京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第25205号 / 医科博第161号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 伊藤 貴浩, 教授 齋藤 潤 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

ADHS ist eine häufig diagnostizierte Erkrankung in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie; etwa 5 % aller Kinder sind betroffen. Als Kardinalsymptome gelten Hyperaktivität, Aufmerksamkeitsprobleme und erhöhte Impulsivität. Die familiäre Häufung lässt auf eine genetische Prädisposition schließen. In dieser Arbeit werden mittels eines EEGs elektrophysiologische Aktivitäten des Gehirns der teilnehmenden Kinder aufgezeichnet. Dabei bilden die ereignisbezogenen Potentiale (EPs) den Informationsverarbeitungsprozess ab, welcher während der Bearbeitung eines Konfliktparadigmas - in unserer Untersuchung der Eriksen-Flanker Task - entsteht. Es ist bekannt, dass ADHS-Patienten höhere Fehlerraten und längere Reaktionszeiten in derartigen Aufgaben zeigen und Fehler vermehrt in Serien auftreten. Von besonderem Interesse sind Potentiale die direkt nach einem Fehler abgeleitet werden können; die error-related negativitiy (Ne) bzw. positivity (Pe). Die Datenauswertung erfolgte mittels in vorherigen Studien aufgezeichneten Datensätzen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss der vorangegangenen Antwort, und damit des Primings bzw. der Sequenzeffekte bei ADHS-betroffenen Kindern und einer Kontrollgruppe auf die folgende Antwort und die dabei auftretenden Hirnpotentiale zu untersuchen. Bezüglich der Ne und Pe besteht für ADHS-Patienten eine heterogene Befundlage. Wir konnten feststellen und damit Ergebnisse vorheriger Studien replizieren, dass die Ne- Amplitude bei Kindern mit ADHS – im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe- geringer ausgeprägt ist und keinen Sequenzeffekten (d.h. keinem Priming) unterliegt. Für die Pe-Amplitude konnten wir keine Abweichungen im Vergleich zu der Kontrollgruppe feststellen. Auch unterlag die Pe-Amplitude bei beiden Gruppen keinem Primingeinfluss. Dies lässt den Rückschluss zu, dass nur bei ADHS und nur für die Ne eine neuronale Dysfunktion angenommen werden kann. Dieses Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass die veränderte Ne-Amplitude möglicherweise störungsspezifisch für ADHS sein könnte und somit die Möglichkeit für den Einsatz als diagnostisches Kriterium besteht.

It is increasingly being recognized that the soil microbes can mineralize recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) by using the fresh carbon (C) as a source of energy, a process called priming effect (PE). It has been shown mostly in lab incubations that PE can have important consequences for sequestration of organic C in soils. However, the importance of PE in C and N dynamics of ecosystems remains little known. The soil-plant interactions and rhizospheric processes can modulate the rates of PE and its consequences on C and N dynamics in an ecosystem. The objective of this thesis was to determine the role of PE in the C and N dynamics of permanent grasslands and the modulation of this role in response to management (plant clipping, fertilization) and global warming. Moreover, it was aimed to identify the microbial groups involved in PE and to unravel the way, e.g. absorption of N, root exudations and litter deposition, by which plant can induce PE. The thesis was based on a new approach allowing continuous dual labelling of multiple grassland plants with 13C- and 14C-CO2. The dual labelling permitted the separation of soil-derived CO2 from plant-derived CO2, the calculation of PE and the determination of mean age of soil-derived CO2-C. Moreover, phospholipids fatty-acids analysis (PLFA) permitted to correlate the variation of PE with changes in microbial community composition. Our work showed that the increased SOM mineralization under grasses was consistently two to three times more than that in bare soils (i.e. PE) over long term (511 days). This reveals that the PE plays key role in ecosystem CO2-C flux and indicates that a very large pool of SOM is under the control of PE. Moreover, we report that 15,000 years old organic C from an undisturbed deep soil can be mineralized after the supply of fresh C by living plants to soil microbes. This result supports the idea that the SOM in deep soils is stable due to the energy-limitation of microbes and the ‘inert' pool of organic C defined in current models is not so ‘inert' finally. The supply of N in soil-plant system through the use of fertilizer or legume decreased the PE suggesting that the C storage in soils is limited by nutrient supply. Similarly, plant clipping reduced the plant N uptake thereby PE. Collectively these results suggest synchronization between plant N uptake and SOM mineralization supporting the idea that soils under permanent plant cover function as a bank of nutrients for the plant, maximizing plant productivity and nutrient retention. An innovative method clearly showed that the root exudation is the major way by which grassland plants induce PE. Moreover, saprophytic fungi are suggested as the key actors in the mineralization of recalcitrant SOM & PE. Lastly, we developed a new theory on temperature response of SOM mineralization by taking into account the energy-limitation of microbes and the temperature-dependent inactivation of enzymes. This theory predicts a negative relationship between temperature and mineralization of recalcitrant SOM, which was supported by experimental results. This finding challenges the classical paradigm of positive relationship between temperature and recalcitrant SOM mineralization. Overall, these investigations on plant-soil systems reinforce the idea that PE and underlying mechanisms play a key role in ecosystem C and N dynamics and even suggest that this role was underestimated in lab experiments. / It is increasingly being recognized that the soil microbes can mineralize recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) by using the fresh carbon (C) as a source of energy, a process called priming effect (PE). It has been shown mostly in lab incubations that PE can have important consequences for sequestration of organic C in soils. However, the importance of PE in C and N dynamics of ecosystems remains little known. The soil-plant interactions and rhizospheric processes can modulate the rates of PE and its consequences on C and N dynamics in an ecosystem. The objective of this thesis was to determine the role of PE in the C and N dynamics of permanent grasslands and the modulation of this role in response to management (plant clipping, fertilization) and global warming. Moreover, it was aimed to identify the microbial groups involved in PE and to unravel the way, e.g. absorption of N, root exudations and litter deposition, by which plant can induce PE. The thesis was based on a new approach allowing continuous dual labelling of multiple grassland plants with 13C- and 14C-CO2. The dual labelling permitted the separation of soil-derived CO2 from plant-derived CO2, the calculation of PE and the determination of mean age of soil-derived CO2-C. Moreover, phospholipids fatty-acids analysis (PLFA) permitted to correlate the variation of PE with changes in microbial community composition. Our work showed that the increased SOM mineralization under grasses was consistently two to three times more than that in bare soils (i.e. PE) over long term (511 days). This reveals that the PE plays key role in ecosystem CO2-C flux and indicates that a very large pool of SOM is under the control of PE. Moreover, we report that 15,000 years old organic C from an undisturbed deep soil can be mineralized after the supply of fresh C by living plants to soil microbes. This result supports the idea that the SOM in deep soils is stable due to the energy-limitation of microbes and the ‘inert' pool of organic C defined in current models is not so ‘inert' finally. The supply of N in soil-plant system through the use of fertilizer or legume decreased the PE suggesting that the C storage in soils is limited by nutrient supply. Similarly, plant clipping reduced the plant N uptake thereby PE. Collectively these results suggest synchronization between plant N uptake and SOM mineralization supporting the idea that soils under permanent plant cover function as a bank of nutrients for the plant, maximizing plant productivity and nutrient retention. An innovative method clearly showed that the root exudation is the major way by which grassland plants induce PE. Moreover, saprophytic fungi are suggested as the key actors in the mineralization of recalcitrant SOM & PE. Lastly, we developed a new theory on temperature response of SOM mineralization by taking into account the energy-limitation of microbes and the temperature-dependent inactivation of enzymes. This theory predicts a negative relationship between temperature and mineralization of recalcitrant SOM, which was supported by experimental results. This finding challenges the classical paradigm of positive relationship between temperature and recalcitrant SOM mineralization. Overall, these investigations on plant-soil systems reinforce the idea that PE and underlying mechanisms play a key role in ecosystem C and N dynamics and even suggest that this role was underestimated in lab experiments.

Eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt, dass die Valenz eines Reizes nicht nur das Entscheidungs- und Urteilsverhalten gegenüber diesem, sondern auch gegenüber nachfolgenden Reizen beeinflusst. Jedoch ist nicht ausreichend untersucht, wie eine solche kontextuelle emotionale Stimulation Einfluss auf nachfolgende Urteile und Entscheidungen einer Person nimmt. Repräsentativ für eine Vielzahl ähnlicher Prozeduren habe ich in der vorliegenden Arbeit jene funktionellen Mechanismen untersucht, die dem Einfluss der Valenz einer Stimulation auf nachfolgende bewertende Urteile unterliegen. Dabei habe ich mich auf das Paradigma des Projektiv Evaluativen Priming (PEP) konzentriert, in welchem die zu beurteilenden Reize emotional neutral sind. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Teils der Arbeit legen nahe, dass Priming durch supraliminal präsentierte Primes unabhängig von der Prime-Klasse (Wörter, Bilder von Umweltszenen, Bilder von Gesichtsausdrücken), zuverlässig auftritt. PEP ist deshalb nicht durch die Annahmen der Feeling As Information Hypothese erklärbar. Die Ergebnisse des zweiten empirischen Blocks zeigen außerdem, dass PEP besser durch eine im Rahmen der Dissertation entwickelte Theorie des Cognitive Emotional Compound (CEC) als durch das assoziativ-semantische Netzwerkmodell beschreib- und vorhersagbar ist. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit konnte ich beobachten, dass der Einfluss eines subliminal präsentierten Prime auf nachfolgendes bewertendes Urteilsverhalten mit dem zeitlichen Abstand zwischen Prime und Target (SOA), und darüber hinaus mit der Interozeptiven Bewusstheit der Person steigt. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass das Resultat der impliziten emotionalen Verarbeitung eines Reizes körperlich repräsentiert ist, und dass ein bewertendes Urteil über einen Reiz bzw. Compound, auf der subjektiven Wahrnehmung solcher valenzindikativen, körperlich verankerten Signale beruht. / Judgment and decision are biased by contextual emotional stimulation. However, it has not yet been sufficiently examined how this influence is mediated. Therefore, in this work I investigated the functional mechanisms that underlie the impact of the valence of a prime stimulus on subsequent evaluative judgments. Specifically, I focused on the paradigm of Projective Evaluative Priming (PEP), where the target stimuli that have to be explicitly evaluated are emotionally neutral. The results of the first part of the current work indicate that priming with supraliminally presented primes occurs reliably across diverse classes of primes (words, landscapes, pictures of facial expressions). These findings are incompatible with a core assumption of one of the most prominent theories about affective influence on judgment and decision, the Feeling As Information hypothesis (Schwarz & Clore, 1983, 2003). The findings of the second part show that supraliminal priming increases with the prime’s cognitive complexity, emotional intensity, and the participants’ cognitive resources during target processing. In contrast, priming decreases with the extent to which the participants allocate cognitive resources during prime processing. These findings indicate that PEP is better explained and predicted by the theory of the cognitive-emotional compound (CEC) than the prominent associative semantic network model (e.g. Bower, 1981). The CEC has been developed by the author within the current dissertation process. In the third part of the current work I observed that the impact of a subliminally presented prime on following evaluative judgment behavior increases with the temporal distance between prime and target (SOA), and with the participants’ interoceptive awareness, respectively. These findings suggest that the output of implicit emotional stimulus processing is (partly) embodied, and that the perception of the resulting valence-indicative somatic state provides the agent with information about the value of an event.

<p>Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur olika typer av känslomässig</p><p>priming påverkar bedömningen av neutrala ansikten. I studien undersöks också hur</p><p>personlighetsegenskapen neuroticism påverkar denna bedömning, både enskilt och i</p><p>kombination med känslomässig priming. 82 försökspersoner deltog i undersökningen.</p><p>Primingen sker i form av emotionella ord som är positiva, negativ eller neutrala.</p><p>Tidigare studier har visat att neuroticism favoriserar negativa affekter, och hypotesen</p><p>i studien var att den negativa primingen ska ha större effekt på individer som ligger</p><p>högt på skalan som mäter neuroticism än på de som ligger lågt på skalan. Resultaten</p><p>av denna studie visade inga signifikanta huvudeffekter av vare sig priming eller</p><p>neuroticism, även signifikanta interaktionseffekt mellan dessa faktorer uteblev. En</p><p>förklaring till uteblivna resultat kan vara att neuroticism grupperna inte skilde sig</p><p>markant från varandra på just denna variabel och därför inte heller uppvisade några</p><p>skillnader i bedömningen av ansikten. En möjlig orsak till uteblivna primingeffekter</p><p>kan vara att bedömningsstimulit (ansiktena) visades under så lång tid att</p><p>försökspersonerna hann göra en medveten bearbetning av dessa.</p>

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur olika typer av känslomässig priming påverkar bedömningen av neutrala ansikten. I studien undersöks också hur personlighetsegenskapen neuroticism påverkar denna bedömning, både enskilt och i kombination med känslomässig priming. 82 försökspersoner deltog i undersökningen. Primingen sker i form av emotionella ord som är positiva, negativ eller neutrala. Tidigare studier har visat att neuroticism favoriserar negativa affekter, och hypotesen i studien var att den negativa primingen ska ha större effekt på individer som ligger högt på skalan som mäter neuroticism än på de som ligger lågt på skalan. Resultaten av denna studie visade inga signifikanta huvudeffekter av vare sig priming eller neuroticism, även signifikanta interaktionseffekt mellan dessa faktorer uteblev. En förklaring till uteblivna resultat kan vara att neuroticism grupperna inte skilde sig markant från varandra på just denna variabel och därför inte heller uppvisade några skillnader i bedömningen av ansikten. En möjlig orsak till uteblivna primingeffekter kan vara att bedömningsstimulit (ansiktena) visades under så lång tid att försökspersonerna hann göra en medveten bearbetning av dessa.

The study is based on the pragmatic question whether one can apply the theoretical perspectives priming, experience space and relationship marketing in a practical context. The authors visualize how these concepts appear practical and what advantages and disadvantages can be discerned in the particular case of HV71. The method used is a hypothetico-deductive approach, which is not entirely conventional in the humanistic and social scientific context. Consequently, it has been proven to be particularly suitable as it could expose the theoretical perspectives for a difficult scientific test. The result of the study demonstrated that a marketer could benefit from using the theoretical perspectives when exercising the profession. It also showed that the object of study applied these perspectives. Furthermore, the study contributes with new knowledge in two areas. First, it was shown that researchers could use the hypothetico-deductive method as tool for humanistic and social scientific studies such as this. Also, the study answered the fundamental questions whether the theoretical perspectives could be identified in practice and how the object of study benefited from applying them. / Studien vilar på den pragmatiska frågan huruvida man kan tillämpa de teoretiska utgångspunkterna priming, upplevelserummet och relationsmarknadsföring i en praktisk kontext. Författarna åskådliggör hur dessa begrepp visar sig rent praktiskt och vilka fördelar och nackdelar som kan urskiljas i det specifika fallet HV71. Som metod används ett hypotetisk-deduktivt angreppssätt som inte är helt konventionellt i humanistiska och samhällsvetenskapliga sammanhang, men som visade sig vara ytterst lämplig då den kunde utsätta de teoretiska utgångspunkterna för hård vetenskaplig prövning. Resultatet av studien visade att man som marknadsförare kan ha nytta av att använda teoretiska utgångspunkter i sin praktiska yrkesutövning, samt att de tillämpades av studieobjektet. Studien bidrar vidare med ny kunskap på två områden. Dels bevisas att forskare hantverksmässigt kan använda hypotetisk-deduktiv metod för studier inom humanistiska och samhällsvetenskapliga områden som detta, dels besvaras studiens fundamentala frågor huruvida de teoretiska utgångspunkterna kunde identifieras i praktiken och hur studieobjektet dragit fördel av att tillämpa dem.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tenessee Andrade Nunes com.pdf: 820328 bytes, checksum: 52a90bcf3da200eabc92859857367497 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective this work was verified the effect of osmocondition with polyethylem glycol 6000, nitrate of sodium and chloride of magnesium in germination and emergency of seedlings of melon. The experiments was carried in the laboratories belonging to the department of Vegetable Science of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, during the months of August and September of 2006. It was utilized seeds of melon type Honey Dew variety Orange flesh. The experiment was divided in two rehearsals, the first was accomplished conditioning theseeds of melon in polyethylem glycol 6000 and the second being used the salts The osmocondition it was accomplished plastic boxes type gerbox. The demonstration consisted of seeds soaked only in distillation water. For soak in PEG 6000, it was utilized the potentials 0,00; -0,05; - 0,10 -0,20; -0,40; -0,60; -0,80 MPa. The second rehearsal also with soak, it was accomplished being used nitrate of sodium and and chloride of magnesium in concentrations of 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0% in volume terms of solution. The boxes containing the seeds soaked they were placed in the stews incubator type BOD for 25ºC four 48 hours. The seeds were submitted to the standard test of germination and the development in the substrate among sand . The variables evaluated were: germination (normal seedlings, abnormal, firm and dead seeds), index of germination speed, height of seedlings, root length, mass matter dry of the whole seedlings. The experimental arrangement used for the first rehearsal was a completely randomized designs with seven treatments and four replications of 25 seeds. And for second rehearsal was a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement [(2 x 6) + 1] with four replications. It was verified effect significant for osmotic potentials for variables mass of dry of the whole seedlings, root length, abnormal seedlings, firm seeds and index of germination speed. The roots length of the seedlings of melon decreased with the increase of the osmotic potentials of polyethylem glycol 6000 in the solution of soak of the seeds. The index of germination speed increased with the increase of the potentials of polyethylem glycol in the solution of soak of the seeds. The osmoconditioning with PEG 6000 t showed germination of normal seedlings most larger to the control in all the appraised potentials. It was verified significant effect for theinteraction the factors type of salt x osmotic potentials for the variables root length and index ofgermination speed and firm seeds. The largest concentrations so much of chloride of magnesium as of nitrate of sodium they caused decrease in the length of root of the seedlings of melon. With the increase of the concentration of both salts in the solutions of soak of the seeds, it happened increase in the number of firm seeds. As at increased the saline concentration in the solutions of soak of the seeds, the index of germination speed decreased, that fall was more accentuated when it used the salt nitrate of sodium. The osmotic potential of -0,80 MPa induced of PEG 6000 eliminated the emergence of firm seeds of melon during the germination test. No have died seedsduring the conduce of rehearsal / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico compolietilenoglicol 6000, nitrato de sódio e cloreto de magnésio na germinação e emergência de plântulas de melão. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos laboratórios pertencentes ao Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2006. Utilizou-se sementes de melão tipo Honey Dew, variedade Orange flesh. O experimento foi dividido em dois ensaios, o primeiro foi realizado condicionando as sementes de melão em polietilenoglicol 6000, e o segundo utilizandose os sais (NaNO3) e (MgCl2. 6H2O). O condicionamento osmótico foi realizado utilizando-se caixas plásticas tipo gerbox. O controle constou de sementes embebidas somente em água destilada. Para embebição em PEG 6000, utilizou-se os potenciais 0,00; -0,05; - 0,10 -0,20; -0,40; - 0,60; -0,80 MPa. O segundo ensaio também com embebição foi realizado utilizando-se (NaNO3) e (MgCl2. 6H2O) nas concentrações 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0% em termos de volume de solução. As caixas contendo as sementes embebidas foram colocadas em estufa do tipo BOD a 25ºC por 48 horas. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e a emergencia entreareia . As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação, plântulas anormais, sementes firmes e mortas, índice de velocidade de germinação, altura de plântulas, comprimento de raiz e massa de matéria seca das plântulas inteiras. O delineamento experimental utilizado para o primeiro ensaio, foi o inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 sementes. E para osegundo ensaio foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial do tipo [(2 x 6 )+ 1], com quatro repetições. Verificou se efeito significativo para massa de matéria seca de plântulas inteiras, comprimento de raiz, plântulas anormais, sementes firmes e índice de velocidade de germinação. O comprimento das raízes das plântulas de melão decresceu com o aumento dos potenciais osmóticos de polietilenoglicol 6000 na solução de embebição das sementes. O índice de velocidade de germinação aumentou com o aumento dos potenciais de polietilenoglicol na solução de embebição das sementes. O condicionamento osmótico com o PEG 6000 induziu a germinação de mais plântulas normais do que o controle em todos os potenciais avaliados.Verificou se efeito significativo para a interação entre os fatores tipo de sal x potenciais osmóticos comprimento de raiz, índice de velocidade de germinação e sementes firmes. As maiores concentrações tanto de cloreto de magnésio como de nitrato de sódio causaram diminuição no comprimento de raiz das plântulas de melão. Com o aumento da concentração de ambos os sais nas soluções de embebição das sementes, ocorreu aumento no número de sementes firmes e redução do IVG cuja queda foi mais acentuada quando se utilizou o sal nitrato de sódio. O potencial osmótico de -0,80 MPa induzido por PEG 6000 eliminou o aparecimento de sementes firmes de melão durante o teste de germinação. Não ocorreram sementes mortasdurante a condução dos ensaios

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tenessee Andrade Nunes com.pdf: 820328 bytes, checksum: 52a90bcf3da200eabc92859857367497 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective this work was verified the effect of osmocondition with polyethylem glycol 6000, nitrate of sodium and chloride of magnesium in germination and emergency of seedlings of melon. The experiments was carried in the laboratories belonging to the department of Vegetable Science of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, during the months of August and September of 2006. It was utilized seeds of melon type Honey Dew variety Orange flesh. The experiment was divided in two rehearsals, the first was accomplished conditioning theseeds of melon in polyethylem glycol 6000 and the second being used the salts The osmocondition it was accomplished plastic boxes type gerbox. The demonstration consisted of seeds soaked only in distillation water. For soak in PEG 6000, it was utilized the potentials 0,00; -0,05; - 0,10 -0,20; -0,40; -0,60; -0,80 MPa. The second rehearsal also with soak, it was accomplished being used nitrate of sodium and and chloride of magnesium in concentrations of 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0% in volume terms of solution. The boxes containing the seeds soaked they were placed in the stews incubator type BOD for 25ºC four 48 hours. The seeds were submitted to the standard test of germination and the development in the substrate among sand . The variables evaluated were: germination (normal seedlings, abnormal, firm and dead seeds), index of germination speed, height of seedlings, root length, mass matter dry of the whole seedlings. The experimental arrangement used for the first rehearsal was a completely randomized designs with seven treatments and four replications of 25 seeds. And for second rehearsal was a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement [(2 x 6) + 1] with four replications. It was verified effect significant for osmotic potentials for variables mass of dry of the whole seedlings, root length, abnormal seedlings, firm seeds and index of germination speed. The roots length of the seedlings of melon decreased with the increase of the osmotic potentials of polyethylem glycol 6000 in the solution of soak of the seeds. The index of germination speed increased with the increase of the potentials of polyethylem glycol in the solution of soak of the seeds. The osmoconditioning with PEG 6000 t showed germination of normal seedlings most larger to the control in all the appraised potentials. It was verified significant effect for theinteraction the factors type of salt x osmotic potentials for the variables root length and index ofgermination speed and firm seeds. The largest concentrations so much of chloride of magnesium as of nitrate of sodium they caused decrease in the length of root of the seedlings of melon. With the increase of the concentration of both salts in the solutions of soak of the seeds, it happened increase in the number of firm seeds. As at increased the saline concentration in the solutions of soak of the seeds, the index of germination speed decreased, that fall was more accentuated when it used the salt nitrate of sodium. The osmotic potential of -0,80 MPa induced of PEG 6000 eliminated the emergence of firm seeds of melon during the germination test. No have died seedsduring the conduce of rehearsal / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico compolietilenoglicol 6000, nitrato de sódio e cloreto de magnésio na germinação e emergência de plântulas de melão. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos laboratórios pertencentes ao Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2006. Utilizou-se sementes de melão tipo Honey Dew, variedade Orange flesh. O experimento foi dividido em dois ensaios, o primeiro foi realizado condicionando as sementes de melão em polietilenoglicol 6000, e o segundo utilizandose os sais (NaNO3) e (MgCl2. 6H2O). O condicionamento osmótico foi realizado utilizando-se caixas plásticas tipo gerbox. O controle constou de sementes embebidas somente em água destilada. Para embebição em PEG 6000, utilizou-se os potenciais 0,00; -0,05; - 0,10 -0,20; -0,40; - 0,60; -0,80 MPa. O segundo ensaio também com embebição foi realizado utilizando-se (NaNO3) e (MgCl2. 6H2O) nas concentrações 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0% em termos de volume de solução. As caixas contendo as sementes embebidas foram colocadas em estufa do tipo BOD a 25ºC por 48 horas. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e a emergencia entreareia . As variáveis analisadas foram: germinação, plântulas anormais, sementes firmes e mortas, índice de velocidade de germinação, altura de plântulas, comprimento de raiz e massa de matéria seca das plântulas inteiras. O delineamento experimental utilizado para o primeiro ensaio, foi o inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 sementes. E para osegundo ensaio foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial do tipo [(2 x 6 )+ 1], com quatro repetições. Verificou se efeito significativo para massa de matéria seca de plântulas inteiras, comprimento de raiz, plântulas anormais, sementes firmes e índice de velocidade de germinação. O comprimento das raízes das plântulas de melão decresceu com o aumento dos potenciais osmóticos de polietilenoglicol 6000 na solução de embebição das sementes. O índice de velocidade de germinação aumentou com o aumento dos potenciais de polietilenoglicol na solução de embebição das sementes. O condicionamento osmótico com o PEG 6000 induziu a germinação de mais plântulas normais do que o controle em todos os potenciais avaliados.Verificou se efeito significativo para a interação entre os fatores tipo de sal x potenciais osmóticos comprimento de raiz, índice de velocidade de germinação e sementes firmes. As maiores concentrações tanto de cloreto de magnésio como de nitrato de sódio causaram diminuição no comprimento de raiz das plântulas de melão. Com o aumento da concentração de ambos os sais nas soluções de embebição das sementes, ocorreu aumento no número de sementes firmes e redução do IVG cuja queda foi mais acentuada quando se utilizou o sal nitrato de sódio. O potencial osmótico de -0,80 MPa induzido por PEG 6000 eliminou o aparecimento de sementes firmes de melão durante o teste de germinação. Não ocorreram sementes mortasdurante a condução dos ensaios

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo investigar as relações entre reconhecimento de palavras e compreensão de leitura textual e o processamento léxico. A dissertação é constituída de dois estudos. No primeiro estudo, são revisados modelos de leitura de palavras e de texto com o objetivo de examinar o papel do processamento léxico-semântico no reconhecimento visual de palavras e na compreensão de leitura textual. O paradigma de priming semântico é apresentado como uma ferramenta para a investigação da relação entre processamento léxico-semântico e ambos os componentes de leitura examinados. São apresentados os principais modelos teóricos de priming semântico, juntamente com uma revisão dos estudos empíricos que relacionam priming semântico e leitura, e algumas conclusões e perspectivas de investigação são apresentadas. No segundo estudo, foram investigadas empiricamente as relações entre processamento léxico-semântico e leitura (reconhecimento visual de palavras e compreensão de leitura textual) em uma amostra de 68 crianças, de 7 a 12 anos, de escolas particulares de Porto Alegre. O processamento léxico-semântico foi avaliado através de uma tarefa de decisão lexical no paradigma de priming semântico, enquanto as habilidades de leitura foram medidas por uma tarefa de leitura de palavras/pseudopalavras isoladas e uma tarefa de compreensão de leitura textual (resposta a questões e reconto de história). Foram investigadas correlações entre efeitos de priming semântico e desempenho em tarefas de leitura de palavras e compreensão de leitura textual e se o priming semântico prediz o desempenho dos participantes nas tarefas de leitura. Os resultados mostraram que o priming semântico se correlaciona com ambas as medidas de leitura, e que o reconhecimento de palavras medeia parcialmente a relação entre processamento léxico-semântico e compreensão de leitura textual. / The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the relationships between word recognition and reading comprehension with lexical-semantic processing. The dissertation is composed of two studies. In the first study, models of word reading and reading comprehension are reviewed in order to examine the role of lexical-semantic processing in visual word recognition and in reading comprehension. The semantic priming paradigm is presented as an instrument for the investigation of relationships between lexical-semantic processing and the components of reading examined. The main theoretical models of semantic priming are presented and a review of studies which relate semantic priming and reading is conducted, and some conclusions and perspectives for investigation are presented. In the second study, relations between lexical-semantic processing and reading (visual word recognition and reading comprehension) were investigated empirically in a sample of 68 children, aged seven to twelve years, from private schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Lexical-semantic processing was evaluated by a lexical decision task in the semantic priming paradigm and reading abilities were assessed with a word/nonword reading task and a reading comprehension task (questionnaire and story retelling). Correlations between semantic priming effects and word reading and reading comprehension were investigated, as well as if semantic priming effects predict performance on the reading task. Results showed that semantic priming correlates with both groups of reading measures, and that word reading partially mediates the relation between lexical-semantic processing and reading comprehension.