Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o dano moral decorrente do descumprimento do contrato. O contrato é firmado para que seja cumprido, nem sempre, porém, o é. Do descumprimento do avençado surgem diferentes consequências e o que essa pesquisa pretende esclarecer é que uma dessas consequências pode ser a lesão moral. Através da análise da figura do contrato, dos efeitos de seu descumprimento e do instituto do dano moral, o estudo buscará comprovar que a quebra contratual pode ocasionar danos de diferentes naturezas, inclusive, o de natureza moral. Na verdade, independentemente da origem do dano moral, se no descumprimento do contrato, ou não, a lesão dessa natureza é reparável. A pesquisa pretende, ainda, propor a reunião de determinados contratos, cujo descumprimento comumente causa danos morais, na categoria dos contratos morais. Esses contratos possuem características comuns que os tornam potenciais causadores de danos morais, quando descumpridos. Por fim, fora realizada pesquisa junto ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça no intuito de evidenciar o cenário jurisprudencial acerca do tema. Tal levantamento evidenciou o estabelecimento naquela Corte de uma regra da excepcionalidade do dano moral no caso de descumprimento do contrato, regra essa que, como será demonstrado, não parece aceitável. / This study aims to analyze the moral damage resulting from breach of contract. The contract is to be fulfilled, not always, however, it is. The breach of contract has different consequences and what this research intends to clarify is that one of these consequences can be moral damage. Through the analysis of the contract, breach´s effects and the figure of moral damage, the study will seek to prove that the breach of contract may cause damages of different natures, including the moral one. In fact, regardless of the source of moral damages, whether it results from event of failure to comply with any obligation set forth in the contract or not, such injury is repairable. The research also intends to propose an arrangement of certain contracts that whenever breached, usually causes moral damages, in the category of \'moral contracts\'. These contracts have common characteristics that make them potential cause of moral damage, when breached. A research in the Superior Court was also conducted to demonstrate the jurisprudential scenario on the subject. This research showed that the Court established a moral damage exceptionality rule in cases of violation of contract. This rule, however, as will be shown, does not seem acceptable .

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-14T12:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Mousquer Ritter_.pdf: 1992270 bytes, checksum: ce67306b6df31ca899d2c4d0cc46907c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T12:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Mousquer Ritter_.pdf: 1992270 bytes, checksum: ce67306b6df31ca899d2c4d0cc46907c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / Nenhuma / As contínuas transformações da sociedade, em especial com o advento do Estado Democrático de Direito, proporcionaram uma profunda alteração na atuação dos juízes e tribunais. O novo paradigma constitucional deslocou o polo de tensão dos Poderes Executivo e Legislativo para o Poder Judiciário, fazendo com que os juízes, passem a ter a responsabilidade de fazer cumprir materialmente o pacto constitucional. Dentro desta perspectiva surge o juiz como ator determinante na efetiva criação do direito e na solução das legítimas pretensões sociais, realizando a democracia quando resolvido o caso apresentado ao Poder Judiciário. Entretanto, tal aumento da atuação do Poder Judiciário foi recepcionado na cultura brasileira como a afirmação de um necessário protagonismo judicial. A politização da justiça decorrente da expansão da jurisdição constitucional, acabou por conduzir os juízes a deixar de realizar julgamentos jurídicos, necessariamente calcados em argumentos e parâmetros de validade de natureza jurídico-constitucional, os levando a decidir com base em critérios pessoais. A sociedade passou, então, a defrontar-se não mais com a judicialização das relações sociais, mas com fenômeno distinto denominado como ativismo judicial. A questão central que se apresenta, então, é de saber quais as bases que legitimam democraticamente o Judiciário, na medida em que este Poder não advém do sufrágio universal como nas outras esferas de poder. Ou seja, trata-se de perquirir a acerca do papel funcional do Poder Judiciário, centrado na figura do juiz, justamente por este ser um órgão desprovido de controle político, sequer daqueles de natureza institucional, e que precisa colidir aos interesses da soberania. O estudo desenvolve-se como forma de propiciar uma análise acerca do processo de interpretação da norma, na medida em que a tomada da decisão judicial necessariamente passa por este processo. Diante disso aponta para a superação da crise interpretativa através da hermenêutica filosófica e, também aufere qual o papel dos princípios para resguardar a autonomia do direito. Buscando contextualizar um debate contemporâneo sobre o problema do ativismo judicial brasileiro, na tentativa de empreender um estudo que possibilite a análise de prováveis respostas ao problema do protagonismo judicial e da urgência de uma teoria judicial que esteja adequada a fornecer respostas corretas no vigente Estado Democrático de Direito, como forma de recorte do tema, serão abordados os elementos que propulsionam o ativismo judicial arbitrário: a indefinição do conceito de princípio, a problemática da distinção estrutural entre regra e princípio e a consequente profusão de princípios. Esses elementos, além de proporcionarem uma atuação ativista do magistrado, servem como pano de fundo para a análise do problema proposto a estudo na presente tese: qual o papel do juiz no Estado Democrático de Direito, pode o magistrado ter uma postura mais ativista sem que ponha em risco o Estado Democrático de Direito? Ou seja, a pesquisa visa a abordar as perspectivas sobre a função jurisdicional da magistratura no século XXI. / The continuous changes in society, especially with the advent of democratic rule of law, provided a profound change in the role of judges and courts. The new constitutional paradigm shifted voltage pole of the executive and legislative powers to the judiciary, making the judges start to have a responsibility to materially comply with the constitutional pact. From this perspective comes the judge as an actor determining the effective creation of the right solution and the legitimate social claims, conducting democracy when solved the case presented to the courts. However, such an increase in the judiciary action was approved in Brazilian culture as the affirmation of a necessary judicial role. The politicization of justice due to the expansion of constitutional jurisdiction, eventually led the judges to stop performing legal judgments necessarily grounded on arguments and parameters of validity of legal and constitutional nature, leading to decide based on personal criteria. The company then began to face is no longer with the judicialization of social relations, but with distinct phenomenon termed as judicial activism. The central question that arises, then, is to know what the basis that democratically legitimated the judiciary, to the extent that this power does not come from the universal suffrage as in other spheres of power. That is, it is to assert the about the functional role of the judiciary, centered on the judge's figure, precisely because it is a body devoid of political control, even those of an institutional nature, and that needs to collide with the interests of sovereignty. The study is developed as a way to provide an analysis of the interpretation of the standard process in that the decision of the court decision necessarily goes through this process. Therefore points to overcome interpretative crisis by philosophical hermeneutics and also receives the role of the principles for protecting the autonomy of law. Seeking contextualize contemporary debate about the problem of the Brazilian judicial activism in an attempt to undertake a study to enable analysis of likely responses to the problem of judicial prominence and urgency of a legal theory that is adequate to provide correct answers in the current democratic state Law as a way to cut theme, will address the elements that propel the arbitrary judicial activism: the vagueness of the concept of principle, the problem of structural distinction between rule and principle and the consequent profusion of principles. These elements, in addition to providing an activist role of the magistrate, serve as a backdrop for the analysis of the problem proposed the study in this thesis: the role of the judge in a democratic state, can the judge take a more activist stance without endangers the democratic rule of law? That is, the research aims to address the prospects of the judiciary of the judicial function in the twenty-first century.

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Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / Refer to document

Even when given the exact same moral dilemma, equally rational peers, colleagues, and friends will disagree about the right course of action. Pro tanto principles are one way to resolve moral conflicts such as these. When broadening the conflicts to real life situations, such as those seen in public policy, pro tanto principles prove to be an extremely useful tool. This paper explores the difference between the way that the individual interacts with pro tanto principles and the way that public policy interacts with such a moral system. In the end, difficulties in public policy attempt to be resolved by using this framework.

This thesis is focused on understanding of addition and subtraction by pupils during maths lessons by Hejný. The aim of the thesis was fulfilled using analysis of pupil's solutions of some chosen exercises from publisher's Fraus textbooks. For the information survey, a combination of action and qualitative research methods. The research was carried out in the school year 2017/2018 at the primary school in the Prague - east district.

The retail food safety chain is vulnerable to deliberate contamination, yet food safety professionals and emergency managers typically respond to intentional contamination in different ways. Little is known about the practices of environmental health food safety professionals (EHFSP) as compared to emergency managers and whether those approaches can be combined to more successfully impede intentional food contamination. The purpose of this narrative policy analysis was to use routine activity theory to compare the narratives of EHFSPs and emergency managers to determine whether there are opportunities to better understand the relationship between vulnerability and resiliency of the retail food safety chain. Data were primarily collected through interviews with 5 EHFSPs and 5 emergency managers from various regions in the United States. Interview data were inductively coded and then subjected to Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis procedure. Key findings indicate that EHFSPs generally are ill-suited to meet resiliency goals, ambivalence voiced by EHFSPs results from a lack of continual preparedness training, and neither EHFSPs nor emergency management officials' familiarity with the social dimensions of resiliency is at a point where they can design adequate measures for a resilient retail food system. Therefore, recommendations to policy makers focus on a need for an enhanced training that is inspired by principles of emergency management so that they are better able to respond to acts of intentional contamination, thereby building a resilient retail food chain with economic and social benefits.

Thermoelectric materials play an important role in energy conversion as they represent environmentally safe and solid state devices with a great potential towards enhancing their efficiency. The ability to generate electric power in a reliable way without using non-renewable resources motivates many experimentalists as well as computational physicists to search and design new thermoelectric materials. Several classes of materials have been identified as good candidates for high efficient thermoelectrics because of their inherently low thermal conductivity. The complex study of the crystal and electronic structures of such materials helps to reveal hidden properties and give fundamental understanding, necessary for the development of a new generation of thermoelectrics. In the current thesis, ab-initio computational methods along with experimental observations are applied to investigate several material classes suitable for thermoelectric applications. One example are Bi-Sb bismuth rich alloys, for which it is shown how structural anomalies affect the electronic structure and how inclusion of the Spin-Orbit coupling is necessary for this type of materials. Another example are bournonite materials whose low thermal conductivity is attributed to distortions and interactions associated with lone-electron s^2 pair distributions. In addition, it is shown how doping with similar atoms can affects electronic structure of these materials leading to changes in their transport properties. Clathrate materials from the less studied type II Sn class are also investigated with a detailed analysis for their structural stability, electronic properties and phonons. These systems are considered with partially substituted atoms on the framework and different guests inside. The effect upon insertion of Noble gases into the cage network is also investigated. In addition, the newly synthesized As based cationic material is also studied finding novel structure-property relations. Another class of materials, quaternary chalcogenides, have also been studied. Because of their inherently low thermal conductivity and semiconducting nature their transport properties may be optimized in a favorable way for thermoelectricity. The present work provides an in-depth study of structural and electronic properties of several classes of materials, which can be used by experimentalists for input and guidance in the laboratory.