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Yes / Researchers have recognized that the successive growth of mid-channel bar deposits can be entertained as the raison d’être for the initiation of the braiding process, which is closely interlinked with the growth, decay, and vertical distribution of fluvial turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Thus, focused analysis on the underlying mechanics of turbulent flow structures in the proximity of a bar deposit occurring in the middle of the channel can afford crucial scientific clues for insight into the initiating fluvial processes that give rise to braiding. In the study reported herein, a physical model of a mid-channel bar is constructed in an experimental flume to analyze the turbulence parameters in a region close to the bar. Notably, the flow velocity plays an important role in understanding the flow behavior in the scour-hole location in the upstream flow divergence zone as well as near the downstream zone of flow convergence in a mid-channel bar. Therefore, the fluctuating components of turbulent flow velocity are herein discussed and analyzed for the regions located close to the bar. In the present study, the impact of the mid-channel bar, as well as its growth in turbulent flow, on higher-order velocity fluctuation moments are investigated. For near-bed locations, the results show the dominance of ejection events in upstream zones and the dominance of sweep events at locations downstream of the mid-channel bar. In scour-hole sections, the negative value of the stream-wise flux of turbulent kinetic energy and the positive value of the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy indicate energy transport in downward and forward directions, respectively. The downward and forward energy transport processes lead to scouring at these locations. The maximum turbulent production rate occurs in the wake region of the bar. The high rate of turbulence production has occurred in that region, which can be ascribed to the process of shedding turbulent vortices. The results show that the impact of the presence of the bar is mainly restricted to the lower layers of flow. The turbulent dissipation rate monotonically decreases with an increase in the vertical distance from the bed. The turbulent production rate first increases and then decreases with successive increases in the vertical distance from the bed. The paper concludes with suggestions for the future potential use of the present research for the practical purpose of examining braid bar occurrences in alluvial rivers to develop an appropriate response through training measures

Ce travail est consacré à l'étude de faisabilité d'une imagerie par reconstruction de vertex (IRV) pour le contrôle qualité en temps réel de la thérapie par faisceau d'ions carbone. La détection de vertex d'interactions nucléaires repose sur la détection de particules secondaires : grâce à un dispositif de détection spatiale des fragments chargés (tracker), on peut reconstruire les trajectoires des particules émergeant du patient et les extrapoler jusqu'à leur point d'origine (le vertex)... Dans le cadre de notre étude, la position du vertex est déterminée de deux manières différentes : soit en calculant l'intersection de la trajectoire d'un fragment émergent avec celle de l'ion incident (connue grâce à l'utilisation d'un hodoscope de faisceau placé en amont du patient), soit grâce à l'intersection de la trajectoire de deux fragments émergents détectés en coïncidence. Notre étude de faisabilité de la technique repose sur l'outil de simulation GEANT4. La première partie de l'étude a consisté à valider cet outil grâce à plusieurs expériences réalisées au GANIL (Caen) et au GSI (Darmstadt) avec des ions carbone de différentes énergies dans des cibles d'eau ou de PMMA Par la suite, la comparaison des deux modes de détection des particules secondaires a montré que la technique utilisant l'hodoscope est la plus performante. Enfin, après l'optimisation des principaux paramètres de cette technique, une simulation réaliste montre qu'il est possible de mesurer le parcours des ions avec une précision millimétrique à l'échelle d'une tranche en énergie voire à l'échelle d'un voxel unique / This work is devoted to the feasibility study of interaction vertex imaging (IVI) for real-time quality assurance in hadrontherapy treatments with carbon ion beams. Nuclear interaction vertex detection is based on secondary particle detection: a device allows us to spatially detect charged particles (tracker), thus we can reconstruct the trajectories of particles emerging from the patient and then extrapolate their emission point (vertex). In our study, the vertex position is determined by two ways: either by calculating the intersection of the trajectory of an emerging fragment with the trajectory of the incident ion (measured by means of a beam hodoscope upstream of the patient), or with the intersection of two emerging particles trajectories detected in coincidence. Our feasibility study of this technique relies on the GEANT4 simulation tool. The first part of the study aimed to validate this tool with experiments performed at GANIL (Caen) and GSI (Darmstadt) using carbon ion beams at various energies and in various targets (water or PMMA). Secondly, the comparison of two different technics for secondary particles detection showed that the technique using the hodoscope is the most efficient. Finally, after the parameters optimization of this technique, a realistic simulation shows that it is possible to measure ion paths within millimeter precision during each energy slices. A control of each beam spot may also be possible

