This work represents a theoretical and empirical study of distinct subcomponents of the explicit power motive (broadly defined as conscious desires to attain control and prestige) matching distinctions between social hierarchies (e.g., hierarchies based on forced or voluntary deference). Three factor analytic studies showed a consistent three factor structure in existing and newly created questionnaire items matching the power motive definition and selected for being able to distinguish between different kinds of hierarchies. These factors represented distinct motives for dominance (i.e., the desire to coerce others), prestige (i.e., the desire to attain others’ respect), and leadership (i.e., the desire to direct others): the DoPL motives. Several further studies were conducted to provide evidence for the DoPL motives’ validity and their distinct properties. First, mostly in line with the theoretical predictions, the DoPL motives showed differential correlations with relevant personality characteristics such as the BIG 5 personality traits or self-reported anger/aggression. Second, the DoPL motives explained more than 80% of variance in two power motive scales, showing that they indeed represent constituent parts of the power motive. Third, whereas the leadership motive predicted full-time employees’ rank across different fields of work, the prestige motive predicted participants’ endorsement of moral concerns. Fourth, the dominance motive predicted the amount of money participants kept for themselves in two dictator games. Fifth, whereas the dominance motive was negatively, the leadership motive was positively related to charitable giving behaviour. Sixth, a sample of Donald Trump voters in the 2016 US election showed more agreement with accusations of unfair treatment of their candidate as a function of their dominance motive. This effect was stronger before as compared to after the election. Seventh, a study related to effort mobilisation in tasks ostensibly related to the DoPL motives found no significant effects. In conclusion, this work amplifies the importance of differentiating between subcomponents of the explicit power motive by showing their differential relationship to a range of behavioural and cognitive outcomes and other relevant characteristics.

This thesis explores the nature and the mechanism of change of language prestige and language attitudes in two neighbouring languages: Occitan and Catalan. These two Romance minority languages show great similarities in their early external history and striking differences in their more recent past. The concepts of language attitudes and prestige call for a multidisciplinary approach which incorporates aspects from social psychology, ethnography, historical sociolinguistics and sociology to enable the author to depict in a comprehensive manner the interaction between the formation of the perception of language prestige and the declaration of language attitudes.An important rationale in this thesis is the search for an understanding of the patterns of change in prestige descriptions. Prestige and attitudes are generally interpreted as static entities but a diachronic overview of the values attached to Catalan and Occitan displays signs of disparity and evolution which are scrutinised through the analysis of selected Occitan and Catalan grammars from different periods. The data collected through semi-structured interviews with Occitan and Catalan speakers and processed with the method of Critical Discourse Analysis provides an enlightening synchronic perspective on the language situations. The combination of diachronic and present-day approaches to language representations fosters an original apparatus to investigate the gradually developing contrasts between the symbolisation of the two languages. A second point of focus for the comparison of the Occitan and Catalan linguistic situations resides in the transnational position of their linguistic communities. Since Occitan and Catalan are both spoken in France and Spain, the fascinating mismatch between the linguistic borders and the political territories provide an original and supplementary instrument of analysis of the influences of the national policies on individual attitudes. The bi-national division of Catalan and Occitan offers an examination of the inter-relation between macro-level representations and micro-level perceptions and a clarification of the dynamicity of the power relations between minority and majority groups.The objective of the study is primarily to contribute to a theorisation of language prestige through its conceptualisation as a process, and not an inherent quality, influencing, renewing or destroying, positive language attitudes which, in turn, can reinforce or challenge the preconceived and established form of prestige. The dynamic and malleable forms of prestige and attitudes need the explanatory help of the concept of language ideologies which, taken as beliefs about a language, embodies the modern and growing differentiation in the attribution of language values to Catalan and Occitan. Language ideologies as well as constituting a link between the macro and micro-domains reflect the emblematic discrepancies between a growingly powerful and confrontational Catalan prestige and a compartmentalised and disunited Occitan prestige.

No description available.

No description available.

