Process approaches to writing are widely used in various second language teaching contexts, and many teachers and researchers are trying to find more efficient and meaningful ways to help students to improve their writing skills. Especially in the revision process, students can get help from teacher feedback, so they can have more opportunities to improve their drafts. In a class of 30 students, however, it is very difficult for a teacher to provide timely feedback to all students. The quality and the amount of teacher feedback can fall off due to time constraints and the number of students' drafts. If it is used effectively, a great help to a teacher of a writing class, then is peer feedback. Peer feedback can provide such other benefits as a sense of audience and ownership, more meaningful collaborative learning, and student awareness of the strengths and weaknesses in their drafts. The following report discusses the nature of peer feedback in writing and illustrates the effects of such feedback on students' perspectives about the revision process. The report also traces impact of providing and receiving different types of feedback. It shows us the unique features of paper-and-pencil and computer-mediated peer feedback, and highlights the important points in linguistic and extra linguistic elements observed in peer feedback. / text

Submitted by DIMAS CAMPOS DE AGUIAR null (dimas_c@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-01T23:06:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - FINAL.pdf: 4970932 bytes, checksum: 687493ddcb10566640a94638f676e0de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-02T12:32:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 aguiar_dc_dr_guara.pdf: 4970932 bytes, checksum: 687493ddcb10566640a94638f676e0de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T12:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aguiar_dc_dr_guara.pdf: 4970932 bytes, checksum: 687493ddcb10566640a94638f676e0de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Nos últimos anos tem sido possível notar um considerável crescimento no número de empresas e pessoas que aplicam o método de Análise de Modos de Falha e Efeitos, ou FMEA, em análises de processos. Porém, em sua execução há situações de incerteza, com a possibilidade de se promover diferentes tipos de informação, gerando dúvidas se as avaliações estão realmente completas. Este estudo tem como objetivo definir um modelo conceitual para a aplicação FMEA de Processo reduzindo as variações nas interpretações, pontuações e critérios para as decisões. A partir de uma fundamentação teórica, é identificada uma estrutura para construção de FMEA onde as atividades de desenvolvimento são classificadas como qualitativas, quantitativas e corretivas, de acordo com o tipo de análise das avaliações. Um estudo específico é desenvolvido para cada categoria de avaliação, sendo um estudo de caso com a aplicação de FMEA associada aos conceitos de abordagem por processo, referente às análises qualitativas; um levantamento bibliográfico sobre critérios para pontuação em FMEA, referente às análises quantitativas; e um levantamento sobre as regras utilizadas para a recomendação de ações em FMEA de Processo, referente às análises corretivas. Como resultado tem-se uma proposta focada na eliminação de irregularidades na aplicação do FMEA, preenchendo uma lacuna existente entre a teoria e a prática. / In recent years it has been possible to note a considerable growth in the number of companies and people who use the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, or FMEA, in process analysis. However, in its execution there are uncertainty situations, making possible to promote different types of information, raising questions whether the assessments are really complete. This study aims to define a conceptual model for Process FMEA application, reducing variations in interpretations, scoring and decisions criteria. From a theoretical framework, a structure for FMEA construction is identified, where those development activities are classified as qualitative, quantitative and corrective, according to the type of analysis of the evaluations. A specific study is developed for each category of evaluation. A case study in FMEA application associated with the concepts of process approach is done regarding qualitative analysis; a literature review on scoring FMEA criteria is done regarding quantitative analysis; and a survey on the rules used for recommending actions in Process FMEA is done regarding corrective analysis. As output, a proposal focused on the elimination of irregularities in the implementation of FMEA is done, filling a gap between theory and practice.

Bakgrund: Digitala patientmöten ökar med visionen om ökad e-hälsa, det kan användas för att nå fler patienter och verka kompletterande till traditionell fysioterapi. Det finns lite information om digitala patientmöten med fokus på att kunna stödja beteendeförändring. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur fysioterapeuter beskriver sina möjligheter och begränsningar att kunna stödja beteendeförändringar hos patienter i digitala patientmöten.Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. Sex fysioterapeuter deltog i studien och data från intervjuerna analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Intervjuerna resulterade i fem kategorier med tolv underkategorier. Dessa kategorier var: behov att överbrygga det fysiska avståndet, digital fysioterapi passar kortare, enklare kontakter, krävs mer tydlighet i digitala möten för att få med patienten, avsaknaden av fysisk kontakt vid digital fysioterapi hindrar samt rutin för uppföljning. Slutsatser: Deltagarna beskrev det digitala patientmötet som positivt för enkla och snabba patientkontakter. Dock menade de att det inte kan ersätta traditionell fysioterapi då avsaknaden av den fysiska kontakten och den bristande uppföljningen begränsar deras möjligheter att stödja beteendeförändringar. Studien ger grund för fortsatt forskning om organisatorisk implementering av stödjande arbetssätt för beteendeförändringar i digital / Background: Meeting patients in a digital format increases with the vision of increased e-health. It can be useful to reach more patients and work complementary to traditional physiotherapy. There is little information on digital patient meetings with a focus on being able to support behavioral changes. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how physiotherapists describe their possibilities and limitations to support behavioral changes in digital patient meetings.Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. Six physiotherapists participated in this study and data from the interviews were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The interviews resulted in five categories with twelve subcategories. These categories were: the need to bridge the physical distance, digital physiotherapy fits for shorter, simpler contacts, more clarity is required in digital meetings to engage the patient, the lack of physical contact during digital physiotherapy prevents and routines for follow-up. Conclusions: The participants described the digital patient meetings as positive for simple and quick patient contacts. However, they meant that it could not replace the traditional physiotherapy since the lack of physical contact and the lack of follow-up limits their ability to support behavioral changes. This study provides support for continued research on the organizational implementation of supporting working methods for behavioral change in a digital environment.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa i samhället ökar och många patienter har svårt att fullfölja behandling som involverar rörelse, vilket kan leda till livslånga symptom och än värre besvär. Starka och påfrestande emotioner har diskuterats som en anledning till bristande följsamhet sett till basal kroppskännedom, men andra orsaker kan också urskiljas. Syfte: Att beskriva fysioterapeuters erfarenhet och upplevelse av faktorer som kan påverka individens följsamhet till basal kroppskännedom som behandling inom psykisk ohälsa ur ett beteendemedicinskt perspektiv.    Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie som bygger på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har gjorts med en induktiv ansats.    Resultat: Studien fångar upp en upplevd koppling mellan patientens sjukdom och symptom och bristande följsamhet. Vidare är informanternas erfarenhet och upplevelse att vem fysioterapeuten är, hur pass bra patienten förstår vad basal kroppskännedom är, att behandlingen är mer praktisk och involverar mindre prat, att det finns ett gott samarbete mellan fysioterapeut och patienten som leder till en allians samt vem patienten är kan ses som faktorer som tillsammans eller var för sig kan påverka följsamheten.   Slutsats: Utifrån informanternas upplevelser och erfarenheter att det är nödvändigt att ta hänsyn till och hantera även psykologiska och sociala perspektiv hos patienten för att följsamhet till basal kroppskännedom ska uppstå. / Background: Mental illness in society is increasing and many patients find it difficult to adhere to treatment that involves movement, which can lead to lifelong symptoms and increased problems. Strong and stressful emotions have been discussed as a reason for lack of adherence to basic body awareness, but other reasons can also be discerned. Aim: To describe physiotherapists' experiences of factors that can influence the individual's adherence to basic body awareness as treatment in mental illness from a behavioral medicine perspective. Method: This qualitative study, which is based on six semi-structured interviews, has been done with an inductive approach.   Result: The study captures a perceived connection between the patient's illness and symptoms and lack of adherence. Furthermore, the informants' experience is who the physiotherapist is, how well the patient understands what basic body awareness is, that the treatment is more practical and involves less talking, that there is good cooperation between the physiotherapist and the patient which leads to an alliance and who the patient is can be seen as factors that together or individually can affect adherence.   Conclusion: Based on the experiences of the informants, it is necessary to take into account and also to manage the psychological and social perspectives of the patient in order for adherence to basic body awareness treatment to occur.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse present internal processes in company TRIO HAVEL s.r.o. and to propose measures which will lead to optimize or redesign of these processes. To achieve this aim was used different methods and techniques of improvement. Some of those are from "New Seven Management Tools" or "Seven Quality Control Tools". Specifically those were "Afinity chart", "Flowchart" and "Pareto chart". For quality planning were used method "Quality Function Deployment" which focus on customers' requirements. Obtained information was analysed. There were designed some recommendations based on them to optimize internal processes. In the end it was said some other recommendations for continual improvement of implemented quality management system and to gain competitive advantage.

