Four speech production experiments were conducted to examine how adults produce preverbal messages involving comparisons. It was argued that the generation of any message involving a comparison involves three decisions. First, a dimension for the comparison must be selected. Second, a contrasting object for this dimension must be selected. Third, a referent must be selected for the contrasting object. Participants were shown three objects on a computer screen and were asked to compare two objects along the dimensions of size (Experiments 1 and 2) or hue (Experiments 3 and 4). For example, a participant might be asked to compare the size of a medium-sized snake to either a small fish or a large bird. With each comparison, participants produced a noun (fish, bird) and an adjective (bigger, smaller) that could be repeated or switched from one trial to another. Experiment 1 showed a large tendency to repeat nouns, suggesting that speakers were repeating referents. Experiment 2, however, showed a large tendency to repeat comparisons to objects of the same size, suggesting that speakers were repeating contrasting objects not referents. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the repetition effect disappeared after one filler trial. This suggested that decisions were made in short-term working memory. It was concluded that these three decisions are both necessary and sufficient for the generation of a preverbal message involving any comparison.

No description available.

The purpose of the thesis was to find out teachers' perception of the phenomenon of alternative and complementary communication (AAC) and how AAC enables pupils to develop their communicative and linguistic abilities. The study has a qualitative approach and it is based on a phenomenographic research approach and a socio-cultural perspective. The empirical data collection was done through interviews with eight teachers. The teachers work at or have experience of special needs schools for pupils with intellectual disability and pupils who lack verbal communication.  To analyze the material, thematic analysis was used. Through the interviews, it emerged from the teachers' statements that the phenomenon of AAC supports pupils who lack verbal communication to learning and social interactions. This, in turn, enables participation and independence. Based on the analysis of the results, four levels of description categories of AAC were made visible. Description category one is the most basic level and description category four the most advanced. Based on the results of the study, it is made visible that students should be offered communicative and linguistic development through the support of individualized AAC, practiced on their communicative and linguistic abilities based on the proximal development zone. It emerged from the result that categories one and two do not develop students' linguistic abilities in a qualified way, since within these categories of description, communication consists primarily of one-word sentences and does not contain grammar, word classes or sentence structures. Under category one you find AAC methods where students are offered communication through single images and objects.  Categories three and four include communication tools that contain linguistic development possibilities, such as alphabets, text, written language and speech synthesis that enable multi-word sentences. Based on the informants' statements, the need for AAC methods that develop the students' linguistic abilities is made visible. It also emerged that the collaboration with habilitation and speech therapists was a crucial factor in being able to offer students communication tools from categories three and four.

Children with cerebral palsy that have severe motor impairments, and often co-occurring visual impairments, may often have an impaired ability in prelinguistic forms of communication. In order for children to establish intentional communication, research suggests that prelinguistic communicative competence must be in place. Access to alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) is not sufficient to enhance interaction if motivation to communicate intentionally does not exist. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the important aspects of early assessment and intervention for children with cerebral palsy who have severe motor impairment. There is a wealth of information about the development, assessment, and intervention of prelinguistic communication in typically developing children and children with developmental delays; however, limited empirical research focuses on children with severe physical impairments. The aim of this project will be to draw conclusions from the available research in order to formulate a protocol for speech-language pathologists to use in assessment and intervention of prelinguistic communication in young children with cerebral palsy. / text

A case study approach was followed to determine the changes in the nature and use of affect of a sexually abused girl (age 9) while in psychotherapy. One outpatient was tested twice, one year apart, using the Rorschach Inkblot Method during the twenty-month period of psychotherapy. The two protocol results were compared for changes in the Affect cluster of Rorschach tested variables, according to Exner’s Comprehensive System. The results took into account the age of patient at the time of abuse, being at a preverbal age, and the psychotherapeutic process and content. Some of the results indicated similar dynamics to previous studies at the initial testing. The results further indicated a greater ability of the subject to use affective material; greater coping capacity; a greater awareness of negative internal affective material; and a less avoidant capacity to tolerate emotional content. Some regressive tendencies in the use of affect were explored in this case study. Potential reasons for the regressive tendency were discussed in light of the individual characteristics of the subject, the available research and theory, and the therapeutic content. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

No description available.

