Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a coerência entre o design das embalagens de alimentos orgânicos industrializados, seu conteúdo e a filosofia dos produtores, conforme critérios técnicos, ambientais e percepção dos consumidores. Foram selecionados produtos nos principais pontos de venda paulistanos, presentes no mercado entre 2011 e 2013. Foram feitas entrevistas com os consumidores para verificar a percepção das informações sobre o produto e fabricantes, em relação às especificidades dos produtos orgânicos. Os resultados foram comparados com a avaliação técnica das embalagens, indicando possíveis deficiências de projeto e pontos positivos, de modo a subsidiar futuros projetos de embalagens com melhor identificação das características ambientais associadas a essa categoria. / The present study aims to verify the consistency between the packaging design of processed organic food, its content and the producers\' philosophy, according to technical and environmental criteria, and consumer perception. Products were selected on the main points of sale in São Paulo, commercially available between 2011 and 2013. Interviews with consumers were made to verify the perception of the product and manufacturers informations, in relation to the organic products specificities. The results were compared with the packaging technical evaluation, indicating possible design deficiencies and strengths in order to support future packaging designs with a better identify of environmental characteristics associated with that category.

Introdução: A transição nutricional, caracterizada por mudanças no estilo de vida e no hábito alimentar, tais como maior consumo de alimentos industrializados, alimentação fora de casa e substituição de refeições por lanches, tem sido observada tanto no âmbito nacional como mundial. Em paralelo, a incidência de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (DCNT) associada ao alto consumo de alimentos com elevado teor de energia, açúcares, gorduras e sódio tem se elevado tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivos: Avaliar a freqüência e os fatores associados ao consumo de alimentos industrializados por adultos e idosos residentes no Município de São Paulo, bem como sua contribuição nutricional. Metodologia: Estudo transversal de base populacional de uma amostra de 1.530 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, sendo 728 adultos e 802 idosos, realizado em 2003. Foram tomadas amostras probabilísticas em dois estágios, setor censitário e domicílio, do Município de São Paulo. As características da população de estudo foram obtidas através de questionário e o consumo alimentar pelo método Recordatório de 24 horas. Os alimentos industrializados selecionados foram os consumidos por, no mínimo, 5% da população de estudo e classificados em oito grupos (1 - Manteiga e margarina / 2 - Embutidos, hambúrguer e nuggets / 3 - Refrigerantes e refrescos / 4 - Queijos gordos e creme de leite / 5 - Doces diversos / 6 - Biscoitos doces e salgados sem recheio / 7 - Biscoitos e pães recheados / 8 - Molhos à base de maionese). Foram feitas análises de regressão logística, levando em consideração o desenho amostral, para avaliar as associações entre o consumo de industrializados e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de estilo de vida. Resultados: Dos grupos de alimentos industrializados estudados, os que apresentaram maior consumo foram os das Manteigas e margarinas (62%), dos Refrigerantes e refrescos (48%) e dos Embutidos, hambúrguer e nuggets (41%). Os produtos apresentaram ainda contribuição elevada para a ingestão diária total de açúcares adicionados (66%), gorduras totais (33%), saturadas (37%) e trans (56%), colesterol (25%) e sódio (24%). Dos fatores que se associaram ao consumo de alimentos industrializados, destaca-se associação direta com o nível socioeconômico e inversa com a faixa etária. Conclusão: O conhecimento desses fatores é importante para implementação de políticas públicas e redução dos riscos para o desenvolvimento de DCNT. / Introduction: The nutritional transition, characterized by changes in lifestyle and eating habits, such as increased consumption of processed foods, food away of home and replacement of meals for snacks has been observed in Brazil and in the world. In parallel, the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases associated with high consumption of foods with high levels of energy, sugars, fats and sodium has been high both in developed countries as in developing countries. Objectives: To assess frequency and factors associated with the intake of processed foods among adults and elderly residents in the City of Sao Paulo, as well as its nutritional contribution. Methodology: Cross-sectional population-based study in a sample of 1.530 individuals of both genders, with 728 adults and 802 elderly people, performed in 2003. Probabilistic samples were obtained from multi-stage cluster sampling in the city of Sao Paulo. The characteristics of the population of study were obtained from interviews in the subjects\' homes and the dietary intake was measured by 24-hour recall method. Processed foods selected were consumed by at least 5% of the sample and classified into eight groups (1 - Butter and margarine / 2 - Cold meats, hamburguer, sausages and nuggets / 3 - Soft drinks and other artificial drinks / 4 - Fatty cheese and cream / 5 - Sweets, cakes and chocolates / 6 - Cookies without filling / 7 - Filled cookies and breads / 8 - Mayonnaise-based sauces). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relations among consumption of processed foods and demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables; considering the sampling design. Results: The groups of processed foods that presented higher consumption were Butters and margarines (62%), Soft drinks and other artificial drinks (48%) and Cold meats, hamburguer, sausages and nuggets (41%). The products also showed high contribution to total daily intake of added sugar (66%), total fat (33%), saturated fat (37%) and trans fat (56%), cholesterol (25%) and sodium (24%). Among the factors associated with the consumption of processed foods it was identified a positive association with socioeconomic level and negative association with age. Conclusion: Knowledge of these factors is important for implementation of public policies in health and reducing risks for developing non-communicable chronic diseases.