Computer-based information systems (IS) play an increasingly pervasive and important role in contemporary organisations. Despite decades of continuing research and the development of an extensive prescriptive literature, IS development projects continue to be problematic, with many failing or being seriously challenged. In addition, the IS development environment has changed significantly in recent years, with rapid advances or shifts in technology, increasing devolution of IS responsibility and expenditure to user groups, high levels of packaged software acquisition and customisation, greater outsourcing of IS development, and an increasing emphasis on enterprise-wide and inter-organisational IS. In many cases these changes are interrelated and involve more flexible, ad hoc or non-traditional development approaches. Combined with the fact that at the same time IS have become increasingly sophisticated and integrated, the potential for unpredictable or unintended consequences has also increased. Together, the continued problematic nature of many IS projects and the changing IS development environment, suggest that there is an ongoing need for a fuller understanding of IS development processes and practices. Given the limitations of factor-based, prescriptive studies, an understanding of how contemporary IS development is enacted needs to be grounded in and built upon the cumulative body of research that attempts to understand the complexity and dynamic nature of IS development. Accordingly, this study uses a conceptualisation of IS development as a process in which an IS emerges from a dynamic and interactive relationship between the technology, its social and organisational context, and the negotiated actions of various individuals and groups. The thesis presents the results of an extensive empirical investigation into contemporary ARE development practices based on data collected from New Zealand. The study uses a range of research methods and ultimately develops a sociotechnical process model of IS development as situated action. Following Walsham’s (1993) emphasis on the content, context and process of IS-related organisational change, the methods used in this study are three-fold. First, an extensive literature review is undertaken to provide a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary empirical knowledge about the content of IS development. Second, a survey is used to collect contextual data about IS development and acquisition practices in New Zealand. Finally, these both support an in-depth longitudinal case study of the IS development process in an organisational setting. The literature review synthesises the results of recent empirical studies of the various influences that shape IS development, using a classificatory framework based around actors, project content, IS development processes, and context. The review shows that, while a number of traditional factors influencing IS development continue to be relevant, other factors have emerged as important as a result of changes to the IS development environment and to IS development practice. In particular, increasing recognition within the IS literature has been given to the relative importance of people and process and of the organisational and environmental context in which IS development takes place. The results of the literature review inform the design of a survey instrument intended to provide an updated assessment of IS development and acquisition practices in New Zealand organisations. A Web-based survey was administered to a sample of senior IS managers in 460 public and private sector organisations with 200 or more FTEs. Based on the 106 usable responses, the results of the survey confirm the ongoing relevance of a number of traditional factors identified in the IS literature as facilitating or inhibiting IS development. However, a number of factors were identified as emerging or increasing in relevance in light of changes in the IS development environment. While the survey provides a useful description of contemporary IS development and acquisition practice in New Zealand, it does not enable a detailed understanding of IS development in action. To address this, an IS project in a large New Zealand organisation was followed in action for over two years. The project involved the development of a sophisticated financial database model using a purchased commercial software package and external consultants. As such, it provides a useful exemplar of development in a contemporary IS environment. The case study illustrates how a seemingly small, well-defined project experienced delays and difficulties as might be expected in larger, more complex projects. It offers insights into the significance of external actors, the importance of full stakeholder participation, the influence of initial characterisations of the nature of the project, and the observance of project management processes. Consideration of the project outcome reveals its multi-dimensional, subjective and temporal nature. A process approach (Markus & Robey, 1988) is employed to structure the analysis of the case study. A combination of temporal bracketing, narrative analysis and visual representation is used to analyse the sequence of social action and organisational processes involved in the project and to develop a process explanation of how and why the particular project outcome in this case study developed over time. Underpinning and informing this analysis is the construction and utilisation of a model of IS development as a situated, sociotechnical process. Drawing on theoretical concepts from structuration theory and the sociology of technology, the model considers the situated actions and practices of various individuals and groups involved in IS development, the ways in which these are enacted within different contextual elements, and the role of existing and new technological artefacts in this process. IS development is characterised as iterative and emergent, with change occurring dynamically from a trajectory of situated interactions (in which meanings and actions are negotiated) and intended and unintended consequences. As a whole, this PhD highlights the changing nature of the IS development environment and the way a complex ensemble of ‘factors’ interact to influence IS project outcomes. Common themes emerge around the importance of people and process, and the context in which IS development takes place, while at the same time explicitly including a consideration of technology in the analysis.

