Entangled in a context of increased use of private military and security companies globally, this study sets out to investigate the motivation for Denmark to use private military and security companies (PMSCs) for maritime security in parilious international waters. This study examines the decision making process taking place in the Danish Parliament in 2012 prior to the passing of ​ Law 116 The amendment of the Firearms Act and the Act on Warfare, etc. that mandated the shipping industry to hire PMSCs for armed protection of their vessels. A critical discourse analysis has been applied in order to understand the discursive mechanisms present in the political debate prior to the adoption of the law. The analysis shows that a neoliberal market discourse of necessity, efficiency and competition informs the parliamentary debate on international maritime security and pirate threats. That is, the protecting of the Danish industry and trade are found to be a first priority whereas personal security of the employees, the pirates, and control over weapons are only secondary. The findings indicate that in the political discourse, security has become subjected to a marketlogic. Thus, security is referred to as security for ​the market more than for the population.The thesis argues that this change in thinking about security needs a critical public debate in order to make sure that issues of security stay within the political sphere.

This thesis concentrates on the topic of private military and security companies in the relation to their activities within peacebuilding efforts in three african countries - Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria. The main goal of this thesis is to chart their activities in these countries and evaluate the level of their influence on the quality of the security, and to draw the attention to risks related to their engagement. This paper postulates the thesis that after proper regulation of their activities, private military and security companies could play an important role in peacebuilding in Africa. This thesis tries to vindicate this claim by technical texts analysing along with collected data. Furthermore, this thesis evaluates the state of current research in this area and look on the opinions of specialists on the engagement of private military and security companies in peacebuilding efforts. Keywords security, private military and security companies, privatization, peacebuilding

The aim of this study is to examine the factors and perceptions surrounding the privatization and outsourcing of governmental military functions to Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), with a specific focus on Blackwater’s involvement in Iraq. It analyzes a 2007 Congressional hearing, a significant event in the PMSC discussion. Applying Lobell’s neoclassical realist theory of threat assessment, the study explores the hearing participants’ perception of threats and shifts in power dynamics within the U.S., and how these influenced the policy implementation. Through a directed content analysis of the hearing, the study identifies constraints at both domestic and systemic levels, posing challenges for the United States. Key actors exhibited differing viewpoints on how to manage the U.S. operation in Iraq, the role of PMSCs, and whether their presence assisted or undermined U.S. efforts. Perceptions of the most imminent threat varied, with some seeing privatization and outsourcing as a domestic threat while others prioritized the mission in Iraq. Several other constraints were discussed during the analysis, including cost, military logistics, public support, partisan interests, and the control of force, providing an insight to important factors in the decision-making process.

As empresas militares e de segurança privadas (EMSPs) deixam de atuar apenas para Estados e outras corporações, e expandem as suas atividades para o contexto de paz da ONU. A organização busca as EMSPs para melhor atender aos desafios apresentados nos contextos cada vez mais instáveis nos quais as suas operações de paz se desenvolvem. Considerando esse contexto, a dissertação proposta possui como escopo a busca por respostas ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: tendo em vista a crescente tendência na privatização dos serviços de segurança em operações de paz da ONU, de que forma as EMSPs atuam nesse cenário? A partir disso, existe algum meio pelo qual a ONU pode responder por eventuais ilícitos cometidos pelas EMSPs? Para responder a estes problemas, o método de abordagem adotado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. A atuação das EMSPs no âmbito da ONU se dá por meio da provisão de atividades de segurança, além de serviços de inteligência, de treinamento, de desminagem, entre outros. O engajamento entre a ONU e as EMSPs pode ocorrer de duas formas diversas. No primeiro caso, haverá a contratação diretamente pela organização e, no segundo, haverá a contratação da EMSP por um Estado-membro da ONU, o qual disponibilizará tropas para que atuem nas operações de paz. Esse cenário gera preocupações referentes ao potencial risco de impactos negativos que as EMSPs pode ter sobre a imagem da organização, uma vez que referidas empresas possuem um histórico de violações aos direitos humanos. Com isso, deve-se verificar se a ONU pode responder pelas EMSPs que perpetrem atos ilícitos no cenário de suas missões de paz. Para isso, parte-se da atribuição da conduta ilícita à organização, que ocorrerá conforme a forma de engajamento. Quando houver a contratação direta, a ONU não considera as EMSPs agentes e não assume a responsabilidade. Quando há a disponibilização de EMSPs como parte de tropas estatais, elas serão tratadas de forma análoga às tropas regulares e a ONU assume a responsabilidade. A reparação de danos causados a terceiros em decorrência de violações será feita pela organização, observados certos limites. Assim, em muitos casos as vítimas terão seu acesso à justiça frustrados em função das imunidades das quais a ONU goza. Não obstante a falta de previsões das quais decorra a responsabilidade da ONU no caso de violações cometidas por EMSPs, verifica-se que a estrutura normativa internacional não endereça essa questão, e refere, comumente, a relação entre Estados e EMSPs. Isso seria sanado por meio da elaboração de um documento vinculante a todos os atores que atuam nesse contexto, o que exige esforços de toda a comunidade internacional e, por isso, apresenta-se como um grande desafio. / Private military and security companies (PMSCs) cease to act only for states and other corporations, and expand their activities into the UN peace operations context. The organization seeks PMSCs to better address the challenges posed in the increasingly unstable contexts in which its peace operations develop. Considering this context, the proposed dissertation has as its goal the search for answers to the following research problem: in view of the growing tendency in the privatization of security services in UN peace operations, in what way do PMSCs act in this scenario? From this, is there any means by which the UN can respond for any wrongdoing committed by the PMSCs? To respond to these problems, the approach method adopted was the hypothetico-deductive. The activities of the PMSCs within the scope of the UN are provided through the provision of security activities, as well as intelligence, training, demining services, among others. Engagement between the UN and PMSCs can occur in two different ways. In the first case, the PMSC will be hired directly by the organization, and in the second a UN member-State will hire the PMSC and make it available as its troops to work in UN peace operations. This scenario raises concerns about the potential risk of negative impacts that PMSCs may have on the organization's image, since these companies have a history of human rights violations. With this, it must be verified if the UN can be responsible for the PMSCs that perpetrate illicit acts in the context of its peace operations. Therefore, it starts from the attribution of the unlawful conduct to the organization, which will occur according to the form of engagement. When there is direct hiring, the UN does not consider the PMSCs its agents and does not assume responsibility. When PMSCs are made available as part of state troops, they will be treated in the same way as regular troops and the UN takes responsibility. The reparation of harm caused to third parties as a result of violations will be made by the organization, subject to certain limits. Thus, in many cases the victims will have their access to justice frustrated by the immunities enjoyed by the UN. Notwithstanding the lack of predictions of UN responsibility in the case of violations committed by PMSCs, it is clear that the international normative framework does not address this issue, and commonly refers to the relationship between States and PMSCs. This would be remedied through the drafting of a binding document on all actors working in this context, which calls for the efforts of the entire international community and therefore presents itself as a major challenge.

As empresas militares e de segurança privadas (EMSPs) deixam de atuar apenas para Estados e outras corporações, e expandem as suas atividades para o contexto de paz da ONU. A organização busca as EMSPs para melhor atender aos desafios apresentados nos contextos cada vez mais instáveis nos quais as suas operações de paz se desenvolvem. Considerando esse contexto, a dissertação proposta possui como escopo a busca por respostas ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: tendo em vista a crescente tendência na privatização dos serviços de segurança em operações de paz da ONU, de que forma as EMSPs atuam nesse cenário? A partir disso, existe algum meio pelo qual a ONU pode responder por eventuais ilícitos cometidos pelas EMSPs? Para responder a estes problemas, o método de abordagem adotado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. A atuação das EMSPs no âmbito da ONU se dá por meio da provisão de atividades de segurança, além de serviços de inteligência, de treinamento, de desminagem, entre outros. O engajamento entre a ONU e as EMSPs pode ocorrer de duas formas diversas. No primeiro caso, haverá a contratação diretamente pela organização e, no segundo, haverá a contratação da EMSP por um Estado-membro da ONU, o qual disponibilizará tropas para que atuem nas operações de paz. Esse cenário gera preocupações referentes ao potencial risco de impactos negativos que as EMSPs pode ter sobre a imagem da organização, uma vez que referidas empresas possuem um histórico de violações aos direitos humanos. Com isso, deve-se verificar se a ONU pode responder pelas EMSPs que perpetrem atos ilícitos no cenário de suas missões de paz. Para isso, parte-se da atribuição da conduta ilícita à organização, que ocorrerá conforme a forma de engajamento. Quando houver a contratação direta, a ONU não considera as EMSPs agentes e não assume a responsabilidade. Quando há a disponibilização de EMSPs como parte de tropas estatais, elas serão tratadas de forma análoga às tropas regulares e a ONU assume a responsabilidade. A reparação de danos causados a terceiros em decorrência de violações será feita pela organização, observados certos limites. Assim, em muitos casos as vítimas terão seu acesso à justiça frustrados em função das imunidades das quais a ONU goza. Não obstante a falta de previsões das quais decorra a responsabilidade da ONU no caso de violações cometidas por EMSPs, verifica-se que a estrutura normativa internacional não endereça essa questão, e refere, comumente, a relação entre Estados e EMSPs. Isso seria sanado por meio da elaboração de um documento vinculante a todos os atores que atuam nesse contexto, o que exige esforços de toda a comunidade internacional e, por isso, apresenta-se como um grande desafio. / Private military and security companies (PMSCs) cease to act only for states and other corporations, and expand their activities into the UN peace operations context. The organization seeks PMSCs to better address the challenges posed in the increasingly unstable contexts in which its peace operations develop. Considering this context, the proposed dissertation has as its goal the search for answers to the following research problem: in view of the growing tendency in the privatization of security services in UN peace operations, in what way do PMSCs act in this scenario? From this, is there any means by which the UN can respond for any wrongdoing committed by the PMSCs? To respond to these problems, the approach method adopted was the hypothetico-deductive. The activities of the PMSCs within the scope of the UN are provided through the provision of security activities, as well as intelligence, training, demining services, among others. Engagement between the UN and PMSCs can occur in two different ways. In the first case, the PMSC will be hired directly by the organization, and in the second a UN member-State will hire the PMSC and make it available as its troops to work in UN peace operations. This scenario raises concerns about the potential risk of negative impacts that PMSCs may have on the organization's image, since these companies have a history of human rights violations. With this, it must be verified if the UN can be responsible for the PMSCs that perpetrate illicit acts in the context of its peace operations. Therefore, it starts from the attribution of the unlawful conduct to the organization, which will occur according to the form of engagement. When there is direct hiring, the UN does not consider the PMSCs its agents and does not assume responsibility. When PMSCs are made available as part of state troops, they will be treated in the same way as regular troops and the UN takes responsibility. The reparation of harm caused to third parties as a result of violations will be made by the organization, subject to certain limits. Thus, in many cases the victims will have their access to justice frustrated by the immunities enjoyed by the UN. Notwithstanding the lack of predictions of UN responsibility in the case of violations committed by PMSCs, it is clear that the international normative framework does not address this issue, and commonly refers to the relationship between States and PMSCs. This would be remedied through the drafting of a binding document on all actors working in this context, which calls for the efforts of the entire international community and therefore presents itself as a major challenge.

Submitted by TOMAZ OLIVEIRA PAOLIELLO null (tomazop@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-24T22:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tomaz oliveira paoliello para std.pdf: 1538210 bytes, checksum: fc09f2df0f8f48bbd2daf0937fa8a04e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-28T14:24:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paoliello_t_dr_mar.pdf: 1538210 bytes, checksum: fc09f2df0f8f48bbd2daf0937fa8a04e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T14:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paoliello_t_dr_mar.pdf: 1538210 bytes, checksum: fc09f2df0f8f48bbd2daf0937fa8a04e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As empresas militares e de segurança privada (PMSC) são um novo ator que tem despertado grande atenção nos debates dentro da disciplina Relações Internacionais. Através do estudo de uma companhia especificamente, a norteamericana DynCorp, procuramos investigar qual a natureza desse ator dentro do grande processo de globalização. A literatura sobre as PMSC geralmente apresenta a ideia de que o aparecimento de tais atores tenha ocorrido através de forças de oferta e demanda espontâneas e circunstanciais. A hipótese auxiliar dessa ideia, que os Estados estejam se afastando das novas guerras, é aqui desafiada e substituída por outra. O Estado, particularmente os EUA, se adaptou em sua capacidade de engajamento em conflitos através da contratação das PMSC, e estimulou o crescimento de um mercado de segurança privada. A empresa Dyncorp faz parte desse movimento. Investigaremos a relação de co-constituição, na qual empresas e Estado se articulam para desenvolver o novo “mercado da força”, e o nascimento das PMSC como atores de natureza híbrida, associados às transformações do Estado neoliberal. O estudo da DynCorp se desdobra em três dimensões: sua face empresarial, como companhia transnacional associada às lógicas de mercado; uma face combatente, um dos novos atores nos palcos de conflitos contemporâneos; e como parte constituinte de um aparato de política externa, associado a seu cliente único, o governo dos Estados Unidos. / Private military and security companies (PMSC) is a new actor that has attracted great attention in the debates within the International Relations discipline. Through the study of a particular north-american company, DynCorp, we seek to investigate the nature of these actors in the great process of globalization. The literature on PMSC usually presents the idea that the emergence of such players has occurred through spontaneous supply and demand forces. The hypothesis that assist this idea is that the states are moving away from the new wars. Here this hypothesis is challenged and replaced by another. The State, particularly the US, has adapted its engagement in capacity in conflicts by engaging the PMSC, and stimulating the growth of a private security market. DynCorp is part of this movement. We investigate the relationship of co-constitution, in which companies and state are organized to develop the new "market for force", and the birth of PMSC as actors of a hybrid nature, associated with the transformation of the neoliberal state. The study of DynCorp unfolds in three dimensions: its corporate face, as a transnational company associated with market principles; a fighting face, as one of the new actors on the stage of contemporary conflicts; and as a constituent part of a foreign policy apparatus, associated with their only customer, the United States government.

As empresas militares e de segurança privadas (EMSPs) deixam de atuar apenas para Estados e outras corporações, e expandem as suas atividades para o contexto de paz da ONU. A organização busca as EMSPs para melhor atender aos desafios apresentados nos contextos cada vez mais instáveis nos quais as suas operações de paz se desenvolvem. Considerando esse contexto, a dissertação proposta possui como escopo a busca por respostas ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: tendo em vista a crescente tendência na privatização dos serviços de segurança em operações de paz da ONU, de que forma as EMSPs atuam nesse cenário? A partir disso, existe algum meio pelo qual a ONU pode responder por eventuais ilícitos cometidos pelas EMSPs? Para responder a estes problemas, o método de abordagem adotado foi o hipotético-dedutivo. A atuação das EMSPs no âmbito da ONU se dá por meio da provisão de atividades de segurança, além de serviços de inteligência, de treinamento, de desminagem, entre outros. O engajamento entre a ONU e as EMSPs pode ocorrer de duas formas diversas. No primeiro caso, haverá a contratação diretamente pela organização e, no segundo, haverá a contratação da EMSP por um Estado-membro da ONU, o qual disponibilizará tropas para que atuem nas operações de paz. Esse cenário gera preocupações referentes ao potencial risco de impactos negativos que as EMSPs pode ter sobre a imagem da organização, uma vez que referidas empresas possuem um histórico de violações aos direitos humanos. Com isso, deve-se verificar se a ONU pode responder pelas EMSPs que perpetrem atos ilícitos no cenário de suas missões de paz. Para isso, parte-se da atribuição da conduta ilícita à organização, que ocorrerá conforme a forma de engajamento. Quando houver a contratação direta, a ONU não considera as EMSPs agentes e não assume a responsabilidade. Quando há a disponibilização de EMSPs como parte de tropas estatais, elas serão tratadas de forma análoga às tropas regulares e a ONU assume a responsabilidade. A reparação de danos causados a terceiros em decorrência de violações será feita pela organização, observados certos limites. Assim, em muitos casos as vítimas terão seu acesso à justiça frustrados em função das imunidades das quais a ONU goza. Não obstante a falta de previsões das quais decorra a responsabilidade da ONU no caso de violações cometidas por EMSPs, verifica-se que a estrutura normativa internacional não endereça essa questão, e refere, comumente, a relação entre Estados e EMSPs. Isso seria sanado por meio da elaboração de um documento vinculante a todos os atores que atuam nesse contexto, o que exige esforços de toda a comunidade internacional e, por isso, apresenta-se como um grande desafio. / Private military and security companies (PMSCs) cease to act only for states and other corporations, and expand their activities into the UN peace operations context. The organization seeks PMSCs to better address the challenges posed in the increasingly unstable contexts in which its peace operations develop. Considering this context, the proposed dissertation has as its goal the search for answers to the following research problem: in view of the growing tendency in the privatization of security services in UN peace operations, in what way do PMSCs act in this scenario? From this, is there any means by which the UN can respond for any wrongdoing committed by the PMSCs? To respond to these problems, the approach method adopted was the hypothetico-deductive. The activities of the PMSCs within the scope of the UN are provided through the provision of security activities, as well as intelligence, training, demining services, among others. Engagement between the UN and PMSCs can occur in two different ways. In the first case, the PMSC will be hired directly by the organization, and in the second a UN member-State will hire the PMSC and make it available as its troops to work in UN peace operations. This scenario raises concerns about the potential risk of negative impacts that PMSCs may have on the organization's image, since these companies have a history of human rights violations. With this, it must be verified if the UN can be responsible for the PMSCs that perpetrate illicit acts in the context of its peace operations. Therefore, it starts from the attribution of the unlawful conduct to the organization, which will occur according to the form of engagement. When there is direct hiring, the UN does not consider the PMSCs its agents and does not assume responsibility. When PMSCs are made available as part of state troops, they will be treated in the same way as regular troops and the UN takes responsibility. The reparation of harm caused to third parties as a result of violations will be made by the organization, subject to certain limits. Thus, in many cases the victims will have their access to justice frustrated by the immunities enjoyed by the UN. Notwithstanding the lack of predictions of UN responsibility in the case of violations committed by PMSCs, it is clear that the international normative framework does not address this issue, and commonly refers to the relationship between States and PMSCs. This would be remedied through the drafting of a binding document on all actors working in this context, which calls for the efforts of the entire international community and therefore presents itself as a major challenge.