Tidigare forskning av Cheng, Tracy och Henrich (2010) har identifierat samband mellan tvåfacetter av stolthet och två olika strategier för att nå social status. Dessa samband harkonceptualiserats till stolthet-statusmodellen. Den har tidigare undersökts i en amerikanskpopulation och det finns enbart en studie på en liten avgränsad svensk population. Vidarefinns det inga tidigare studier som har undersökt om stolthet-statusmodellen samvarierar medpositiva attityder till utbildning. Denna studies syften var därför att undersöka stolthet-statusmodellen på en svensk population samt undersöka hur de olika statusstrategierna ochstolthetsfacetterna samvarierar med positiva attityder kring utbildning. För att undersöka dettagjordes ett bekvämlighetsurval av 609 stycken elever på teoretiska gymnasieprogram som fickskatta sin subjektiva upplevelse av stolthetsfacetterna, statusstrategierna samt sina positivaattityder till utbildning. Gymnasieelevernas skattningar korrelerades och skillnaden mellankorrelationerna undersöktes. Resultaten visar att stolthet-statusmodellen delvis är valid på ensvensk population, att statusstrategier samvarierar signifikant med positiva attityder tillutbildning och att stolthetsfacetterna till viss del samvarierar signifikant med positiva attitydertill utbildning. Möjliga förklaringar till resultaten diskuteras tillsammans med enmetoddiskussion samt praktiska implikationer och förslag på framtida forskning om stolthet-statusmodellen och positiva attityder till utbildning. / Previous research by Cheng, Tracy and Henrich (2010) has identified relationships betweentwo facets of pride and two different strategies to attain social status. These relationships havebeen conceptualized to a pride-status model. The model has been tested on an Americanpopulation and only in one study has it been tested in a Swedish context. Moreover, there areno previous studies on the possible relationship between the pride-status model and positiveattitudes towards post-secondary education. Therefore, the purposes of this study were toinvestigate if the pride-status model is valid on a Swedish population and investigate how thedifferent status strategies and facets of pride relate to positive attitudes towards post-secondary education. In order to examine this, a convenience sample consisting of 609students in high school preparing for post-secondary education rated subjective experiences offacets of pride, social status strategies and attitudes towards post-secondary education. Thestudents’ ratings were correlated with each other and the difference between the correlationswas examined. The findings show that the pride-status model is partly valid on a Swedishpopulation and that the status strategies correlated significantly with positive attitudes towardspost-secondary education. The facets of pride were significantly correlated with positiveattitudes towards post-secondary education to some extent. Possible explanations of thefindings are discussed together with a methodology discussion and proposals for futureresearch within the area of the pride-status model and attitudes towards education.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2007.

Fruit d’une enquête ethnographique de trois ans menée dans un quartier de Samarcande, ce présent travail questionne les fondements et l’usage du sentiment d’appartenance à une communauté locale. Depuis l’éclatement de l’Union soviétique, l’Ouzbékistan indépendant fonde en effet sa légitimité sur l’affirmation d’un ethos particulier qui s’incarnerait dans ces communautés. Cependant leur rôle central semble, de prime abord, fragilisé à la fois par leur institutionnalisation et par le développement rapide des migrations internationales. Toutefois un faisceau d’hypothèses laisse penser que le sentiment d’appartenance s’enracine moins dans un passé commun que dans un système de valeurs qui se manifesteraient dans des pratiques communautaires constamment réactivées par des liens de voisinage et de parenté. Les discours insistent de fait sur le caractère plus ou moins contraint et spontané de la participation à ces pratiques selon qu’elles sont prescrites par l’État ou préconisées par la communauté. L’accent mis sur la commensalité permet de concevoir la consubstantialité des membres de la communauté. De plus, filiation agnatique et patrivirilocalité consolident le socle idéologique d’une autochtonie imaginaire. Tandis que sur ce fond de forte idéologie agnatique, sociabilités masculines et féminines se déploient dans des sphères distinctes, les liens cognatiques conservent toute leur importance. Enfin, l’accomplissement de soi passe par l’organisation de rituels qui donnent lieu à des cérémonies ostentatoires et dispendieuses, souvent financées par les migrations. Le faste occasionné, manifeste par le nombre de personnes mobilisées, est source de prestige individuel tandis que la circulation des dons, conçus comme le remboursement d’une dette originelle, rend possible la reproduction de la communauté. / Based on three years of ethnographic research in a Samarkand neighborhood, this study explores the grounds for and the use of the sense of belonging to a local community. Indeed, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, independent Uzbekistan founds its legitimacy on the assertion of a particular ethos supposedly embodied in local communities. Yet their centrality seems, at first, weakened by their institutionalization and by the rapid development of international migrations. However, various hypotheses suggest that the feeling of belonging is less grounded in a shared past than in a system of values allegedly expressed in community practices, continuously reactivated through neighborhood and kinship ties. Discourses reveal that participation in these practices is diversely challenged depending on whether they are prescribed by the State or recommended by the community. The emphasis on commensality enables us to perceive the consubstantiality of the members of the community. Moreover, agnatic descent and patrivirilocality strengthen the ideological base of imaginary autochthony. Against this background of strong agnatic ideology, while men and women socialize in separate spheres, cognate ties maintain their significance. Finally, self-accomplishment occurs through the organization of rituals, combined with ostentatious and costly ceremonies, often financed by migrations. The pomp of these ceremonies, manifest through the gathering of many people, is at the root of individual prestige while the flow of gifts, thought of as the repayment of an original debt, enables the reproduction of the community.

