A colheita não-mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar, precedida por sua queima, expõe os trabalhadores e pessoas de cidades vizinhas a altas concentrações de poluentes. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar os impactos cardiopulmonares e os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e atividade inflamatória sistêmica desencadeados pela exposição à poluição proveniente da queima da cana. Cortadores de cana (safristas, n = 113) e voluntários saudáveis da cidade de Mendonça - São Paulo, Brasil - (população de referência, n = 109) foram avaliados com espirometria, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), enzimas antioxidantes, dosage do nível plasmático do malonaldeído e de interleucinas pró-inflamatórias durante a pré-safra e a safra. A concentração de PM2.5 aumentou de 8g/m3 durante a pré-safra para 23.5g/m3 na área urbana e 61g/m3 nas plantações de cana, durante a safra. Na safra, evidenciou-se uma diminuição mais acentuada na VFC, função pulmonar e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes entre os cortadores de cana, em comparação com os voluntários da população de referência. Houve elevação do Malonaldeído em ambos os grupos durante a safra, com um maior aumento entre os safristas. Além disso, encontramos um aumento na pressão diastólica apenas nos cortadores de cana. Tanto os cortadores de cana quanto os voluntários da população local exibiram impactos cardiopulmonares e metabólicos da exposição à poluição durante a safra, com maior magnitude dessas alterações entre os safristas, o que destaca o impacto deletério da poluição atmosférica na população exposta. Esses achados pré-clínicos podem sinalizar processos fisiopatológicos desencadeados pela poluição advinda da queima de biomassa nas populações estudadas / Non-mechanized sugarcane harvesting preceded by burning exposes workers and people of neighboring towns to high concentrations of pollutants. This study was designed to assess cardiopulmonary impacts and biomarkers of oxidative stress triggered by exposure to pollution from sugarcane burning. Sugarcane workers (n=113) and healthy volunteers of a reference population (n=109) from the city of Mendonça (São Paulo, Brazil) were evaluated with spirometry, heart rate variability (HRV), antioxidant enzymes, plasma malonaldehyde and proinflammatory interleukins during non-harvest and harvest periods. Concentration of PM2.5 increased from 8g/m3 during nonharvest to 23.5g/m3 in the urban area and to 61g/m3 in sugarcane fields, during harvest. It was evidenced a more remarkable decrease in lung function, HRV and in activity of antioxidant enzymes among sugarcane workers, compared to individuals from the reference population. Malonaldehyde had elevated in both groups during harvest, with a higher increase among sugarcane workers. Furthermore, we found an increase in diastolic pressure only in sugarcane workers. Both sugarcane workers and volunteers from the local population exhibited significant cardiopulmonary and metabolic impacts of exposure to outdoor air pollution during harvest, with a higher magnitude of these alterations among sugarcane workers, which highlights the deleterious impact of air pollution. These preclinical findings may signal pathophysiological processes triggered by biomassburning outdoor pollution in the populations studied

A colheita não-mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar, precedida por sua queima, expõe os trabalhadores e pessoas de cidades vizinhas a altas concentrações de poluentes. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar os impactos cardiopulmonares e os biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e atividade inflamatória sistêmica desencadeados pela exposição à poluição proveniente da queima da cana. Cortadores de cana (safristas, n = 113) e voluntários saudáveis da cidade de Mendonça - São Paulo, Brasil - (população de referência, n = 109) foram avaliados com espirometria, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), enzimas antioxidantes, dosage do nível plasmático do malonaldeído e de interleucinas pró-inflamatórias durante a pré-safra e a safra. A concentração de PM2.5 aumentou de 8g/m3 durante a pré-safra para 23.5g/m3 na área urbana e 61g/m3 nas plantações de cana, durante a safra. Na safra, evidenciou-se uma diminuição mais acentuada na VFC, função pulmonar e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes entre os cortadores de cana, em comparação com os voluntários da população de referência. Houve elevação do Malonaldeído em ambos os grupos durante a safra, com um maior aumento entre os safristas. Além disso, encontramos um aumento na pressão diastólica apenas nos cortadores de cana. Tanto os cortadores de cana quanto os voluntários da população local exibiram impactos cardiopulmonares e metabólicos da exposição à poluição durante a safra, com maior magnitude dessas alterações entre os safristas, o que destaca o impacto deletério da poluição atmosférica na população exposta. Esses achados pré-clínicos podem sinalizar processos fisiopatológicos desencadeados pela poluição advinda da queima de biomassa nas populações estudadas / Non-mechanized sugarcane harvesting preceded by burning exposes workers and people of neighboring towns to high concentrations of pollutants. This study was designed to assess cardiopulmonary impacts and biomarkers of oxidative stress triggered by exposure to pollution from sugarcane burning. Sugarcane workers (n=113) and healthy volunteers of a reference population (n=109) from the city of Mendonça (São Paulo, Brazil) were evaluated with spirometry, heart rate variability (HRV), antioxidant enzymes, plasma malonaldehyde and proinflammatory interleukins during non-harvest and harvest periods. Concentration of PM2.5 increased from 8g/m3 during nonharvest to 23.5g/m3 in the urban area and to 61g/m3 in sugarcane fields, during harvest. It was evidenced a more remarkable decrease in lung function, HRV and in activity of antioxidant enzymes among sugarcane workers, compared to individuals from the reference population. Malonaldehyde had elevated in both groups during harvest, with a higher increase among sugarcane workers. Furthermore, we found an increase in diastolic pressure only in sugarcane workers. Both sugarcane workers and volunteers from the local population exhibited significant cardiopulmonary and metabolic impacts of exposure to outdoor air pollution during harvest, with a higher magnitude of these alterations among sugarcane workers, which highlights the deleterious impact of air pollution. These preclinical findings may signal pathophysiological processes triggered by biomassburning outdoor pollution in the populations studied