Na presente pesquisa, volta-se o olhar para a dupla negação pré-verbal, fenômeno de grande difusão nas línguas românicas e com ressonâncias nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro. Elementos como nada, nenhum e ninguém, entre outros, em determinados estágios das línguas românicas, eram apenas licenciados como negativos por meio de concordância com outro marcador negativo, p.e., não. Para entender, então, a maneira como esses termos negativos chegaram ao português brasileiro, propõe-se uma abordagem diacrônica e comparativa, além de se levar em consideração fatores não somente linguísticos, mas também, extralinguísticos. Dentre as línguas românicas que auxiliam, a partir de uma perspectiva comparada, no desenvolvimento deste trabalho, prioriza-se o catalão, dado que esta língua, segundo os estudos de Martins (2002), ao lado do romeno, é a que se mantém mais próxima da fase romance. Neste período, segundo a mesma autora, a concordância dos elementos apontados com um marcador negativo para expressar a negação pré-verbal era licenciado de forma opcional. Ao entrar em contato, então, com a língua catalã e, principalmente, ao cotejar os possíveis usos da negação nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro, suscita-se a hipótese de que catalão e português não se encontram em estágios tão distantes um do outro no que tange à realização da concordância negativa. Assim, ao tomar como modelo linguístico o catalão, no que tange à evolução do fenômeno, revisitam-se teorias fundamentais que abordam, de diversas maneiras, a evolução da negação nas línguas, não somente as românicas. Dessa maneira, não passa desapercebida a clássica teoria do Ciclo de Jespersen, especialmente revisitada em trabalhos atuais, como o de Zeijlstra (2004). Contudo, nota-se que, para a explicação da sobrevivência e manutenção do fenômeno nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro, teorias e análises meramente linguísticas não se fazem suficientes. Por isso, levam-se em consideração, também, fatores extralinguísticos, como os da abordagem Sociolinguística, para poder contemplar, de forma abrangente, a manifestação do fenômeno da dupla negação pré-verbal no português brasileiro, especialmente nas suas variedades linguísticas apartadas do modelo estândar. / This research focuses on double preverbal negation, a very well-known phenomenon in Romance Languages and with some empirical attestations in the language varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. Elements like nothing, no and nobody, among others, at certain stages of the Romance Languages, were only licensed as negatives by their co-occurrence with another negative marker, e.g., no. To understand, then, how these negative terms came to be used in Brazilian Portuguese, we propose a diachronic and comparative approach, and taking into account not only linguistic factors, but also extralinguistic ones. Among the Romance languages that contribute to the development of this work from a comparative perspective, , Catalan is prioritized because, according to Martins (2002) studies, it remains closer to the stage of early romance, together with Romanian. In this period, according to the same author, agreement between elements introduced by a negative marker to express preverbal denial was optional. When one gets in touch then with the Catalan language, and mainly, when one compares the possible denial structures of the language varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, the hypothesis raises that Catalan and Portuguese are not so distant from one another concerning the realization of negative concord. Therefore, if we take Catalan as a linguistic model, as far as the evolution of the phenomenon is concerned, we need to revisit fundamental theories that approach, in different ways, the evolution of negation in languages, not only Romance languages. In this way, the classical theory of Jespersen cycle does not go unnoticed, especially revisited in current works, such as Zeijlstra (2004). However, it is observed that for the explanation of the survival and maintenance of the phenomenon under study in the linguistic varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, linguistic analysis and theories alone are not enough. For that reason, other approaches, such as the Sociolinguistics approach, are also taken into account. Therefore, the extralinguistic factors related to the Sociolinguistics approach are also taken into account, in order to consider in a comprehensive manner the manifestation of the phenomenon of double preverbal negation in Brazilian Portuguese, especially in its linguistic varieties apart from standard model.

