filtrantes usados nesses processos podem ser de vários materiais, entre eles os metálicos, de fibra de vidro, de polipropileno, de poliéster e de celulose, com este último sendo destacado pelo seu baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho dos filtros de celulose RAD + e RAD Plus, através de ensaios de permeabilidade, filtração e porosidade da torta de filtração, quando submetidos a altas pressões usando o aparato experimental localizado no Laboratório de Controle Ambiental no Departamento de Engenharia Química da UFSCar e talco como material particulado. As condições de trabalho para realização dos experimentos foram as pressões de 93, 193, 293, 393 e 493kPa, para os ensaios de permeabilidade, e 93, 293 e 493kPa, para os ensaios de filtração. Nos ensaios de permeabilidade, variou-se a velocidade superficial do gás de 0 a 0,25m/s, enquanto que nos ensaios de filtração as velocidades superficiais de filtração foram de 5 e 6 cm/s. A determinação da porosidade da torta foi realizada através de correlações matemáticas. Observou-se a partir dos resultados obtidos, que as constantes de permeabilidade calculadas para ambos os meios filtrantes puderam ser consideradas constantes com a pressão. Para os ensaios de filtração pôdese observar que com o aumento da pressão do sistema houve um aumento da massa retida pelos meios filtrantes para uma mesma queda de pressão, não havendo variação significativa com as velocidades de filtração estudadas. Também foi observado um aumento da porosidade e uma diminuição da resistência da torta de filtração a medida que a pressão do sistema foi aumentada.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6594.pdf: 3319189 bytes, checksum: c78dc8a8ed6f2f3e258c9c010b73323b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This research aimed to understand how the Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is being adopted in small and medium-sized chemical companies. In addition, sought to identify the GSCM practices being adopted by companies in the study and indicate the main pressures (external and internal) for the adoption of these practices. It examine also if the pressures lead to adoption of GSCM practices and if these practices bring improvements in performance (environmental, economic and operational). In order to refine the theoreticalconceptual model of Santa Eulalia, et al. (2011) had conducted a multiple case study in four chemical companies. The companies are small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the State of São Paulo. The GSCM practices adopted by most companies researched were, respectively, the most adopted for the less practiced, Internal Environmental Management Cooperation with Customers, Green Purchasing, Eco-design and Investment Recovery. The pressures most cited by respondents were, respectively, Regulations, Internal Factor, Marketing, Suppliers and Competitors, and the Society was not considered by any company. It was also found that companies that receive greater pressure to adopt GSCM practices are not always the ones with more practices implemented. However, external and internal factors influencing pressure somewhat implementing GSCM practices. On the performance achieved with the adoption of practices, there is an awareness that bring improved environmental and economic performance. At the same time, the practice can lead to a negative economic impact, especially in the short term. It was also that the positive economic and environmental performance are interrelated. The improvement in operating performance is not perceived by the respondents of the researched companies. Few studies have been found on this issue in national literature, which this study is considered pioneer in research on the theme that analyze the relationships between pressures, practices and performances. Another contribution of the study involves the size of the studied companies, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since they have few resources, making it difficult to stay in the competitive global market. Studies involving SMEs and to consider its context are relevant to help them gain competitive advantage. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender como o Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) é adotado em pequenas e médias empresas do setor químico. Além disso, procurou identificar as práticas de GSCM que estão sendo adotadas pelas empresas em estudo e indicar as principais pressões (externas e internas) para a adoção dessas práticas. Verificou-se, também, se as pressões levam a adoção das práticas de GSCM e se essas práticas trazem melhorias nos desempenhos (ambiental, econômico e operacional). Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo em quatro empresas do setor químico, localizadas no Estado de São Paulo. As práticas de GSCM mais adotadas pelas empresas pesquisadas foram, respectivamente, Gestão Ambiental Interna, Cooperação com os Clientes, Compra Verde, Eco-design e Recuperação do Investimento. As pressões mais citadas pelos entrevistados foram, respectivamente, Regulamentação, Fatores Internos, Mercado, Fornecedores e Concorrência, sendo que a pressão da Sociedade não foi considerada por nenhuma empresa. Verificou-se, ainda, que as empresas que recebem maior pressão para adoção de práticas de GSCM nem sempre são as que apresentam mais práticas implementadas. Contudo, os fatores externos e internos de pressão influenciam de certa forma a implementação de práticas de GSCM. Sobre o desempenho alcançado com a adoção das práticas, há uma consciência de que trazem a melhoria do desempenho ambiental e econômico. Ao mesmo tempo, as práticas podem levar a um impacto econômico negativo, principalmente no curto prazo. Verificou-se, ainda, que os desempenhos ambientais positivos e econômicos positivos estão interrelacionados. A melhoria no desempenho operacional não é percebida pelos entrevistados das empresas pesquisadas. Poucos estudos foram encontrados sobre esse tema na literatura nacional, sendo esta pesquisa considerada pioneira em trabalhos referentes à temática que analisam as relações entre pressões, práticas e desempenhos. Outra contribuição do estudo envolve o porte das empresas estudadas, as pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs), pois apresentam poucos recursos, o que torna difícil se manter no mercado global competitivo. Estudos que envolvam as PMEs e que considerem seu contexto são relevantes para ajudá-las a obter vantagem competitiva.

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A radiação térmica é frequentemente considerada um mecanismo de transferência de calor muito importante em processos de combustão em alta pressão, devido à presença de meios participantes e às altas temperaturas envolvidas. Resolver a radiação térmica em meios participantes é um problema complexo devido à natureza integro-diferencial da equação governante e à dependência espectral altamente irregular das propriedades de radiação. Atualmente, o método mais preciso para resolver a integração espectral é o método linha-porlinha (LBL), que possui um custo computacional muito elevado. Para contornar essa dificuldade, o problema espectral é geralmente resolvido usando modelos espectrais e, consequentemente, a equação da transferência radiativa (RTE) é simplificada. Um destes modelos é o da soma-ponderada-de-gases-cinza (WSGG), que substitui o comportamento espectral altamente irregular do coeficiente de absorção, por bandas de coeficientes de absorção uniforme e tem mostrado um bom desempenho em diversas aplicações, mesmo sendo um modelo bastante simplificado. Entretanto, recentemente alguns autores não obtiveram bons resultados ao tentar aplicar o WSGG a problemas de combustão em alta pressão. Este artigo desenvolve um modelo WSGG para CO2 e H2O em condições de alta pressão. Para validar o modelo, a emitância total é calculada usando os coeficientes WSGG e comparada à solução do LBL obtida usando o banco de dados espectrais HITEMP 2010. Os resultados mostraram grande convergência entre os valores de emitância de ambos os métodos, mesmo para valores de alta pressão, tanto para o CO2 quanto para H2O, provando que o método WSGG é aplicável a condições de alta pressão. O modelo também foi validado pelo cálculo do fluxo de calor e termo fonte radiativo, e comparando-os com os obtidos através do método LBL. O H2O teve melhores resultados para baixas pressões, enquanto o CO2 apresentou melhores resultados para pressões mais altas. O efeito da pressão total sobre a solução de LBL foi maior para o H2O, o que pode ser um dos motivos pelo qual os desvios foram maiores para os casos de alta pressão. / Thermal radiation is often a very important heat transfer mechanism in high pressure combustion processes due to the presence of participating media and the high temperatures involved. Solving thermal radiation in participating media is a tough problem due to the integro-differential governing equation and the complex spectral dependence of radiation properties. Currently, the most accurate method to solve the spectral integration is the line-byline (LBL) method, which has a very high computational cost. In order to avoid this drawback the spectral problem is usually solved using spectral models, and as a consequence the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is simplified. One of the models is the weighted-sum-ofgray- gases (WSGG) which replaces the highly irregular spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient by bands of uniform absorption coefficients, and has shown great performance a lot of applications even though it is a very simple model. However, recently some authors didn’t have good results when trying to apply the WSGG to high pressure combustion problems. This thesis develops a WSGG model for both CO2 and H2O on high pressure conditions. In order to validate the model the total emittance is calculated using the WSGG coefficients and compared to the LBL solution which was obtained using the HITEMP 2010 spectral emissivity database. The results showed that the emittance values from both methods were very close even for high pressure values for both CO2 and H2O proving that the WSGG method is applicable to high pressure conditions. The model was also validated by calculating the radiative heat flux and source, and comparing them with the LBL method. H2O had better results for low pressures while CO2 had better results for higher pressures. The effect of total pressure on the LBL solution was higher for H2O, which might be the reason why deviations were higher at high pressure values.

