abstract: Virtue was a concept of paramount importance in the American founders' republican thought. Without virtue, there could be no liberty, no order, no devotion to the common good, and no republican government. This dissertation examines the concept of virtue at the American founding, particularly virtue in the political thought of Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). The most important female intellectual of the Revolutionary generation, Warren wrote passionately about liberty and the beauty of republican ideals. Most important to this study, she consistently advocated the central place of virtue in a free and well-ordered republic. I argue that Warren incorporates three distinct philosophical threads - classical, bourgeois-marketplace, and Christian ideals - in her conception of virtue. I first analyze how Warren uses each of these three threads of virtue throughout her writings. I then examine how she synthesizes these individual threads into a single, cohesive conception of virtue. I argue that Warren consistently merges these ideals into a conception of virtue that she employs to address three pressing political problems of her day: How to motivate reluctant colonists to seek independence; how to check various forms of corruption spreading among the people; and how to counter corruption arising from commercial growth in the new nation. Modern political theorists often argue that these three threads, especially the classical republican and Christian ideals of virtue, are irreconcilable. My analysis shows that to divorce virtue from Christianity in Warren's conception is to rob it of its corrective vigor within republican government. I argue that what Machiavelli and Rousseau wrote out of republican virtue Warren writes back in. In Warren's political thought, virtue serves as the foundation for a stable enduring political system, provides the necessary informal ordering principle for the emerging republic, and offers the means by which the new nation could achieve its millennial destiny. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Political Science 2011

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-08-08T21:51:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bagagi, Leone Coelho.pdf: 2302463 bytes, checksum: 299b57fbb28fdf1d6ea2abac2a0ae6fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2016-08-12T20:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bagagi, Leone Coelho.pdf: 2302463 bytes, checksum: 299b57fbb28fdf1d6ea2abac2a0ae6fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T20:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bagagi, Leone Coelho.pdf: 2302463 bytes, checksum: 299b57fbb28fdf1d6ea2abac2a0ae6fa (MD5) / Este trabalho objetiva analisar a gestão de projetos de pesquisa e inovação no processo de importação de equipamentos para fomentar e apoiar a pesquisa na Fundação Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, enfocando o princípio da eficiência. Trata-se de um estudo de caso único, no qual foram utilizadas como técnicas de coleta de dados: pesquisa documental, observação não participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e professores/pesquisadores. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software Nvivo. Os resultados revelam que a gestão de projetos de pesquisa e inovação na universidade se caracteriza pelo desenvolvimento de pesquisas com recursos próprios, mediante editais internos e aqueles apoiados financeiramente por agências federais e estaduais de fomento. As suas ações correspondem à capacitação e à difusão do conhecimento por meio de publicações dos trabalhos científicos e registro de patentes. No que se refere ao alcance do princípio da eficiência no processo de importação de equipamentos, para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa científica e tecnológica, foram encontrados limites relativos aos entraves nos sistemas administrativos e jurídicos legais, falta de núcleo de apoio à gestão de projetos e insuficiência de recursos financeiros e humanos. Como proposição, apresenta-se a criação de um núcleo de apoio à gestão de projetos de pesquisa para suporte aos pesquisadores e ampliação da captação dos recursos, por meio da diversificação das fontes de financiamentos e das redes de relacionamentos com as fundações de apoio e outras instituições, para atenuar ou elidir as limitações identificadas. / This study aims to analyze management of research and innovation projects in equipment import process to foment and support the research in Vale do São Francisco University, focusing on efficiency principle. This is a single case study, in which were used data collection techniques: documental research, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews with managers and professors/researchers. Content analysis was performed using NVivo software. The results show that management of research projects and innovation at the university is characterized by research development with its owns resources, through internal notices and those financially supported by federal and state funding agencies. The actions correspond to training and dissemination of knowledge through publications of scientific papers and patent registration. Regarding the scope of efficiency principle in equipment import process for development of scientific and technological research, were found limits in administrative and legal systems, lack of core support for project management and financial and human resource failures. As a proposition, it shows the creation of a core of support for research project management to support researchers and expansion of funding raising, through diversification of sources of funding and relationships with support foundation networks and other institutions to mitigate or circumvent the limitations identified.