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal waarom kinders uit kinderhuise wegloop en om voorstelle ter voorkoming daarvan te maak. Ten opsigte van die fenomeen "wegloop" stateer die literatuur dat kinders wegloop vanaf onaangename omstandighede en/of wegloop na aangename omstandighede. Die belewing van gesinstres, gesinskonflik, portuurgroepdruk, utopiese voorstellings van wegloop, onaangename skoolbelewing en tiener swangerskap is aangeduide rolspelers onderliggend aan bogenoemde. Die empiriese studie na wegloop uit kinderhuise bet aan die lig gebring dat kinders uit kinderhuise wegloop weens traumatiese belewing van verwydering uit die ouerhuis, etikettering en inrigtingsversadiging. Voorts is bevind dat faktore wat onderliggend aan bogenoemde is, tot 'n groot mate voorkom kan word. Sekere aanbevelings ter voorkoming van wegloop uit kinderhuise is na aanleiding van die studie gedoen en kan gebruik word in die volwassene se bemoeienis met die kinderhuiskind. / The object of the study was to identify the reasons why children run away from children's homes and to make recommendations on how to prevent them from running away. On considering "run away" as a phenomenon, the literature states that children run away from harsh circumstances to acceptable or pleasant circumstances. Experiences such as family stress, conflict in the family, peer group pressure, romanticising the idea, harsh school experiences and teenage pregnancies are roll players subjacent to the above mentioned. The empirical study of "running away from children's homes" has confirmed that children run away because of traumatic separation from parental homes, labelling and institutional intolerance. Furthermore it was also found that factors subjacent to the above mentioned can be neutralised to a large extent. Certain guidelines have been recommended for adults when confronted with children in children's homes. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Les micelles de caséines, composées de caséines, minéraux et eau, sont en équilibres dynamiques, elles échangent en permanence de leur matière avec leur environnement. Les micelles de caséines possèdent d’intéressantes fonctionnalités pour la fabrication de produits laitiers, telles que leur capacité à stabiliser des émulsions et à former des gels sous l’action de la présure. Des changements environnementaux, variations de pH, additions de sels ou d’agents chélatants, affectent les équilibres des micelles et induisent des modifications de leurs compositions et propriétés colloïdales. Ces changements modifient également leurs propriétés fonctionnelles, bien que cet aspect soit peu décri. Le but de ce projet était de comprendre les relations liant l’environnement, l’équilibre minéral, les propriétés colloïdales et fonctionnelles des micelles de caséines. L’impact de cinq facteurs (pH, Na3Cit, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) modifiant les micelles fut étudié en focalisant sur leurs propriétés émulsifL’acidification et l’addition de Na3Cit ont causé les modifications minérales les plus importantes en solubilisant le phosphate de calcium micellaire. Le premier conduisit au « gonflement » des micelles alors que l’agent chélatant causa leur dissociation en petits agrégats. L’ajout de NaCl n’eut aucun impact sur le contenu minéral des micelles mais provoqua aussi la libération d’agrégats, révélée par cryo microscopie électronique et diffusion de rayons-X aux petits angles. Le rôle du phosphate de calcium sur les fonctionnalités fut confirmé et l’étude révéla l’importance de contrôler la libé / Caseins micelles, composed of caseins, minerals and water, are under dynamic equilibria, they constantly exchange materials with their surrounding environments. In addition, casein micelles possess valuable functionalities in regards to the formation of dairy products, such as the ability to stabilize emulsions or to form rennet gels. Environmental changes, such as variations in pH, additions of salts or chelating agents, affect the casein micelles equilibria and lead to modifications in their compositional and colloidal properties. Such changes also modify their functional properties, although this aspect is poorly described in the literature. This project aimed to understand the relationships that link the environmental modifications, the mineral balance, the colloidal and functional properties of the casein micelles. The impact of five modifying factors (pH, Na3Cit, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) of the casein micelles were studied and the focus was placed on emulsion and rennet coagulation fuThe former only induce the swelling of casein micelles while the latter led to their disruption into smaller aggregates. NaCl had no impact on the micellar mineral content but also caused the release of small aggregates, as revealed by electronic microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering analyses. The decisive role of micellar calcium phosphate on the functionalities was confirmed and this study highlighted the importance of monitoring the release of small aggregates, as they strongly affected emulsions stability and gels firmness. CaCl2 and MgCl2 additions slightly increased the mineral c