The Honey Sweet carrots were canned with Ethyienediamine tetracetic acid (CaNa 2 EDTA) and Sodium hexametaphosphate (Ha-HMP) at five different water hardness (0 , 20, 40, 80, 160 ppm of calcium and 20 of magnesium) , then stored at temperatures of 70 and 100 F. Evaluations were made at sixty-day i intervals for six months. Firmness and color degradation decreased significantly when water hardness or storage time increased. Under storage at 100 F and 0 hardness of water, the decrease of color and firmness was constantly accelerated. When hard water (above 80 ppm or below 40 ppm) was used for canning Van sweet cherries and Large Early Montgament apricots, the firmness , volatile reducing substances, and pH decreased. Sensory acceptability was maximum at 40 and 80 ppm. However, when either CaNa 2 EDTA or Na-HMP was used at the 500 ppm, it was found that they counteracted the effects of hard water and the quality of canned sweet cherries and apricots improved, when compared with control.

Mutton meat was tested in different products in order to obtain prototype products in which mutton can effectively be used without the objectionable mutton off flavor. Mutton flavor reduction was achieved in the processed meat products by: (a) lowering mutton fat to a level of 10% or less, (b) using spices, smoking and/or curing, (c) substituting fat from beef or pork for mutton fat, and (d) the action of microbial starter cultures. Four taste panel sessions were set up to rate these products against an all beef or all pork control for consumer acceptability. Taste panel results indicate that flavor had the greatest effect on overall acceptability of these products, compared to texture and appearance. Proximate meat analysis for fat, protein, moisture and ash were performed using the Technicon InfraAlyzer 400R and the results were compared with values obtained by reference AOAC methods. Correlation coefficients of 0.992, 0.867, 0.992 and 0.511 were obtained for fat, protein, moisture and ash respectively. The two methods were not significantly different (p = .05). These results indicate that the InfraAlyzer may be used as a rapid method for proximate analysis of fat, protein and moisture.

A UHT -processed skim milk (85%)/orange juice (15%) drink was developed. Product integrity and stability were maintained by two methods. Proper homogenization of the blend before UHT processing stabilized a drink formulation containing .25% carboxymethyl cellulose and .025% carrageenan. Adjusting the pH of the blend (pH 6.3 and 6.5) resulted in a different stabilization. After 28 days at room temperature, settling of milk solids was 5.2% of volume height in the prehomogenized sample and 86.9% of volume height in the same blend that had not been homogenized prior to UHT processing. After storage, the two treatments were analyzed to verify that there was no perceived textural difference between the pH adjusted and unadjusted blends. A consumer product acceptability evaluation resulted in a split population, and more panelists liked the product than disliked it.