Na presente pesquisa, volta-se o olhar para a dupla negação pré-verbal, fenômeno de grande difusão nas línguas românicas e com ressonâncias nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro. Elementos como nada, nenhum e ninguém, entre outros, em determinados estágios das línguas românicas, eram apenas licenciados como negativos por meio de concordância com outro marcador negativo, p.e., não. Para entender, então, a maneira como esses termos negativos chegaram ao português brasileiro, propõe-se uma abordagem diacrônica e comparativa, além de se levar em consideração fatores não somente linguísticos, mas também, extralinguísticos. Dentre as línguas românicas que auxiliam, a partir de uma perspectiva comparada, no desenvolvimento deste trabalho, prioriza-se o catalão, dado que esta língua, segundo os estudos de Martins (2002), ao lado do romeno, é a que se mantém mais próxima da fase romance. Neste período, segundo a mesma autora, a concordância dos elementos apontados com um marcador negativo para expressar a negação pré-verbal era licenciado de forma opcional. Ao entrar em contato, então, com a língua catalã e, principalmente, ao cotejar os possíveis usos da negação nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro, suscita-se a hipótese de que catalão e português não se encontram em estágios tão distantes um do outro no que tange à realização da concordância negativa. Assim, ao tomar como modelo linguístico o catalão, no que tange à evolução do fenômeno, revisitam-se teorias fundamentais que abordam, de diversas maneiras, a evolução da negação nas línguas, não somente as românicas. Dessa maneira, não passa desapercebida a clássica teoria do Ciclo de Jespersen, especialmente revisitada em trabalhos atuais, como o de Zeijlstra (2004). Contudo, nota-se que, para a explicação da sobrevivência e manutenção do fenômeno nas variedades linguísticas do português brasileiro, teorias e análises meramente linguísticas não se fazem suficientes. Por isso, levam-se em consideração, também, fatores extralinguísticos, como os da abordagem Sociolinguística, para poder contemplar, de forma abrangente, a manifestação do fenômeno da dupla negação pré-verbal no português brasileiro, especialmente nas suas variedades linguísticas apartadas do modelo estândar. / This research focuses on double preverbal negation, a very well-known phenomenon in Romance Languages and with some empirical attestations in the language varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. Elements like nothing, no and nobody, among others, at certain stages of the Romance Languages, were only licensed as negatives by their co-occurrence with another negative marker, e.g., no. To understand, then, how these negative terms came to be used in Brazilian Portuguese, we propose a diachronic and comparative approach, and taking into account not only linguistic factors, but also extralinguistic ones. Among the Romance languages that contribute to the development of this work from a comparative perspective, , Catalan is prioritized because, according to Martins (2002) studies, it remains closer to the stage of early romance, together with Romanian. In this period, according to the same author, agreement between elements introduced by a negative marker to express preverbal denial was optional. When one gets in touch then with the Catalan language, and mainly, when one compares the possible denial structures of the language varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, the hypothesis raises that Catalan and Portuguese are not so distant from one another concerning the realization of negative concord. Therefore, if we take Catalan as a linguistic model, as far as the evolution of the phenomenon is concerned, we need to revisit fundamental theories that approach, in different ways, the evolution of negation in languages, not only Romance languages. In this way, the classical theory of Jespersen cycle does not go unnoticed, especially revisited in current works, such as Zeijlstra (2004). However, it is observed that for the explanation of the survival and maintenance of the phenomenon under study in the linguistic varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, linguistic analysis and theories alone are not enough. For that reason, other approaches, such as the Sociolinguistics approach, are also taken into account. Therefore, the extralinguistic factors related to the Sociolinguistics approach are also taken into account, in order to consider in a comprehensive manner the manifestation of the phenomenon of double preverbal negation in Brazilian Portuguese, especially in its linguistic varieties apart from standard model.