Este trabalho tem por objeto de estudo analisar o trabalho infanto-juvenil com foco nos mecanismos jurídicos e nas políticas públicas para a sua erradicação à luz do princípio da fraternidade. Deve-se levar em conta que além da desqualificação profissional ao longo da vida adulta, o trabalho infanto-juvenil também traz implicâncias a educação e a construção da cidadania de crianças e adolescentes, o que também é objeto de estudo desta dissertação. Para tanto, traça-se uma abordagem do contexto histórico e social do trabalho infanto-juvenil. Analisam-se os avanços normativos que visam à proteção contra o trabalho infanto-juvenil, citando-se desde o Peel’s Act, as Convenções n.138, 142 e 182 da OIT, alguns dispositivos do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e as normas de proteção ao trabalhador menor previstas na Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas. Além do contexto histórico e do aspecto normativo, este trabalho aborda que a educação terá que ser um meio pelo qual crianças e adolescentes deverão buscar a promoção da cidadania e a qualificação profissional para que ao longo de sua vida adulta possam se inserir no mercado de trabalho através de um trabalho decente, para assim garantirem a sua dignidade e mudarem a própria realidade e a sociedade em que vivem. Por isso, entende-se que é fundamental analisar as implicâncias do trabalho infanto-juvenil a partir do Princípio da Fraternidade. Por fim, este trabalho apontará algumas alternativas, a par das já existentes, que poderão contribuir para a diminuição e erradicação do trabalho infanto-juvenil, que historicamente e atualmente atinge milhões de crianças e adolescentes em todo o Brasil, bem como elencará alguns programas e políticas públicas de qualificação profissional e inserção do adolescente no mercado de trabalho. / and public policies to their eradication in the light of the principle of fraternity. It is needs that besides the disqualification professional throughout adult life, the juvenile work also brings bantering education and the construction of the citizenship of children and adolescents, which is also the object of study of this thesis. For both, it outlines an approach to historical and social context of juvenile work. It analyzes the normative advances which aim to protection against juvenile work, citing since the Peel's Act, the Conventions nº 138, 142 and 182 of the ILO, some devices of the Child and Adolescent Statute and the rules of protection to the worker less provided for in the Consolidation of Labor Laws. In addition to the historical context and the normative aspect, this work discusses that education will have to be a means by which children and adolescents should seek the promotion of citizenship and professional qualification for that along their adult life can enter into the labor market through a decent work, thus to ensure their dignity and change the reality itself and the society in which they live. Therefore, it is understood that it is fundamental to analyze the bantering juvenile work from the principle of brotherhood. Finally, this work will appoint some alternatives, alongside the already existing, which could contribute to the reduction and eradication of working children and adolescents, which historically and currently affects millions of children and adolescents in the whole of Brazil, as well as will indecate some programs and public politics of professional qualification and adolescent's insertion in the job market.

No description available.

