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Abstract The role of policing within western democratic countries has become increasingly clouded. This nebulous role of policing has been impacted upon by such issues as, the diversity and complexity of social change, the advances achieved within the technology field and the increasing amount of legislation that has been passed in an endeavour to accommodate such changes. Over the decades these developments have required policing organisations to shift their focus from the original crime prevention in conjunction with community collaboration to one which is predominantly incident driven and enforcement focused. Through the adoption of various strategies utilising technology, beginning with the motor vehicle, the police organisation has also progressively widened the gap between itself and the community being policed. With the widening of this gap such traits as trust, familiarity, co-operation and information exchange between the two parties has declined. This appears to have a domino effect on the fear of crime and social disorder within the community, thus impacting on the quality of life of community members. Within recent decades some of the traditional policing practices - including random preventive patrol, rapid response and the need for additional police because of increasing crime - have been questioned and researched. The findings of these research projects have not supported the effectiveness of such policing strategies. The role of policing, thus comes into question and a return to the historical role of policing espoused when Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police and drafted the Principles of Policing, which was issued to each newly appointed constable, is being revisited. This has been promoted in the form of the 'community policing' concept. This community policing concept is stated as consisting of three core components - personalised policing through a police officer being stationed within a set geographic area; police-community partnership and problem-solving. However, in order to establish and maintain a viable partnership, both parties must participate and be aware of what the partnership entails. Similarly, with problem-solving both the community and police must identify and prioritise the local community problems. Both of these core components are bonded together through the appointment of a police officer within the community providing personalised policing. This shift in policing focus would necessitate changes both within the police organisation and the community itself. It must be remembered that the reactive, incident driven model of policing has been in existence for several decades and changing such a model will require some time. Thus, the effective implementation of community policing requires an agreement as to what community policing means and then a marketing and training program so that at the outset both parties are on an equal footing. As for the problem solving component of community policing, the parties to the partnership need to accommodate the differing foci of the opposite party. From the policing perspective, this requires accepting input from the community rather than maintaining a controlling demeanour. The police therefore, need to adopt an approach espoused by Wilson and Kelling (1982) in their article titled, 'Broken Windows: The Police and Neighbourhood Safety' which has been discussed in several literary works dealing with the community policing concept [Edwards 2001; Kenney (ed) 1989; Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux 1994]. The community also needs to be involved and this can be achieved initially, by maintaining support and enthusiasm for the community policing activities initiated. The success of implementing community policing relies on the adoption of the core components. The two community policing components, police-community partnership and problem-solving are impacted on by the third core component of personalised policing within a particular area. The personalised policing component is the need to have stable and reasonably enduring police personnel deployed to respective community locales. By adding this factor to the community policing components there is provided a degree of continuity and thus both parties develop a degree of familiarity which can lead to trust and confidence. The implementation of community policing to this extent needs to be holistically addressed through the police organisational dimensions, namely the philosophical, the strategic and the programmatic. Through these dimensions a comprehensive development of the community policing concept can be undertaken.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

The purpose of the study was to examine how teachers and children interpreted the project and understood its values. To this end, it was necessary to focus on four defining parameters which affect the investigation: structure of pre-school project work, content and delivery, the methods used by teachers during the project, which pedagogical documentation was used (and how), and how the project determined the approach, the curriculum goals and values. Using a qualitative approach, regular unsystematic observations were made over five days, during which three teachers, two pedagogues, two pre-school teachers, and one nanny from the same kindergarten were interviewed regarding children in three age groups: 1-2 years old, 3 years old, and 4-5 years old. The results of my investigation showed that the teachers were divided on how to apply the project as a working method. Children's active role in the pre-school project varied depending on the extent to which teachers adopted children perspective in everyday practice. The teachers used the documentation to evaluate, make visible processes of learning in children and reflect on the educational work of the projects. / Reggio Emilia

Syftet med studien var att undersöka polisanställdas attityd kring forskning och evidensbaserade polisiära metoder inom det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Vi genomförde semistrukturerade intervjuer med 9 poliser och analyserade dessa med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studiens resultat visade att delar av evidensbaserade metoder gick att återfinna i Polisens arbete, framförallt Problem Oriented Policing och Community Oriented Policing. Dock fanns varken struktur i hur metoderna används eller kunskap i hur metoderna fungerar. De intervjuade poliserna efterfrågade forskning och menade att forskning gärna får ta större plats för att kunna utveckla arbetet och göra det mer effektivt. / The aim of the study was to examine police officers’ attitudes towards research and evidence-based methods of policing in the field of crime prevention. We conducted semi-structured interviews of 9 police officers’ and performed a qualitative content analysis. Our results showed that the police are using parts of evidence-based methods, specifically Problem Oriented Policing and Community Oriented Policing. There were no organization around which methods were used and no knowledge about how the methods work. The police interviewed wanted research to play a larger role in their work and believed incorporating research would make their crime-prevention work more effective.

As a proactive, information-based policing approach, problem-oriented policing emphasizes the use of crime analysis techniques in the analysis of the underlying causes of the problems that police deal with. In particular, analysis applications can be powerful tools for criminal investigation, such as crime reconstruction, profiling, IAFIS, VICAP, and CODIS. The SARA Model represents a problem-solving strategy of problemoriented policing. It aims to address the underlying causes of the problems and create substantial solutions. However, implementing problem-oriented policing requires a significant change in both the philosophy and structure of police agencies. Not only American policing but also the Turkish National Police should consider problem-oriented policing as an alternative approach for solving criminal activities.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1974.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1974.

Syftet med studien var att belysa den svenska polisens tillämpning av problemorienterat polisarbete på lokal nivå. Tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes i en pendlingskommun nära storstad och i en större stad. Huvudresultatet visade att det verkar saknas en tydlig riktlinje om hur problemen i lokalpolisområdet formuleras, men att polisen har många olika källor till information. Polisen använder en rad olika metoder för att lösa de problem som finns i lokalpolisområdet, både i samverkan med andra samhällsaktörer och själva. Det framkommer att polisen utvärderar effektiviteten av sitt arbete, dock efter bästa förmåga och många intervjupersoner efterfrågar vägledning och stöd i utvärderingsprocessen. / The aim of this study was to describe how the Swedish police puts the problem- oriented approach to practice on a local level. Twelve semistructured interviewes was conducted in two separate cities and the results showed a lack of guidelines in formulating the problems which the police was meant to solve. Furthermore the results indicated a wide range of sources of information as well as a variety of problemsolving methods. The methods was carried out with or without help from other agencies. Finally the study showed that the police do evaluate their work, although many police officers expressed a need for guidance in the process.