Adequate pain assessment is a pre-requisite for appropriate pain management. If pain remains untreated in critically ill young children, it can have dramatic short- and long-term consequences on their health and development. Apart from humanitarian reasons, the assessment of pain has been recognised in some parts of the world as the fifth vital sign and thus should be part of standard practice of pain management. The evaluation of pain in preverbal children is, nevertheless, challenging for health professionals, as they cannot rely on self-report when making their assessment. Observational pain instruments have been developed to facilitate this task, but none of these existing instruments are appropriate for the postoperative critically ill young child. The aim of this research was to provide a clinically valid pain instrument for health professionals to use in practice for the evaluation of the pain and the effectiveness of pain treatment in critically ill young children. This thesis presents research that was conducted in three phases to (a) describe pain, (b) develop, and (c) test the pain instrument. Conceptualisation of pain and psychometric theory informed the conceptual framework for this study. An observational design was used in Phase One of the study to define pain behaviour in critically ill infants. Correlational design was used in Phase Two and Three to determine the association between the newly developed pain scale and other pain assessment instruments. Phase One of the study was conducted in the paediatric intensive care units of two tertiary referral hospitals. Eight hundred and three recorded segments were generated from recordings of five critically ill infants, aged between 0 and 9 months, who had undergone major surgery. / Results indicated significant physiological and behavioural changes in response to postoperative pain and when postoperative pain was exacerbated by painful procedures. Using the pain indicators observed in Phase One, in Phase Two the Multidimensional Assessment Pain Scale (MAPS) was developed and tested for reliability and validity in 43 postoperative preverbal children from the same settings. Internal consistency and interrater reliability were moderate and good, respectively. Concurrent and convergent validity was good. In Phase Three, the MAPS' response to analgesics and clinical utility was demonstrated in a convenience sample of 19 postoperative critically ill children aged between 0 and 3 1 months of age at a tertiary referral hospital in Western Australia. Development of a pain instrument is a complex and lengthy process. This study presents the preliminary psychometric properties that support the validity and clinical utility of the Multidimensional Assessment Pain Scale. The MAPS is a promising tool for assessing postoperative pain in critically ill young children, and its clinical validity will be strengthened with further testing and evaluation.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Negation is a linguistic universal event present in all languages; each one of them reveals particular forms of manifesting the act of denying, naturally mental, human in excellence. This work aims at describing the discursive-linguistic functioning of one of the negation forms in Portuguese, the pre-verbal NO, particularly in Vestibular entrance Essays, based on the linguistic Functionalism to American side, especially in the sociocognitiva approach of the grammaticalization process (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). We compared the traditional and functionalist approaches concerning the negation adverb NO, taking into account the possibility of the pre-verbal NO, more specifically, constituting a correlated negative construction. Then, we described the uses of the construction of the pre-verbal NO in the textual genre in focus, verifying the most and least prototypical of such uses, as well as recursive and encapsulated forms of such construction. We concluded, finally, that the discursive-linguistic functioning of the pre-verbal NO could present a synchronic path of grammaticalization in frank change, considering more connective and modalizadores-argumentative uses, given the constitution of a correlated negative construction, specifically in opinion essays, written by candidates of the 2013 Vestibular, from Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. / La negación es un universal lingüístico presente en todas las lenguas, cada una de las cuales revela formas particulares de expresar el acto de negar, mental por naturaleza, humano por excelencia. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el funcionamiento lingüístico y discursivo de una de las formas de negación en la lengua portuguesa, el NO preverbal, sobre todo en las redacciones de selectividad basado en el funcionalismo lingüístico al lado americano, especialmente en la aproximación sociocognitiva del proceso de gramaticalización (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos los enfoques tradicional y funcionalista en el tratamiento dado al adverbio de negación NO, teniendo en vista la posibilidad del preverbal NO, más específicamente, constituir una correlación negativa construcción. Con este fin, describimos los usos de la construcción NO preverbal en el género en cuestión, comprobando las situaciones más prototípicas y menos prototípicas de estos usos, así como las formas recursivas y encapsuladas de tal construcción. Observamos, por último, que el funcionamiento lingüístico-discursivo del NO preverbal puede presentar una trayectoria sincrónica de gramaticalización en claro cambio, a partir de los usos más conectivos y modalizadores-argumentativa, con miras a la constitución de una correlación negativa construcción, más particularmente en Artículos de opinión escritos por los candidatos para la Selectividad 2013 de la Universidad Estadual da Paraíba. / A negação é um universal linguístico presente em todas as línguas, cada uma das quais revelando formas particulares de manifestar o ato de negar, mental por natureza, humano por excelência. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo de uma das formas de negação em língua portuguesa, o NÃO pré-verbal, particularmente em Redações de Vestibular, com base no Funcionalismo linguístico de vertente norte-americana, em especial na abordagem sociocognitiva do processo de gramaticalização (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos as abordagens tradicional e funcionalista no tratamento dado ao advérbio de negação NÃO, tendo em vista a possibilidade de o NÃO pré-verbal, mais especificamente, constituir uma construção correlata negativa. Para tanto, descrevemos os usos da construção NÃO pré-verbal no gênero textual em questão, verificando as situações mais prototípicas e menos prototípicas desses usos, bem como formas recursivas e encapsuladas de tal construção. Constatamos, enfim, que o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo do NÃO pré-verbal pode apresentar uma trajetória sincrônica de gramaticalização em franca mudança, a partir de usos mais conectivos e modalizadores/argumentativos, tendo em vista a constituição de uma construção correlata negativa, mais particularmente em Artigos de opinião, escritos por candidatos ao Vestibular 2013, da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba.