Introdução - É realizada uma reflexão sobre o significado das palavras avaliação e gestão e sua contextualização em um complexo hospitalar e faculdade de medicina. Analisa-se a contribuição para o aprimoramento contínuo da qualidade de serviços de saúde por meio de processo sistemático de avaliação da gestão, em que são apontados pontos fortes e oportunidades de melhoria. Objetivo - Analisar o processo interno de avaliação da gestão utilizado pelo Sistema Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas (FMUSP/HC) no período de 2003 a 2006. Método - A avaliação interna da gestão é realizada anualmente, baseada nos fundamentos da excelência do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade em sua versão para a saúde: Prêmio Nacional da Gestão em Saúde. Foram analisadas as pontuações obtidas nos oito critérios, a saber: liderança, estratégias e planos, clientes, sociedade, informação e conhecimento, pessoas, processos e resultados. Por se tratar de um Sistema que utiliza o mesmo modelo de avaliação da gestão, os dados foram analisados em conjunto, não individualizando cada uma das dez Unidades que compõem o Sistema FMUSP/HC (oito hospitais de alta complexidade, uma unidade de reabilitação e a faculdade de medicina). Foi utilizada a correlação de postos de Spearman para avaliar as correlações entre os critérios referentes a processos e respectivos resultados e o teste não paramétrico de Friedman para análise longitudinal no período de quatro anos. Resultados - Na análise longitudinal o critério resultados apresentou evolução com alteração significativa: p < 0,001; o critério liderança apresentou uma tendência favorável (p=0,056) e o critério estratégias e planos uma evolução significativa (p=0,030). Os critérios liderança e estratégias e planos não apresentaram correlação com o critério resultados. Observou-se uma correlação positiva e significativa entre as pontuações obtidas nos processos relativos a clientes, financeiros e fornecedores e seus respectivos resultados. Não houve correlação entre as pontuações obtidas nos processos relativos a produtos, pessoas, sociedade e de apoio com seus respectivos resultados. Conclusão - houve uma melhoria significativa na pontuação do critério resultados da avaliação da gestão como um todo no Sistema FMUSP/HC, no período de 2003 a 2006. Foi evidenciada uma correlação significativa com as pontuações obtidas nos critérios clientes, fornecedores e processos financeiros e respectivos resultados. Apesar das pontuações obtidas nos critérios liderança e estratégias e planos apresentarem uma evolução favorável, os métodos existentes avaliam os atributos de um objeto e não o objeto em si. Contudo, o processo de avaliação contribui para homogeneizar a linguagem na organização, manter as pessoas estimuladas em suas atividades rotineiras e é coadjuvante na promoção de mudanças organizacionais em um sistema acadêmico de saúde, composto por um complexo hospitalar e uma faculdade de medicina. / Introduction - Consideration was given to the meaning of the words assessment and management and, their context in an academic health system was carried out. The contribution for the continuous improvement of the quality of the health care system is analyzed through a systematic procedure of management assessment, in which strong points and opportunities for improvement are highlighted. Objective - To analyze the internal procedure of management assessment used by "Sistema Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas (FMUSP/HC)" from 2003 to 2006. Method - The internal assessment of the management is carried out annually, based on the core values of the "Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade" [National Quality Award] in its health version: "Prêmio Nacional da Gestão em Saúde" [National Award in Health Care Management]. The eight categories in which the punctuation was awarded were analyzed: leadership, strategies and plans, clients, society, information and knowledge, people, procedures and, the results. Once the above mentioned system uses the same assessment management pattern, the databases was analyzed concurrently, not taking into consideration each and every individual part of the ten units the "Sistema FMUSP/HC" consists of (eight public high complexity hospitals, a rehabilitation unit and the medical school). The Spearman's correlation of places was used to assess the correlations between the criteria related to procedures and their respective results and, the non parametric test of Friedman on longitudinal analysis, during a four year period. Results - In the longitudinal analysis, the performance results presented a remarkable change in their evolution: p < 0,001; the leadership criterion presented a favorable tendency (p=0,056) and, the 8 strategies and plans criteria presented a remarkable evolution (p=0,030). The leadership and, strategies and plans criteria did not present correlation with the results criterion. It was observed a positive and significant correlation between the procedures related to clients, finance and suppliers and their respective results. There was no correlation between the procedures related to products, people, society and support and, their respective results. Conclusion - There was a remarkable improvement in the "results" criterion of the management assessment in the "Sistema FMUSP/HC", from 2003 to 2006. A remarkable correlation with the clients, suppliers and financial procedures and their respective results was evidenced. Even though the leadership and, strategies and plans criteria presented a favorable evolution, the existing methods assess the attributes of an object instead of the object itself. Nevertheless, the assessment procedure contributes to standardize the communication in the organization, to keep people motivated in their routine activities and, cooperates with the promotion of organizational changes in a large size public hospital.

Neste trabalho discutimos aspectos de natureza da ciência presentes em discursos proferidos por ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel. Analisamos quatro palestras utilizando metodologia apoiada na Análise Textual Discursiva; as palestras analisadas foram as de Marie Curie proferida em 1911, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman em 1930, Alexander Fleming em 1945 e Richard Feynman em 1965. A escolha deu-se pela popularidade desses cientistas segundo o website oficial da premiação. Os laureados são apresentados contextualmente considerando os contextos epistemológicos, sociais e culturais de cada período. Baseamo-nos na abordagem de ciência integral para analisar as fontes primárias em busca de conceitos relacionados a natureza da ciência. Com isso, temos por objetivo fornecer subsídios para que educadores científicos em formação tenham à disposição uma metodologia confiável para introduzir discussões de natureza da ciência em sala de aula, utilizando-se de fontes históricas primárias. A problematização de uma instituição de tamanha importância quanto o Prêmio Nobel é relevante para um ensino de ciências que tenha uma abordagem histórica, social e epistemológica. Por meio de fontes históricas primárias, podem ser explicitados e problematizados conceitos sobre como se desenvolve e se constrói o fazer científico em nossa sociedade. / We discuss Nature of Science aspects presented in the official Nobel Lectures. We analyze 4 lectures using a methodology which is based on Discursive Textual Analysis: Marie Curie\"s in 1911, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman\"s in 1930, Alexander Fleming\"s in 1945 and Richard Feynman\"s in 1965. These lectures were selected based on the laureates\" popularity among general public according to the official Nobel website. Laureates are presented considering epistemological, social and cultural contexts in each period. The whole science approach is used in order to read the primary sources seeking concepts related to nature of science. Our aim is to provide trustful methodologies and sources directed to undergraduated scientific educators, in order to introduce discussions on nature of science in classroom. It is relevant to approach critically such important institutions to the sciences as the Nobel Prize in a teaching program that envises an historical, social and epistemological approach. By using primary historical sources, we can foster discussions about concepts on how science is developed and constructed in our society.

Introdução - É realizada uma reflexão sobre o significado das palavras avaliação e gestão e sua contextualização em um complexo hospitalar e faculdade de medicina. Analisa-se a contribuição para o aprimoramento contínuo da qualidade de serviços de saúde por meio de processo sistemático de avaliação da gestão, em que são apontados pontos fortes e oportunidades de melhoria. Objetivo - Analisar o processo interno de avaliação da gestão utilizado pelo Sistema Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas (FMUSP/HC) no período de 2003 a 2006. Método - A avaliação interna da gestão é realizada anualmente, baseada nos fundamentos da excelência do Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade em sua versão para a saúde: Prêmio Nacional da Gestão em Saúde. Foram analisadas as pontuações obtidas nos oito critérios, a saber: liderança, estratégias e planos, clientes, sociedade, informação e conhecimento, pessoas, processos e resultados. Por se tratar de um Sistema que utiliza o mesmo modelo de avaliação da gestão, os dados foram analisados em conjunto, não individualizando cada uma das dez Unidades que compõem o Sistema FMUSP/HC (oito hospitais de alta complexidade, uma unidade de reabilitação e a faculdade de medicina). Foi utilizada a correlação de postos de Spearman para avaliar as correlações entre os critérios referentes a processos e respectivos resultados e o teste não paramétrico de Friedman para análise longitudinal no período de quatro anos. Resultados - Na análise longitudinal o critério resultados apresentou evolução com alteração significativa: p < 0,001; o critério liderança apresentou uma tendência favorável (p=0,056) e o critério estratégias e planos uma evolução significativa (p=0,030). Os critérios liderança e estratégias e planos não apresentaram correlação com o critério resultados. Observou-se uma correlação positiva e significativa entre as pontuações obtidas nos processos relativos a clientes, financeiros e fornecedores e seus respectivos resultados. Não houve correlação entre as pontuações obtidas nos processos relativos a produtos, pessoas, sociedade e de apoio com seus respectivos resultados. Conclusão - houve uma melhoria significativa na pontuação do critério resultados da avaliação da gestão como um todo no Sistema FMUSP/HC, no período de 2003 a 2006. Foi evidenciada uma correlação significativa com as pontuações obtidas nos critérios clientes, fornecedores e processos financeiros e respectivos resultados. Apesar das pontuações obtidas nos critérios liderança e estratégias e planos apresentarem uma evolução favorável, os métodos existentes avaliam os atributos de um objeto e não o objeto em si. Contudo, o processo de avaliação contribui para homogeneizar a linguagem na organização, manter as pessoas estimuladas em suas atividades rotineiras e é coadjuvante na promoção de mudanças organizacionais em um sistema acadêmico de saúde, composto por um complexo hospitalar e uma faculdade de medicina. / Introduction - Consideration was given to the meaning of the words assessment and management and, their context in an academic health system was carried out. The contribution for the continuous improvement of the quality of the health care system is analyzed through a systematic procedure of management assessment, in which strong points and opportunities for improvement are highlighted. Objective - To analyze the internal procedure of management assessment used by "Sistema Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas (FMUSP/HC)" from 2003 to 2006. Method - The internal assessment of the management is carried out annually, based on the core values of the "Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade" [National Quality Award] in its health version: "Prêmio Nacional da Gestão em Saúde" [National Award in Health Care Management]. The eight categories in which the punctuation was awarded were analyzed: leadership, strategies and plans, clients, society, information and knowledge, people, procedures and, the results. Once the above mentioned system uses the same assessment management pattern, the databases was analyzed concurrently, not taking into consideration each and every individual part of the ten units the "Sistema FMUSP/HC" consists of (eight public high complexity hospitals, a rehabilitation unit and the medical school). The Spearman's correlation of places was used to assess the correlations between the criteria related to procedures and their respective results and, the non parametric test of Friedman on longitudinal analysis, during a four year period. Results - In the longitudinal analysis, the performance results presented a remarkable change in their evolution: p < 0,001; the leadership criterion presented a favorable tendency (p=0,056) and, the 8 strategies and plans criteria presented a remarkable evolution (p=0,030). The leadership and, strategies and plans criteria did not present correlation with the results criterion. It was observed a positive and significant correlation between the procedures related to clients, finance and suppliers and their respective results. There was no correlation between the procedures related to products, people, society and support and, their respective results. Conclusion - There was a remarkable improvement in the "results" criterion of the management assessment in the "Sistema FMUSP/HC", from 2003 to 2006. A remarkable correlation with the clients, suppliers and financial procedures and their respective results was evidenced. Even though the leadership and, strategies and plans criteria presented a favorable evolution, the existing methods assess the attributes of an object instead of the object itself. Nevertheless, the assessment procedure contributes to standardize the communication in the organization, to keep people motivated in their routine activities and, cooperates with the promotion of organizational changes in a large size public hospital.

The Steiner Tree problem has appeared in the Karp's list of the first 21 NP-hard problems and is well known as one of the most fundamental problems in Network Design area. We study the Node-Weighted version of the Prize Collecting Steiner Tree problem. In this problem, we are given a simple graph with a cost and penalty value associated with each node. Our goal is to find a subtree T of the graph minimizing the cost of the nodes in T plus penalty of the nodes not in T. By a reduction from set cover problem it can be easily shown that the problem cannot be approximated in polynomial time within factor of (1-o(1))ln n unless NP has quasi-polynomial time algorithms, where n is the number of vertices of the graph. Moss and Rabani claimed an O(log n)-approximation algorithm for the problem using a Primal-Dual approach in their STOC'01 paper \cite{moss2001}. We show that their algorithm is incorrect by providing a counter example in which there is an O(n) gap between the dual solution constructed by their algorithm and the optimal solution. Further, evidence is given that their algorithm probably does not have a simple fix. We propose a new algorithm which is more involved and introduces novel ideas in primal dual approach for network design problems. Also, our algorithm is a Lagrangian Multiplier Preserving algorithm and we show how this property can be utilized to design an O(log n)-approximation algorithm for the Node-Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem using the Lagrangian Relaxation method. We also show an application of the Node Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem in designing algorithm with better approximation factor for Technology Diffusion problem, a problem proposed by Goldberg and Liu in \cite{goldberg2012} (SODA 2013). In Technology Diffusion, we are given a graph G and a threshold θ(v) associated with each vertex v and we are seeking a set of initial nodes called the seed set. Technology Diffusion is a dynamic process defined over time in which each vertex is either active or inactive. The vertices in the seed set are initially activated and each other vertex v gets activated whenever there are at least θ(v) active nodes connected to v through other active nodes. The Technology Diffusion problem asks to find the minimum seed set activating all nodes. Goldberg and Liu gave an O(rllog n)-approximation algorithm for the problem where r and l are the diameter of G and the number of distinct threshold values, respectively. We improve the approximation factor to O(min{r,l}log n) by establishing a close connection between the problem and the Node Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem.

This thesis is an exploratory examination of the social characteristics of 139 poets featured in a selection of five small press Canadian literary journals. The investigation charts and analyzes the demographics of 64 poets who were published in 1967, and 75 poets who were published in four small press literary magazines in 2010. The 2010 magazines were purposely sampled as representatives of specific geographical areas in Canada (i.e., the West Coast, the Prairies, Central Canada, and the East Coast). The results indicate that in 1967 female poets were less likely to be published; however, 43 years later, this bias has been rectified. Another notable difference between the two groups of poets is that in 1967 ethnic minorities were more likely to be published. Educational achievement was an important factor for both the 1967 and 2010 poets, as was location, occupation and editorial duties. / Graduate

The Steiner Tree problem has appeared in the Karp's list of the first 21 NP-hard problems and is well known as one of the most fundamental problems in Network Design area. We study the Node-Weighted version of the Prize Collecting Steiner Tree problem. In this problem, we are given a simple graph with a cost and penalty value associated with each node. Our goal is to find a subtree T of the graph minimizing the cost of the nodes in T plus penalty of the nodes not in T. By a reduction from set cover problem it can be easily shown that the problem cannot be approximated in polynomial time within factor of (1-o(1))ln n unless NP has quasi-polynomial time algorithms, where n is the number of vertices of the graph. Moss and Rabani claimed an O(log n)-approximation algorithm for the problem using a Primal-Dual approach in their STOC'01 paper \cite{moss2001}. We show that their algorithm is incorrect by providing a counter example in which there is an O(n) gap between the dual solution constructed by their algorithm and the optimal solution. Further, evidence is given that their algorithm probably does not have a simple fix. We propose a new algorithm which is more involved and introduces novel ideas in primal dual approach for network design problems. Also, our algorithm is a Lagrangian Multiplier Preserving algorithm and we show how this property can be utilized to design an O(log n)-approximation algorithm for the Node-Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem using the Lagrangian Relaxation method. We also show an application of the Node Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem in designing algorithm with better approximation factor for Technology Diffusion problem, a problem proposed by Goldberg and Liu in \cite{goldberg2012} (SODA 2013). In Technology Diffusion, we are given a graph G and a threshold θ(v) associated with each vertex v and we are seeking a set of initial nodes called the seed set. Technology Diffusion is a dynamic process defined over time in which each vertex is either active or inactive. The vertices in the seed set are initially activated and each other vertex v gets activated whenever there are at least θ(v) active nodes connected to v through other active nodes. The Technology Diffusion problem asks to find the minimum seed set activating all nodes. Goldberg and Liu gave an O(rllog n)-approximation algorithm for the problem where r and l are the diameter of G and the number of distinct threshold values, respectively. We improve the approximation factor to O(min{r,l}log n) by establishing a close connection between the problem and the Node Weighted Quota Steiner Tree problem.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisASA.pdf: 433201 bytes, checksum: 39486b08dfd60f72411e5f46ffa6cda7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / This work has goal of analyzing the practices of Human Resources in the per missionary enterprises of urban transportation, by bus, in the metropolitan region of de Natal, based on the standard person of the National Program of Quality 2004 and points if they are able to take part as prize-winning in this standard. Also this work aims, through a theoretical evolution of people management and its current practices, the history of the National prize Quality and its main standards, the importance of the urban transportation, its characteristics and the system itself in the metropolitan region of Natal. The research was carried out in 11 enterprises that operated in the area, with several dimensions and forms of management. The research variations were based on the standard person of the 2004 NPQ that deals with the system of work, preparation and development and life quality. In the statistical treatment, discriminated and exploiting analyses were applied. The main obtained results through the research, we can verify an administrative centralization in managers and owners hands; that 45% of the enterprises don t have a Human Resources Department, however, on the other hand, they practice some human Resources politics, indicated by the variations; as to the items system of work, 55% of the enterprises are able; preparing and development, 43% / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as pol?ticas e pr?ticas de Recursos Humanos nas empresas permission?rias de transporte urbano por ?nibus da Regi?o Metropolitana da Grande Natal. O estudo foi realizado com base no crit?rio pessoa, do Pr?mio Nacional de Qualidade 2004, de modo a verificar se os participantes est?o aptos a concorrerem ? premia??o segundo os crit?rios estabelecidos. Este Trabalho busca, tamb?m, por meio de pesquisa te?rica, resgatar resumidamente os conceitos de pol?ticas de Recursos Humanos, em especial o modelo proposta por Chiavenato, e a hist?ria do Pr?mio Nacional de Qualidade e seus principais Crit?rios, apresentando, ainda, a import?ncia e as caracter?sticas do sistema de transporte urbano por ?nibus, em geral, e do sistema de transporte por ?nibus da Regi?o Metropolitana da Grande Natal. A pesquisa foi realizada em 11 empresas que atuam nessa ?rea, com diversos portes e formas de gerenciamento. As vari?veis da pesquisa s?o baseadas no crit?rio pessoas do PNQ 2004, relacionado ao Sistema de Trabalho, Capacita??o e Desenvolvimento e Qualidade de Vida. No tratamento estat?stico, foram utilizadas an?lises descritivas e explorat?rias. Atrav?s da pesquisa de campo foi poss?vel uma caracteriza??o das empresas pesquisadas (estrutura administrativa, quantidade de funcion?rios, rela??es trabalhistas, gerenciamento, tempo de perman?ncia no mercado, origem, ?reas que comp?em os Recursos Humanos e identifica??o das fun??es da empresas). Dessa investiga??o, obteve-se, com resultado: A identifica??o da estrutura e da forma de administra??o nessas empresas; O perfil dos dirigentes e as pol?ticas adotadas; A constata-se ainda que, nos itens Sistema de Trabalho e Qualidade de Vida, a maioria das empresas est? apta a participar do Pr?mio. Isso tamb?m foi revelado no item Capacita??o e Desenvolvimento

Utgångspunkten för studien var att forskning om deltagande i kvalitetsutmärkelser och utmärkelsemodeller inom privat sektor, har visat på potentiella fördelar för deltagande organisationer. Forskning har samtidigt pekat på utmaningar och viktiga förutsättningar för att deltagandet ska bli fruktsamt och positivt. I en svensk kontext är effekterna för organisationer i offentlig sektor av att delta i en utmärkelseprocess, relativt outforskade. Studien ämnade fylla en del av den kunskapsluckan. Syftet med denna studie var därför att förstå vilken betydelse utmärkelsen Sveriges Kvalitetskommun har haft för kommuner som har tilldelats den. Frågeställningarna fokuserade på vilka motiv de fyra senaste vinnarna av Sveriges Kvalitetskommun har haft med sitt deltagande, hur arbetet inom ramen för utmärkelsen har organiserats, vilken betydelse granskningsverktyget Kommunkompassen har haft för kommunerna samt vilka effekter utmärkelseprocess och vinst har genererat.   Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ enfallsstudie med flera analysenheter. Datainsamlingen skedde genom dokumentstudier och fokuserade intervjuer av öppen karaktär med kommunrepresentanter samt representanter rörande själva utmärkelsen. Intervjudatan analyserades med Creswell och Creswells (2018) fem steg för analys av kvalitativ data samt mönsterjämförelser utifrån Yin (2018).   Studien visar att utmärkelsen Sveriges Kvalitetskommun har haft betydelse för kommunerna ur fem  aspekter. Den har haft en enande påverkan, en pådrivande påverkan, en bekräftande påverkan, en lärande påverkan och en mättnadspåverkan. / The starting point for this study was that studies on participation in quality awards and award models  within the private sector have shown potential benefits for participating organisations. At the same time, research has pointed to challenges and important conditions for participation to be fruitful and positive. In a Swedish context, the effects of participating in an award process within the public sector is an area that is relatively unexplored. The study intended to fill part of that knowledge gap. The purpose of this study was therefore to understand what Sveriges Kvalitetskommun has meant for municipalities that have won the award. The research questions focused on the last four winners and their motives for participation, how the work within the framework of the award has been organized, the role that the measurement tool Kommunkompassen has played for the municipalities and what effects the award process and the win itself have generated.   The study was conducted through a qualitative single-case study with several analysis units. The data  collection was carried out through document studies and focused interviews of an open nature with municipal representatives and representatives regarding the award itself. The interview data were analyzed using Creswell and Creswell's (2018) five steps for analyzing qualitative data as well as pattern matching according to Yin (2018).   Based on the results the conclusion shows that the award Sveriges Kvalitetskommun has had an impact on municipalities that have won in five aspects. It has had a unifying impact, a propulsive  impact, a confirmatory impact, a learning impact and finally a saturative impact. / <p>2021-06-06</p>

Nous proposons dans cette thèse une analyse et une comparaison des trajectoires intellectuelles et des postures politiques d’Octavio Paz, Gabriel García Márquez et Mario Vargas Llosa, pour ainsi faire un apport à l’histoire intellectuelle de l’Amérique Latine dans la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle. Pendant les années soixante, l’intellectualité latino-américaine fut marquée par la Révolution cubaine et le contexte politique mondial des années soixante : la Guerre Froide, la Guerre du Vietnam, l’invasion de Prague et les manifestations dans différents pays. Paz, García Márquez et Vargas Llosa furent de grands acteurs de cette époque, c’est par le biais de cette thèse que nous les comparons en tant qu’intellectuels aux postures différentes. L’objectif principal de ce travail est donc de comprendre les trajectoires et les participations intellectuelles des trois écrivains latino-américains, dans le cadre de l’histoire intellectuelle latino-américaine et française (concepts et théories au XXème siècle). Pour cela, nous analysons et comparons leurs formations idéologiques, les relations savantes qu’ils ont entretenues, leur prise de position par rapport à quatre conjonctures (Révolution cubaine, Coup d’État au Chili, Sandinisme au Nicaragua, et l’EZLN au Mexique) et leur représentation de la figure de l’intellectuel. C’est ainsi que nous montrons comment, en Amérique Latine on peut observer une participation intellectuelle accrue à la fin du XXème siècle, ce qui permet de proposer une « régénération de la cité lettrée ». / We propose in this thesis an analysis and comparison of intellectual paths and political postures of Octavio Paz, Gabriel García Márquez and Mario Vargas Llosa, which it allows to understand Latin America’s intellectual history in the second half of the 20th century. During the 1960’s Latin American intellectuals were marked with Cuban revolution and world’s political context: Cold War, Vietnam War, Prague’s invasion and student protests around the world. Paz, García Márquez and Vargas Llosa were part of this period, that’s why with this work we compare them as intellectuals and they have different postures. The main objective of this thesis is to