L'étude comparative des droits français et brésilien démontre que la fiscalité, en tant qu'instrument juridique d'intervention économique, peut être au service de la protection de l'environnement. L'évolution des principes directeurs du droit de l'environnement, notamment le principe pollueur-payeur vers celui d'intégration, témoigne de la transformation de la prise en compte de l'environnement. Le principe pollueur-payeur reste circonscrit à la question des coûts. Le principe d'intégration, en tant que principe opératoire, est directement en rapport avec la prise de décision des agents publics et privés. Il permet (et même exige) la conciliation des systèmes juridiques fiscaux et environnementaux. La thèse fait apparaître l'ascension de la fiscalité comme instrument des politiques environnementales dans l'Union européenne et en France. Plus encore, on observe la place centrale que doit jouer en principe une fiscalité respectueuse de l'environnement dans la notion même du développement durable. En France, la maturité du débat dans le contexte du Grenelle de l'environnement montre que tous les instruments de protection, réglementaires et économiques - tels que les instruments fiscaux, sont censés être inscrits dans une politique publique cohérente de l'environnement. Au Brésil le développement durable est juridiquement consacré. Cette reconnaissance demande l'assainissement de l'ordre fiscal brésilien. Sans avoir besoin d'une réforme constitutionnelle, les incitations existantes doivent être aménagées pour éviter des effets négatifs sur l'environnement. / Comparison between Brazilian and French law shows that taxation, as legal economic intervention tool, is intended to serve the protection of the environment. The evolution of the guiding principles of the environment law, most notably the move from the polluter-payer to the integration principles, shows that the environment is more and more taken into account. The polluter-payer principle is limited to costs. The integration principles, as an operating principle, has a direct connection with the decision making process used by private and public agents. It allows, and even demands, the conciliation of tax and environmental laws systems. If, within the European context, this evolution is clear within the French law, in Brazil the integration principles is barely known, even unknown. However, we believe it to be explicitly recognized by the Brazilian Constitution. Within the economic and social orders, protection of the environment is guaranteed. The State, as an agent of the Market, requires that impact analyses on the environment are made. It does so using tax benefits mechanism. ln this document, we are showing the evolution of the taxation as an instrument used for the environmental policies in the European Community and in France. Moreover, we can verify the central position of the "eco-friendly tax system" within the notion of sustainable development. ln France, the maturity of the debate, within the "Grenelle de l'environnement" context, allow us to understand that every protective instruments, whether regulated or economics - like the taxations -, are supposed to be part of a greater public policy which en sure their coherence.

Le relationnalisme affirme que le caractère phénoménal de la perception est en partie constitué par les objets que l’on voit. Malgré son attrait intuitif, il est souvent rejeté en vertu de l'argument de l'hallucination. L'objectif de cette thèse est de défendre le relationnalisme. L'argument fait valoir que, puisque le relationnalisme ne peut être vrai pour les hallucinations, il doit forcément être faux pour les perceptions aussi. En cela, l'argument repose sur le principe de l’indiscernabilité (IND), affirmant que deux expériences qui sont introspectivement indiscernables les unes des autres ont le même caractère phénoménal. Je considère et rejette les autres versions de l'argument qui ne reposent pas sur l'IND. Bien que largement accepté, aucun support satisfaisant pour l'IND n'a encore été présenté. Dans cette thèse, je soutiens que la défense de l'IND requiert que l’on entende la notion d’indiscernabilité employée dans l'IND en un sens impersonnel. Ensuite, j’identifie ce qui motive l'IND : l'intuition que, en vertu de sa superficialité, la nature d'un caractère phénoménal doit être accessible par l'introspection, de concert avec l’idée qu’il est impossible de nier l'IND sans nier par là même la superficialité des caractères phénoménaux.Je soutiens que le relationnaliste peut nier l'IND tout en préservant la superficialité des caractères phénoménaux en adoptant une thèse négative de l'hallucination et en reconsidérant la nature de la relation entre le caractère phénoménal d’une expérience et l’accès introspectif qu'il peut y avoir. / Relationalism claims that the phenomenal character of perception is constituted by the obtaining of a non-representational psychological relation to mind-independent objects. Although relationalism provides what seems to be the most straight forward and intuitive account of how experience strikes us introspectively, it is very often believed that the argument from hallucination shows that the view is untenable. The aim of this thesis is to defend relationalism against the argument from hallucination. The argument claims that the phenomenal character of hallucination and perception deserves the same account, and that relationalism cannot be true for hallucinations, therefore relationalism must be rejected. This argument relies on the Indistinguishability Principle (IND), the claim that two experiences that are introspectively indistinguishable from each other have the same phenomenal character. Before assessing the plausibility of this principle, I first consider and dismiss versions of the argument which wouldn’t depend on IND.Although widely accepted, no satisfactory support for IND has been presented yet. In this thesis I argue that defending IND requires that we understand the notion of ‘indiscriminability’ employed in IND in an impersonal sense. I then identify what underwrites IND: the intuition that, in virtue of its superficiality, the nature of a phenomenal character must be accessible through introspection, together with the claim that it is not possible to deny IND without denying the superficiality of phenomenal characters too.I argue that the relationalist can deny IND while preserving the superficiality of phenomenal characters. This can be done by adopting a negative view of hallucination and an account of introspection whereby the phenomenal character doesn’t exist independently of one’s introspective awareness of it and where having introspective access to our experience depends on our perceptual access to the world.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of the Proportionality Principle as a valid legal criterion to determine when a given industry must be ex ante regulated by the Government through a specific sectorial regulatory framework or whether the application of the general antitrust and competition laws to such industry must be considered as a valid alternative. To this ends, this article analyzes the case of the Argentinean Law of Audiovisual Communications Services as it was treated by the Supreme Court of Argentina in the Grupo Clarín case. / En este trabajo se pretende señalar la importancia del principio de proporcionalidad como un criterio jurídico válido para determinar cuándo una determinada industria debe ser regulada de modo sectorial y ex ante o cuando resulta preferible hacerlo mediante modalidades menos intrusivas como, por ejemplo, el régimen de defensa de la competencia. A estos efectos, se utilizará como ejemplo lo ocurrido en la República Argentina con la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual y su tratamiento por la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el caso del Grupo Clarín.