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Les plaies chroniques restent un problème de santé important dans le monde. La compression de la jambe inférieure est un traitement efficace dans la prévention des maladies veineuses et lymphatiques, avec des résultats qui dépendent fortement du gradient de compression appliqué de bas en haut le long de la jambe. Un outil d'aide à la pose des bandes et au contrôle du maintien des niveaux de pressions dans le temps serait donc très utile pour améliorer l'efficacité du traitement. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de développer un "système de mesure embarqué" capable de détecter les pressions de contention et d'enregistrer automatiquement leur valeur en fonction du temps, à distance et sans fil de connexion. Ceci nécessite de mettre au point un capteur de pression souple et fin et un système électronique embarqué miniaturisé qui communiquera les valeurs mesurées à une station d'enregistrement. Ce travail a été réalisé au sein du Laboratoire de recherche et de conception (LRC) d'URGO à Chenôve du Laboratoire d'Electronique, d'Informatique et d'Images (LE2I - uMR 5158) de l'Université de Bourgogne. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche européen associant des partenaires industriels et universitaires (CEA-Léti, Philips, Fraunhofer, etc.).Ce projet collaboratif, intitulé STELLA (STretchable ELectronic for Large area Applications) nous a permis de bénéficier de l'aide de tous nos partenaires. L'optimisation du capteur de pression représente l'avancée majeure de ce travail de thèse. En effet, le fait d'ajouter des éléments d'une certaine dureté à l'interface entre le capteur et la peau a permis d'améliorer les caractéristiques métrologiques liées à la mesure de pression en thérapie de compression. Cette réalisation a fait l'objet d'un dépôt d'une demande de brevet (FR0950147). Nos choix pour la réalisation du prototype final ont été détaillés dans ce mémoire de thèse. Ils ont été guidés par un cahier des charges fonctionnel établi en début de projet. / Chronic wounds are a major health problem worldwide.The compression of the lower leg is an effective treatment in preventing venous and lymphatic disease, with results that depend strongly on the gradient of compression applied upward along the leg. A tool for laying tape and control the maintenance of pressure levels over time would be very useful to improve the effectiveness of treatment. The objective of this study is to develop a "board measurement system" capable of detecting pressure containment and automatically record their value over time, distance and wireless electrical connection. This requires to develop a pressure sensor thin and flexible and a miniaturized electronic system to communicate the values measured at a recording station. This work was performed at the Laboratoires Recherche et Conception (LRC) of URGO Chenôve and at the Laboratoire d'Electronique d'Informatique et d'Images (LE2I - UMR 5158) of the University of Burgundy. It is part of a European research project involving partners from industry and academia (CEA - LETI, Philips, Fraunhofer, etc.). This collaborative project, called STELLA (STretchable ELectronic for Large Area Applications) enabled us to benefit from the assistance of our partners. The optimization of the pressure sensor is the major breakthrough of this thesis. Indeed, the addition of elements of a certain hardness at the interface between the sensor and the skin has improved matrological characteristics related to the measurement of pressure in compression therapy. This achievement has been the subject of an application for a patent (FR0950147). Our choices for the realization of the final prototype were detailed in this thesis. They were guided by functional requirements established at the beginning of the project.