compare their intellectual involvement, within the context of Latin American and French intellectual history (concepts and theories in 20th century). For this reason, we analyze and compare theirs ideological formations, intellectual conjunctions and disjunctions, involvement in four conjunctures (Cuban revolution, Coup d’État in Chile, Sandinism in Nicaragua and EZLN in Mexico) and theirs intellectual figure’s representations. Therefore we show that in Latin America we find intellectual involvement at the end of the 20th century, which allow us to propose a “lettered city’s regeneration”. / Con esta tesis proponemos un análisis y comparación de las trayectorias intelectuales y las posturas políticas de Octavio Paz, Gabriel García Márquez y Mario Vargas Llosa, para hacer un aporte a la historia intelectual en América Latina en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Durante los años sesenta la intelectualidad latinoamericana estuvo marcada por la Revolución Cubana y el contexto politizado a nivel mundial: la Guerra Fría, la Guerra de Vietnam, la invasión de Praga y las manifestaciones estudiantiles en diferentes países. Paz, García Márquez y Vargas Llosa fueron parte de esa época, por lo que por medio de esta tesis se les compara como intelectuales y tuvieron posturas distintas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es comprender las trayectorias y las participaciones intelectuales de los tres escritores, en el marco de la historia intelectual latinoamericana y francesa (conceptos y teorías surgidas en el siglo XX). Se analizan y comparan sus formaciones ideológicas, conjunciones y disyunciones intelectuales, su participación en cuatro coyunturas (Revolución Cubana, Golpe de Estado en Chile, Sandinismo en Nicaragua y EZLN en México), su representación de la figura intelectual y los matices intelectuales de los tres escritores. Por consiguiente, se mostrará que en Latinoamérica puede observarse una participación activa del intelectual a finales del siglo XX, lo que conduce a proponer una “regeneración de la ciudad letrada”.

El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla una idea de negocio para el curso Emprendimiento de Negocios Sostenibles: Implementación, impartido en la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC). Nuestro modelo de negocio se consolidó con los conocimientos aprendidos durante la trayectoria universitaria. Para desarrollarlo, identificamos los dos principales problemas que presentan los dueños de perros al momento de educarlos y alimentarlos, ya que debido a la coyuntura hay una mayor cantidad de familias con al menos una mascota en casa. El problema de educarlos adecuadamente radica en la elección de un premio que la mascota quiera recibir y que a la vez este sea saludable y contribuya con su alimentación. Frente a ello, nuestra idea de negocio ha sido diseñada para poder dar una solución a esos dos problemas identificados, puesto que elaboramos galletas caseras saludables que sirven como premio y como complemento alimenticio debido al aporte nutricional de los ingredientes. La elaboración de las galletas premio saludables para perros es a base de avena y plátano, tiene vitamina B6, vitamina C, magnesio y potasio, ayudando así a mejorar la frecuencia cardiaca y a promover la salud ósea. Realizamos una investigación para determinar a nuestro público objetivo dentro de Lima metropolitana. Para nuestra idea de negocio, desarrollamos un plan que nos permita ordenar los recursos y estrategias adecuadas durante los primeros 3 años, ya que es importante conocer si el negocio es rentable. / This research work develops a business idea for the course Sustainable Business Entrepreneurship: Implementation, taught at the Peruvian University of Applied Sciences (UPC). Our business model was consolidated with the knowledge learned during the university career. To develop it, we identified the two main problems that dog owners present when educating and feeding them, since due to the situation there are a greater number of families with at least one pet at home. The problem of educating them properly lies in choosing a treat that the pet wants to receive and that at the same time is healthy and contributes to their diet. Faced with this, our business idea has been designed to be able to provide a solution to these two identified problems, since we make healthy homemade cookies that serve as a reward and as a food supplement due to the nutritional contribution of the ingredients. The preparation of healthy treats for dogs is based on oatmeal and banana, it has vitamin B6, vitamin C, magnesium and potassium, thus helping to improve heart rate and promote bone health. We conducted an investigation to determine our target audience within metropolitan Lima, determining zones 6 and 7 as the most appropriate. For our business idea, we develop a plan that allows us to organize the appropriate resources and strategies during the first 3 years, since it is important to know if the business is profitable. / Trabajo de investigación