The present investigations study the John Stuart Mill thinking and his position towards paternalism justification, taking into account the harm principle elaborated in his book “On Liberty”. Two are the objectives of this paper. In first place, the anti - paternalist tesis sustained by this autor will be analyzed to identify deficiencies and limitations. In second place, it is sought to determine to what extent they actually opposed such interventions, to verify the accuracy of that somewhat extended belief that sees Mill a strong opponent of paternalism. It is concluded that the defects of Mill’s theses are explained in good account due to an excess of optimism in the capacities of human beings for self-regulation, a strong skepticism about the capacity of the State to achieve effective paternalistic measures, granting From an excessively strong and unrealistic weight to individual autonomy, among other erroneous considerations. It is also concluded that it is not correct to say that John Stuart Mill has maintained an extremely broad or almost absolute antipaternalistic thesis. Although his famous principle of harm makes it impossible to validate many measures of this nature, a more detailed review of his entire work shows that Mill admitted the validity of many interventions in adults. / La presente investigación estudia el pensamiento de John Stuart Mill y su posición alrededor de la justificación del paternalismo, tomando en consideración el principio de daño elaborado en su obra “Sobre la libertad”. Dos son los objetivos de este trabajo. En primer lugar, se analizarán las tesis anti-paternalistas sostenidas por este autor para identificar sus deficiencias y limitaciones. En segundo lugar, se busca determinar hasta qué punto dichas tesis realmente se opusieron a dichas intervenciones, para verificar la exactitud de aquella creencia algo extendida que considera a Mill como un fuerte opositor del paternalismo. Se concluye que los defectos de las tesis de Mill se explican en buena cuenta debido a un exceso de optimismo en las capacidades de los seres humanos para la auto-regulación, un fuerte escepticismo sobre la capacidad del Estado para lograr medidas paternalistas efectivas, el otorgamiento de un peso excesivamente fuerte e irrealista a la autonomía individual, entre otras consideraciones erróneas. Asimismo se concluye que no es correcto afirmar que John Stuart Mill haya sostenido una tesis anti-paternalista sumamente amplia o casi absoluta. Si bien su famoso principio de daño permite excluir de validez a muchas medidas de dicha naturaleza, una revisión más detallada de toda su obra permite mostrar que Mill admitió la validez de muchas intervenciones en adultos.