This study aimed at developing a complementary peer-teacher feedback model, in which students and teachers share the responsibility of providing feedback in a systematic way and testing its effectiveness. The effectiveness of the developed feedback model on improving students&amp / #8217 / writing ability was tested in the context of a multiple draft writing course which followed a process approach with 57 preparatory class students at Karadeniz Technical University, Department of English Language and Literature for a period of 15 weeks (a semester). The study was designed as an experimental study in which the experimental group students were provided feedback through a complementary peer-teacher feedback model and the control group students were provided feedback through full teacher feedback. The two groups were compared in terms of their revisions, their essay scores and their attitudes towards feedback and writing. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected through revision coding, a pretest and posttest on writing ability, two questionnaires and student reflections. The results revealed that although the traditional full teacher feedback model created more revisions on the whole, the two models did not create a difference in terms of revision quality or writing improvement between the two groups. On the other hand, the complementary peer-feedback model was found more successful in creating positive attitudes towards peer feedback and self-correction but no differences were observed in students&amp / #8217 / perceptions of the difficulty of writing skill. Some recommendations are made for the design and implementation of feedback activities in writing classes.

Computer-based information systems (IS) play an increasingly pervasive and important role in contemporary organisations. Despite decades of continuing research and the development of an extensive prescriptive literature, IS development projects continue to be problematic, with many failing or being seriously challenged. In addition, the IS development environment has changed significantly in recent years, with rapid advances or shifts in technology, increasing devolution of IS responsibility and expenditure to user groups, high levels of packaged software acquisition and customisation, greater outsourcing of IS development, and an increasing emphasis on enterprise-wide and inter-organisational IS. In many cases these changes are interrelated and involve more flexible, ad hoc or non-traditional development approaches. Combined with the fact that at the same time IS have become increasingly sophisticated and integrated, the potential for unpredictable or unintended consequences has also increased. Together, the continued problematic nature of many IS projects and the changing IS development environment, suggest that there is an ongoing need for a fuller understanding of IS development processes and practices. Given the limitations of factor-based, prescriptive studies, an understanding of how contemporary IS development is enacted needs to be grounded in and built upon the cumulative body of research that attempts to understand the complexity and dynamic nature of IS development. Accordingly, this study uses a conceptualisation of IS development as a process in which an IS emerges from a dynamic and interactive relationship between the technology, its social and organisational context, and the negotiated actions of various individuals and groups. The thesis presents the results of an extensive empirical investigation into contemporary ARE development practices based on data collected from New Zealand. The study uses a range of research methods and ultimately develops a sociotechnical process model of IS development as situated action. Following Walsham’s (1993) emphasis on the content, context and process of IS-related organisational change, the methods used in this study are three-fold. First, an extensive literature review is undertaken to provide a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary empirical knowledge about the content of IS development. Second, a survey is used to collect contextual data about IS development and acquisition practices in New Zealand. Finally, these both support an in-depth longitudinal case study of the IS development process in an organisational setting. The literature review synthesises the results of recent empirical studies of the various influences that shape IS development, using a classificatory framework based around actors, project content, IS development processes, and context. The review shows that, while a number of traditional factors influencing IS development continue to be relevant, other factors have emerged as important as a result of changes to the IS development environment and to IS development practice. In particular, increasing recognition within the IS literature has been given to the relative importance of people and process and of the organisational and environmental context in which IS development takes place. The results of the literature review inform the design of a survey instrument intended to provide an updated assessment of IS development and acquisition practices in New Zealand organisations. A Web-based survey was administered to a sample of senior IS managers in 460 public and private sector organisations with 200 or more FTEs. Based on the 106 usable responses, the results of the survey confirm the ongoing relevance of a number of traditional factors identified in the IS literature as facilitating or inhibiting IS development. However, a number of