Depuis sa domestication, le cheval revêt différents enjeux économiques, sociaux, politiques, et même religieux inhérents au fonctionnement de nombreuses cultures. C’est pourquoi il est devenu un sujet d’étude à part entière. Pour autant, la question de l’élevage a été peu traitée par les historiens. Or, ne pas s’interroger sur l’élevage et sur les motivations des éleveurs revient à oublier le point de départ de toute histoire abordant les divers usages du cheval. L’élevage, c’est veiller à la fois à la reproduction, à la naissance, au développement et à l’entretien d’un animal. Pour le nourrir, le sélectionner, le soigner, l’exploiter, il faut beaucoup de temps, de soins, de connaissances, de patience, beaucoup d’hommes bien sûr et des structures adaptées : les haras. C’est pourquoi, cette activité était réservée à l’élite et s’inscrivait au sein d’une certaine idéologie aristocratique : le cheval de l’Antiquité était un cheval de prestige. Grâce aux sources littéraires, iconographiques et archéologiques, nous étudierons les permanences et les mutations qu’a connu l’élevage pendant une période charnière (entre la fin de l’Empire romain d’Occident et la création des royaumes romano-germaniques). Ainsi, nous entendons mesurer les impacts des invasions et de l’assimilation des peuples barbares dans l’Empire sur l’élevage des chevaux et comment et pourquoi, malgré des bouleversements, politiques, sociaux et économiques, cette activité est restée prospère. Ceci permettra de comprendre qui élevait des chevaux, quels facteurs poussaient à l’organisation d’un cheptel chevalin, dans quels types de structures cela était organisé, quels méthodes et savoirs étaient requis et comment le cheval devint un élément de référence pour classer un homme au sein de la société. / Since its taming, the horse took on different economical, social and political issues, and even religious ones inherent to the functioning of many cultures. That’s why it became a study matter in its own right. However, the topic of its farming has been very little dealt with by historians. But, not questionning its farming and the farmers’ motivations would be forgetting the starting point of any story tackling the varied uses of horses. Farming, is making sure of the reproduction, the birth, the development and the upkeep of an animal. To feed it, choose it, care for it, farm it, a lot of time is required, care, knowledge, patience, a large staff of course and fitting structures : stud farms. That’s why this activity was reserved to the elite and encountered inside a particular upper-class ideology : a horse in the Antiquity was an animal of prestige. Thanks to literary, iconographic and archeological sources, we will study the permanencies and changes that farming has known during a transition period ( between the end of the Wester Roman Empire and the creation the Romano – Germanic Kingdoms ). Thus, we will intend to determine the different impacts that invasions have had and the assimilation of the savages in the Empire on horse farming and how and why, despite political, social and economical disruptions, this activity stayed flourishing. It will allow to understand who farmed the horses, what factors drove to the organisation of horse stocking, in what kind of structures it was organised in, what method and knowledge were needed and how a horse became a ranking aspect for a man in society.

Föreliggande studie undersöker frilansöversättares uppfattning om sin egen professionella status i förhållande till uppdragsförmedlande språkföretag i Sverige. Genom en enkätstudie inspirerad av Dam & Zethsens undersökningar, i kombination med en analys av offentligt publicerade texter från ett antal större svenska språkföretag, ämnar studien få en inblick i hur frilansöversättare upplever sin egen status, samt vilka krav som företagen ställer på översättarna. I förlängningen undersöks även graden av professionalisering som översättaryrket genomgått i Sverige. Resultaten visar att översättarna med få undantag uppfattar sin status som relativt låg, och att språkföretagen överlag ställer upp få formella, offentliga krav på sina översättare utöver yrkeserfarenhet av översättning och punktlighet. Översättaryrkets grad av professionalisering i Sverige bedöms därutöver som låg. / The present study examines how freelance translators view their own professional prestige relative to intermediary language service providers in Sweden. By utilizing a survey inspired by the studies of Dam & Zethsen, in combination with an analysis of publically published texts from a number of big Swedish language service providers, this study aims to get an insight in the freelance translators’ own perception of their prestige and in the demands of the language service providers. The study also explores to what extent the translation profession is professionalized in Sweden. The results show that freelance translators, with few exceptions, think of their status as middle to low. At the same time, the language service providers seem to have very few formal demands of their translators, with work experience and punctuality appearing to be the two main requirements to translate for them. Moreover, it seems that the translator profession in Sweden has undergone only a relatively low level of professionalization.

With the expansion of higher education in recent decades, exclusive academic qualifications have become the prominent way in which the status hierarchy of education is preserved. Much of the previous research explaining social class differences in educational attainment have focused on cognitive ability but largely overlooked the importance of non-cognitive skills for enrolling in more prestigious educational fields. Using unique longitudinal data, the focus of this thesis is on childhood non-cognitive skills to explore their role for understanding the association between social class of origin and selection into prestigious university education in Sweden. The results confirm class differences in attending prestige education, but also show that non-cognitive skills cannot explain much of the variation in educational attainment between or within classes. More research is needed in order to fully understand the large class gap in prestigious academic outcomes in Sweden.