The development of a reduced energy Thai style fresh pork sausage has been achieved by replacing fat with carbohydrate and water. Replacing fat in the processed meat formulation with other ingredients is known to alter the product qualities. The addition of carbohydrate, namely mung bean vermicelli, as a fat replacement is suggested to improve the water holding capacity, cooking yield and textural properties as well as reduce the fat and total energy content. This research developed a standard processing methodology for a characteristic Thai fresh pork sausage. The research evaluated the potential of mung bean vermicelli in the formulation of a reduced energy Thai style fresh pork sausage. The reduced energy sausage was developed by replacing fat with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% soaked mung bean vermicelli. Quality characteristics of the sausages (chemical, textural and sensory) were evaluated and compared with control sausages (20% fat). The results of the present study indicated that soaked mung bean vermicelli offset many of the characteristic changes usually brought about by fat reduction. The sausages had a decreased cooking loss and an improved yield as well as a reduction in energy content. In addition, they maintained the textural and sensory characteristics of the control Thai style fresh pork sausages. / Master of Science (Hons)

Herein, we report the first solution-processed broadband photodetectors to break the past compromise between sensitivity and speed of response. Specifically, we report photodiodes having normalized detectivity (D*) > 1012 Jones and a 3dB bandwidth of > 2.9 MHz. This finding represents a 170,000 fold improvement in response speed over the most sensitive colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photodetector reported1 and a 100,000 fold improvement in sensitivity over the fastest CQD photodetector reported2. At the outset of this study, sensitive, solution-processed IR photodetectors were severely limited by low response speeds1. Much faster response speeds had been demonstrated by solution-processed photodetectors operating in the visible3, but these devices offered no benefits for extending the spectral sensitivity of silicon. No available solution-processed photodetector combined high sensitivity, high operating speed, and response to illumination across the UV, visible and IR. We developed a fast, sensitive, solution-processed photodetector based on a photodiode formed by a Schottky barrier to a CQD film. Previous attempts to form sensitive photodetectors based on CQD photodiodes had demonstrated low quantum efficiencies that limited sensitivity4,5. Efficient, sensitive semiconductor photodiodes are based on two fundamental characteristics: a large built-in potential that separates photogenerated charge carriers and minimizes internal noise generation, and high semiconductor conductivity for efficient collection of photogenerated charge. Schottky barriers to CQD films were developed to provide high, uniform built-in potentials. A multi-step CQD ligand exchange procedure was developed to allow deposition of tightly packed films of CQDs with high mobility and sufficiently well-passivated surfaces to form high-quality metallurgical junctions. The temporal response of the CQD photodiodes showed separate drift and diffusion components. Combined with detailed measurements of the Schottky barrier, these characteristics provided the physical basis for a numerical model of device operation. Based on this understanding, devices that excluded the slow diffusive component were fabricated, exploiting only the sub-microsecond field-driven transient to achieve MHz response bandwidth. These devices are the first to combine megahertz-bandwidth, high sensitivity, and spectral-tunability in photodetectors based on semiconducting CQDs. Record performance is achieved through advances in materials and device architecture based on a detailed understanding the physical mechanisms underlying the operation of CQD photodiodes.