factors were identified as emerging or increasing in relevance in light of changes in the IS development environment. While the survey provides a useful description of contemporary IS development and acquisition practice in New Zealand, it does not enable a detailed understanding of IS development in action. To address this, an IS project in a large New Zealand organisation was followed in action for over two years. The project involved the development of a sophisticated financial database model using a purchased commercial software package and external consultants. As such, it provides a useful exemplar of development in a contemporary IS environment. The case study illustrates how a seemingly small, well-defined project experienced delays and difficulties as might be expected in larger, more complex projects. It offers insights into the significance of external actors, the importance of full stakeholder participation, the influence of initial characterisations of the nature of the project, and the observance of project management processes. Consideration of the project outcome reveals its multi-dimensional, subjective and temporal nature. A process approach (Markus & Robey, 1988) is employed to structure the analysis of the case study. A combination of temporal bracketing, narrative analysis and visual representation is used to analyse the sequence of social action and organisational processes involved in the project and to develop a process explanation of how and why the particular project outcome in this case study developed over time. Underpinning and informing this analysis is the construction and utilisation of a model of IS development as a situated, sociotechnical process. Drawing on theoretical concepts from structuration theory and the sociology of technology, the model considers the situated actions and practices of various individuals and groups involved in IS development, the ways in which these are enacted within different contextual elements, and the role of existing and new technological artefacts in this process. IS development is characterised as iterative and emergent, with change occurring dynamically from a trajectory of situated interactions (in which meanings and actions are negotiated) and intended and unintended consequences. As a whole, this PhD highlights the changing nature of the IS development environment and the way a complex ensemble of ‘factors’ interact to influence IS project outcomes. Common themes emerge around the importance of people and process, and the context in which IS development takes place, while at the same time explicitly including a consideration of technology in the analysis.

In my master´s thesis I am dealing with process approach as one of the basic principles resulting from management according to ISO 9001. Introductory theoretical part pays attention to basic thesis resulting from ISO 9001. In practical part I analyze processes, system of continual improvement and I show economical drop of the International Standard implementation. In the last part I mention the proposals to optimize the process approach.

The current study used a randomized control design to determine if an implementation intention intervention based on the Health Action Process Approach would increase exercise behavior in volunteer firefighters. One hundred forty-seven male and female volunteer firefighters from nine fire departments participated. The treatment group received a survey that prompted them to create exercise implementation intentions by describing "where," "when," and "how" they will exercise, while the control group survey included a general exercise message. We hypothesized that the implementation intervention would increase exercise behavior while the general exercise message would have no effects on exercise, that earlier stage-of-change exercisers would show greater increases in exercise than late-stage exercisers and that there would be an interaction between the intervention and stage membership such that the intervention would be more effective among firefighters in earlier-stage exercisers. We also hypothesized that the intervention would indirectly decrease sedentary behavior. Negative binomial regression showed that the intervention (p = .03) was a statistically significant predictor of exercise minutes, supporting the first hypothesis. However, using exercise sessions and leisure time as dependent variables, no significant effects were found for the intervention. Thus, hypothesis one was only partially supported by the results. A stronger group-administered implementation intention formation intervention may be more effective in increasing exercise behavior in volunteer firefighters. Participants who self-identified as early-stage exercisers were more likely to increase exercise behavior; however, the effects of stage on behavior change were not significant in any of the analyses, leading to the conclusion that hypothesis two had to be rejected. Further, there was no significant stage-by-intervention interaction in any of the analyses, lending no support to hypothesis three. However, a tendency in the expected direction was detected, suggesting that a low-intensity implementation formation intervention may increase exercise time in early-exercise stage volunteer firefighters more than among late-stage members. In conclusion, this research suggests implementation intention formation influences increased exercise behavior in volunteer firefighters who do not exercise or are not regular exercisers. Future research with a stronger intervention is warranted.