The thesis revolves around the question of whether state and non-state actors’ responses to the refugee crises are restricting the rights of refugees by introducing privatization of security. The thesis studies the experiences of refugees in offshore immigration detention centres of Australia and the UN operated refugee camps, which are highly privatized or are in a process of privatization. The thesis rests on the theoretical framework provided by Hannah Arendt which explains why human rights are failing refugees in this context, and how they remain meaningless until the 'right to have rights' is incorporated as a basic right. The thesis argues that privatization of security is harmful and results in increased human rights violations and that the private military and security companies are a way of delegating as well as deflecting responsibility that state actors and non-state actors have towards refugees. The thesis also raises the possibility of private resettlement programs as one of the solutions to ensure the right of belongingness is translated practically by giving refugees a community. / Graduate

Sedan kalla krigets slut har en ny typ av aktör dykt upp i internationella konflikter och krig världen över. Denna aktör är privata företag som i dagsläget erbjuder allt från supplementär logistik till att helt ersätta nationella arméer. Utgångspunkten i denna uppsats är att ta reda på vilka faktorer som har skapat en marknad för dessa företag generellt, samt vilka av dessa faktorer som kan förklara framväxten i Sverige specifikt. I uppsatsen undersöks befintlig forskning kring vad som drivit utvecklingen. Därefter kommer befintlig teori att prövas som förklaringsmodell för expansionen i Sverige. Den befintliga teorin som prövats på Sverige består av sju faktorer beskrivandes politiska och samhälleliga förutsättningar vilka förklarar expansionen. Av dessa återfinns samtliga i Sverige, men genom en analys av deras respektive giltighet i svensk kontext uppstår en mer nyanserad bild, där endast fyra av faktorerna är relevanta som förklaringar. Dessa är en transformation av försvarets fokus och organisation, en politisk trend av privatisering samt ett överflöd av militärt utbildad personal utan sysselsättning. Av dessa är den förstnämnda den starkaste katalysatorn medan den sistnämnda endast i viss mån påverkar den redan pågående expansionen. / Since the end of the Cold War a new phenomenon has shown in international conflict and war, worldwide. This phenomenon is the private companies nowadays offering supplementary logistics, armed troops to the front and everything in between. This essay aims to identify which factors that have contributed to the creating of a market for these companies in general, and which of these that can explain the growth of Swedish companies in particular. In the essay previous research on the topic of privatization of security are examined and thereafter applied onSwedenin order to examine to what extent it can be used to explain the changes inSweden. The existent theory applied onSwedenconsists of seven factors, describing political and social basis, which explain the expansion. All of these are found in Sweden, however, through a further analysis of their individual relevance, a more nuanced result can be seen, whereas only four out of seven are relevant as explanations. These are a transformation in defence focus and organization, a political trend of privatization and a flood of trained unemployed military personnel. The first one of these is the strongest catalyst for expansion while the latter only to a certain degree reinforces the already ongoing process.

The international system has been confronting with constant changes since the end of the Cold War. Especially in the last twenty years on the international chessboard has emerged a new player that provides a wide range of military and security services - private military and security companies (PMSCs). While operations PMSCs are mainly associated and confined with conflict and war zones in Africa and the Middle East, this thesis entitled "Private military and security companies in the fight against the pirates from the South China sea to the horn of Africa" is about private military and security companies which provide special security services - naval. The growing demand for these services leads to the increase of private providers not only along the Somali coast, but also in Southeast Asia. The aim of the thesis is to explain why PMSCs engage in the fight against piracy, respectively what are the conditions for the initiation and development of private naval security activities.