Herein, we report the first solution-processed broadband photodetectors to break the past compromise between sensitivity and speed of response. Specifically, we report photodiodes having normalized detectivity (D*) > 1012 Jones and a 3dB bandwidth of > 2.9 MHz. This finding represents a 170,000 fold improvement in response speed over the most sensitive colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photodetector reported1 and a 100,000 fold improvement in sensitivity over the fastest CQD photodetector reported2. At the outset of this study, sensitive, solution-processed IR photodetectors were severely limited by low response speeds1. Much faster response speeds had been demonstrated by solution-processed photodetectors operating in the visible3, but these devices offered no benefits for extending the spectral sensitivity of silicon. No available solution-processed photodetector combined high sensitivity, high operating speed, and response to illumination across the UV, visible and IR. We developed a fast, sensitive, solution-processed photodetector based on a photodiode formed by a Schottky barrier to a CQD film. Previous attempts to form sensitive photodetectors based on CQD photodiodes had demonstrated low quantum efficiencies that limited sensitivity4,5. Efficient, sensitive semiconductor photodiodes are based on two fundamental characteristics: a large built-in potential that separates photogenerated charge carriers and minimizes internal noise generation, and high semiconductor conductivity for efficient collection of photogenerated charge. Schottky barriers to CQD films were developed to provide high, uniform built-in potentials. A multi-step CQD ligand exchange procedure was developed to allow deposition of tightly packed films of CQDs with high mobility and sufficiently well-passivated surfaces to form high-quality metallurgical junctions. The temporal response of the CQD photodiodes showed separate drift and diffusion components. Combined with detailed measurements of the Schottky barrier, these characteristics provided the physical basis for a numerical model of device operation. Based on this understanding, devices that excluded the slow diffusive component were fabricated, exploiting only the sub-microsecond field-driven transient to achieve MHz response bandwidth. These devices are the first to combine megahertz-bandwidth, high sensitivity, and spectral-tunability in photodetectors based on semiconducting CQDs. Record performance is achieved through advances in materials and device architecture based on a detailed understanding the physical mechanisms underlying the operation of CQD photodiodes.

Bakgrund: Vi äter allt mer kött. Tidigare forskning har visat på samband mellan högt köttintag och bland annat hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar och cancer. Information om skyddsfaktorer som minskar risken för folksjukdom är begränsad. Forskning om hälsa och sjukdom hos kvinnor är begränsad och därför behövs kvinnors hälsa lyftas fram. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att undersöka huruvida ett högt köttintag kan påverka risken för folksjukdomar hos kvinnor. Resultat: Resultatet tyder på en koppling mellan ett högt intag av rött och bearbetat kött och folksjukdomar hos kvinnor. Samband har funnits mellan högt köttintag och bröstcancer, diabetes och hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Riskerna har visat sig kunna minska vid ett utbyte från det röda och bearbetade köttet till andra animaliska proteinkällor eller vegetabilier. Diskussion: Kosten bör vara en viktig förebyggande insats när det gäller folksjukdomar. Kostråd för kvinnor bör innefatta ett lågt intag av rött och bearbetat kött och en kost rik på frukt, grönsaker och protein från andra källor än rött och bearbetat kött. Slutsats: Tydliga och enhetliga kostråd bör tas fram för att minska folksjukdomarna hos den kvinnliga befolkningen. / Background:Our meat intake increases. Previous research has shown the connection between high meat intake, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Information on appropriate diet to reduce the risk of endemic disease is limited. Research on health and disease in women is limited and, therefore, women's health must be taken seriously. Objective: The aim of the literature study was to investigate whether a high meat intake may influence risk of endemic diseases in women. Results: The results suggest a link between a high intake of red and processed meat and endemic diseases in women. Correlations have been found between high meat intake and breast cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exchanges from the red and processed meat to other sources of animal protein and vegetables have been shown to reduce the risk of endemic diseases. Discussion: Advice on diet should be an important prevention strategy on endemic diseases. Advice on diet for women should include a low intake of red and processed meat and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and protein from sources other than red and processed meat. Conclusion: Clear and consistent dietary guidelines should be developed to help reduce the endemic diseases of the female population.

The effects of edible chitosan coating on quality factors of pomegranate (Punica granatum) arils were investigated in the present research. For that purpose, pomegranate arils were treated with 0% (control) and 1% chitosan (extracted from shrimp shells and deacetylated (.75%)) solutions and stored at 4