Aim master´s thesis is analyzed technological and economical parameters of cutting tool. Firstly there are the parameters cutting tool, cutting wear, economical parameters and costs on running tools specified. In the conclusion there are reach technological and economical parameters of cutting tools analyzed and tested on practical sample. The sample is part of attachments in form programme on calculation in Excel, together with evaluation by means of graphs.

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No / Multiproxy palaeohydrological records from three raised bogs in Northern Ireland indicate that a major shift to wetter/cooler climatic conditions postdated the rapid decrease in solar activity at 2800 cal. BP by ~100 years. This event is bracketed by two wiggle-match radiocarbon-dated cryptotephra layers in each profile, enabling a high degree of chronological precision. These replicated data corroborate previous findings based on Irish peat humification profiles, and may indicate spatial complexity in the climatic response to solar activity between oceanic and continental areas.

Abstract provided by Publisher Complex performance diagnostics in sports medicine should contain maximal aerobic and maximal anaerobic performance. The requirements on appropriate stress protocols are high. To validate a test protocol quality criteria like objectivity and reliability are necessary. Therefore, the present study was performed in intention to analyze the reliability of maximal lactate production rate (VLamax) by using a sprint test, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) by using a ramp test and, based on these data, resulting power in calculated maximum lactate-steady-state (PMLSS) especially for amateur cyclists. All subjects (n=23, age 26 ± 4 years) were leisure cyclists. At three different days they completed first a sprint test to approximate VLamax. After 60 min of recreation time a ramp test to assess VO2max was performed. The results of VLamax-test and VO2max-test and the body weight were used to calculate PMLSS for all subjects. The intra class correlation (ICC) for VLamax and VO2max was 0.904 and 0.987, respectively, coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.3 % and 2.1 %, respectively. Between the measurements the reliable change index of 0.11 mmol∙l-1∙s-1 for VLamax and 3.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1 for VO2max achieved significance. The mean of the calculated PMLSS was 237 ± 72 W with an RCI of 9 W and reached with ICC = 0.985 a very high reliability. Both metabolic performance tests and the calculated PMLSS are reliable for leisure cyclists.

Background: The purpose of this study was the comparison of the calculated (MLSSC) and experimental power (MLSSE) in maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) during cycling. Methods: 13 male subjects (24.2 ± 4.76 years, 72.9 ± 6.9 kg, 178.5 ± 5.9 cm, V_O2max: 60.4 ± 8.6 ml min−1 kg−1, V_ Lamax: 0.9 ± 0.19 mmol l-1 s-1) performed a ramp-test for determining the V_O2max and a 15 s sprint-test for measuring the maximal glycolytic rate (V_ Lamax). All tests were performed on a Lode-Cycle-Ergometer. V_O2max and V_ Lamax were used to calculate MLSSC. For the determination of MLSSE several 30 min constant load tests were performed. MLSSE was defined as the highest workload that can be maintained without an increase of blood-lactate-concentration (BLC) of more than 0.05 mmol l−1 min−1 during the last 20 min. Power in following constant-load test was set higher or lower depending on BLC. Results: MLSSE and MLSSC were measured respectively at 217 ± 51 W and 229 ± 47 W, while mean difference was −12 ± 20 W. Orthogonal regression was calculated with r = 0.92 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The difference of 12 W can be explained by the biological variability of V_O2max and V_ Lamax. The knowledge of both parameters, as well as their individual influence on MLSS, could be important for establishing training recommendations, which could lead to either an improvement in V_O2max or V_ Lamax by performing high intensity or low intensity exercise training, respectively. Furthermore the validity of V_ Lamax -test should be focused in further studies.