Nous montrons ici, en utilisant les méthodes de l'analyse stochastique, le principe d'invariance pour des diffusion sur $\mathbb{R} ^{d},d\geq 2$, en milieu périodique au delà des hypothèses d'uniforme ellipticité et au delà des hypothèses de régularité sur le potentiel. La théorie du calcul stochastique pour les processus associés aux formes de Dirichlet est largement utilisée pour justifier l'existence du processus de Markov à temps continus, défini pour presque tout point de départ sur $\mathbb{R} ^{d}$. Pour la preuve du principe d'invariance, nous montrons une nouvelle inégalité de type Sobolev avec des poids différents, qui nous permet de déduire l'existence et la bornitude d'une densité de la probabilité de transition associée au processus de Markov. Cette inégalité, est l'outil principal de ce travail. La preuve fera appel à des techniques d'analyse harmonique. Enfin, le chapitre 3 contient le résultat principal du travail de la thèse : le principe d'invariance qui veut dire que la suite de processus $(_{\varepsilon }X_{t\varepsilon ^{-2}})$ converge en loi quand $\varepsilon$ tend vers zéro vers un mouvement Brownien. Notre stratégie suit quelques étapes classiques : nous nous appuyons sur la construction de ce qu'on appelle ici correcteur. Afin de contrôler le correcteur, et aussi pour montrer son existence, nous nous appuyons sur l'inégalité de Sobolev. Le resultat est obenu seulement avec les hypothèses, le potentiel $V$ est périodique et satisfait: $e^{V}+e^{-V}$ locallement dans $L^{1}\left( \mathbb{R} ^{d};dx\right)$ ou $dx$ est la mesure de Lebesgue. / We prove here, using stochastic analysis methods, the invariance principle for a $\mathbb{R} ^{d}$ diffusions $d\geq 2$, in a periodic potential beyond uniform boundedness assumptions of potential. The potential is not assumed to have any regularity. So the stochastic calculus theory for processes associated to Dirichlet forms is used to justify the existence of a continuous Markov process starting from almost all $x\in \mathbb{R} ^{d}$ and denoted by $\left( X_{t},t>0\right)$ (cf chapter 1). In chapter 2, we prove a new Sobolev inequality with different weights by using some materials in harmonic analysis. In chapter 3, we prove the main result (Theorem 1) of this work: the invariance principle. Our strategy for proving Theorem 1 follows some classical steps: we rely on the construction of the so-called corrector. In order to control the corrector, and actually also in order to show its existence, we rely on the Sobolev inequality. All the work is done under the following hypothesis: the potential $V$ is periodic and satisfies $e^{V}+e^{-V}$ are locally in $L^{1}\left( \mathbb{R} ^{d};dx\right)$ where $dx$ is the Lebesgue measure.

This dissertation examines two different perspectives on refugee status and state sovereignty respectively, and their bearings on refugee protection regimes. It reveals how dominant views of refugee status and state sovereignty have contributed to establishing restrictive refugee law and policy associated with various forms of external migration controls in the 21st century, and provides alternative views that may contribute to creating more “just” refugee protection regimes.   When refugees came to be regarded as those who fled from various push factors, such as persecution, distress and wars etc. (the persecution perspective), refugee policies were developed to provide “push factors-free” environments. These have not necessarily included surrogate political membership in the country of asylum (particularly, in developed countries).  Instead, developed countries have endorsed humanitarian assistance schemes that aim to provide aid to refugees in regions of their origin rather than providing settlement in their own territories. Moreover, in refugee law, the fear of “persecution”, as a push factor, has become a critical factor in determining refugee status. As a parallel, governments have developed various forms of deterrence policies based on a traditional concept of state sovereignty that allows states to implement migration polices at their own discretion.  Under these circumstances, refugees find it difficult to reach developed countries, and many of them end up being “contained” in refugee camps or other facilities in regions of their origin for a long time.   This dissertation calls into question these views of refugee status and state sovereignty, by providing alternative views: the protection perspective and an account of sovereignty that requires “responsible” border control. The protection perspective regards the ruptured protection relationship between a state and a citizen (thus, the lack of state protection) as the core element of refugee status. According to this view, refugee status is inextricably associated with systemic failure of the nation-states system (not merely with push factors) that is designed to secure political membership for each individual in the international state system. Therefore, as a matter of justice, the ultimate remedy for refugeehood is to provide surrogate political membership in the country of asylum or to restore original political membership in the home country. This project also proposes a concept of “responsible” border control, according to which, a state should exercise state sovereignty in relation to border control within institutional frameworks in which multiple authorities, including human rights norms, have been institutionalized. In this way, the dissertation aims to provide a more “just” framework in which to propose, adopt and implement refugee law and policy. From this alternative perspective, refugees are perceived as those who have right to political membership in the country of asylum rather than mere humanitarian assistance in refugee camps or somewhere else. / Graduate