Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-25T13:08:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANY MOISA BEZERRA DE ALMEIDA -- DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 841322 bytes, checksum: 839ba5af833854ad276c1cdc955c7341 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T13:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANY MOISA BEZERRA DE ALMEIDA -- DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2018..pdf: 841322 bytes, checksum: 839ba5af833854ad276c1cdc955c7341 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / A hortelã é uma planta bastante utilizada como planta medicinal e alimentícia, sendo produzida por agricultores em sistema familiar de produção. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, no distrito de Alagoinha, zona rural de Mossoró-RN, com o objetivo de avaliar o cultivo orgânico da hortelã sob diferentes doses de jitirana e épocas de colheita. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido no período de 13/08/2015 a 09/12/2015, e o segundo no período de 09/11/2015 a 10/12/2015, no delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com três repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído por quatro doses de jitirana (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 kg m-2 de canteiro em base seca) e o segundo fator, correspondendo a três épocas de colheita (30; 60 e 90 dias após o transplantio). Para a cultura da hortelã utilizou-se a cultivar “Mentha piperita”. As características avaliadas foram as seguintes: altura da biomassa, produção de biomassa, número de molhos, massa seca, teor e rendimento de óleo. Alguns indicadores econômicos foram observados, tais como: custo de produção, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. Houve interação entre os fatores-tratamentos para o primeiro cultivo (produção, número de molhos e teor de óleo) e na rebrota da hortelã, nas características (rendimento e teor de óleo). No primeiro cultivo, houve acréscimo no número de molhos de hortelã em função dos fatorestratamentos com valores máximos de 1300; 3503 e 2651 unidades/100m2 nas épocas 30;60 e 90 dias, correspondendo as doses 1,3; 0,2 e 0,2 kg/m2, respectivamente. Na rebrota apresentou número médio de molhos de 2805 unidades/100 m2 (30 dias) e 2542 unidades/100 m2 (60 dias). A dose de 0 kg m2 de jitirana na época de colheita de 60 dias em primeiro cultivo, proporcionou rentabilidade liquida de R$ 3.458,00, taxa de retorno da ordem de R$ 3,26 e índice de lucratividade de 69,3%. Para a rebrota ocorreu rentabilidade liquida de R$ 2.753,00, taxa de retorno de 2,80 e índice de lucratividade de 64,2% na dose de 0 kg m-2 e época de colheita de 30 dias. A produção de hortelã em sistema orgânico de produção constitui-se em alternativa para o produtor. / The plant consortium presents itself as one of the most appropriate methods to the practice of horticulture, in agroecological molds with numerous advantages in the environmental aspect, productive and economical. Two experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes in Alagoinha district, a rural area of Mossoró- RN, in order to assess the agricultural economic viability of mint consortium with coriander fertilized with manure jitirana more beef. The first experiment was conducted in the period from 08.11.2015 to 11.05.2015 and the second experiment in the period from 11.27.2015 to 22.03.2016, in a randomized complete block with treatments arranged in a 2x4 factorial design with three replications. The first factor consisted of monocropping and intercropping mint and coriander, and the second factor was the different doses of jitirana mixed with manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kg m- 2 site). For mint culture was used to cultivate "Mentha piperita". For the coriander was used to cultivate "Verdão". The characteristics evaluated for the Mint culture were as follows: height of biomass, fresh weight, number of sauces, dry mass, oil content and yield. For the coriander crop the following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, number of stems plant-1, productivity, number of sauces and dry mass. Also economic indicators were used, such as land equivalent ratio (LER), cost of production, gross income, net income, rate of return and profitability index. The use of more manure jitirana cattle contributed to the increase of the productive characteristics of the consortium in the two growing seasons, with number of mint sauces 17.6 and 5.8 in 3.0 doses and 2.2 kg m-2 respectively. For coriander crop, the values were 16.5 and 15.3 m2 sauces in 3.0 kg dose m-2, respectively. The equivalent area obtained in the two experiments were 1.72 and 1.78, respectively. The greater economic efficiency of the consortium was observed in the first growing season with the application of 3.0 kg m-2 of more manure jitirana cattle in an area of 100 m2, with gross income of R $ 3,761.00; net income of R $ 2,727.50; return rate of R $ 3.64 and 72.52% profitability index.

A agricultura desempenha, desde a colonização do Vale do Ribeira-SP, papel central nas transformações e no desenvolvimento desta região, constituindo-se em locus de investigação e entendimento de suas características marcantes: a pobreza e a conservação do ambiente natural de Mata Atlântica. Através da construção da história agrária do município de Iguape - pontuada por eventos históricos de importância regional - buscamos averiguar como o desenvolvimento da atividade agrícola conjugou o uso da natureza e a satisfação das necessidades humanas desde a virada do século XIX para o XX - quando se configurou uma organização rural tipicamente cabocla - até os dias atuais. Para construir uma história agrária valemo-nos do conceito de sistema de produção agrícola, tendo por referência central o regime de uso do solo, tal como definido por Boserup (1983). Nesta pesquisa, submetemos à análise os processos sociais decorrentes da evolução agrária, a partir de seus aspectos materiais e objetivos e daqueles simbólicos e subjetivos inerentes às práticas sociais. A organização cabocla esteve estreitamente ligada à agricultura tradicional de base tecnológica itinerante, cuja prática exige a ocorrência e o uso da mata, para fins de exploração da efêmera fertilidade do solo. A partir da década de 1960, uma série de eventos associados à incorporação econômica regional - como as migrações, especulação imobiliária, incentivos à modernização produtiva - iniciaram processo de desorganização do sistema de agricultura caboclo e das relações e dinâmicas sócio-culturais implicadas. Já no final da década de 80, julgamos terem sido as novas regras de exploração da Mata Atlântica, estabelecidas pela Legislação Ambiental, determinantes para a conversão da base técnica itinerante, ao impor expressiva restrição às áreas cultiváveis e proibir a derrubada da vegetação florestal. Procuramos demonstrar como este processo foi acentuado pela nova orientação política que alterou a forma e a presença do Estado na região. Através de pesquisa de campo avaliamos como a população rural de tradição cabocla reorganizou a técnica agrícola, as relações de produção e sua articulação com o mercado. Dentre outros efeitos, observamos a formação de produtores desagregados socialmente, desenraizados de sua cultura e empobrecidos economicamente. / Agriculture as undertaken in the Vale do Ribeira, Sao Paulo region from colonization time, has been a key element in the area\'s development and transformation, a real object of study and investigation to further understand its marked traits: poverty and the Mata Atlântica environmental safekeeping. Via the build up of the Iguape district agricultural history - rich in important regional historical events - we strived to deepen knowledge of agricultural development in how nature was used and also the means for fulfilling human needs from the turn of century XIX to XX - when a typically caboclo organization was identified - to present days. To further build up an agricultural history, we have made usage of the \"agricultural production system\" concept, as reference the soil usage regime, as defined by Boserup (1983). In this survey we submit to analysis the social processes resulting from agricultural evolution, starting from material aspects, goals, symbols and subjective values pertaining to social action and mutually determined by economics. The caboclo organization was deeply linked to traditional farming rooted in shifting technology, which banked on the existence and usage of woods, its fleeting fertility and land rotation. From the 1960 decade on, a series of events associated to regional economic incorporation - such as migrations, real estate dealings, modernization output subsidies - led to the process of disorganization of the caboclo agricultural system and of implied dynamic socio-cultural relations. In the late 80\'s, we believe that the new Mata Atlântica ruling, set down by the Environmental Legislation, determining the itinerant technique conversion, while setting significant restriction to arable areas and the banning of forest clearing. We show how this process was further determining under the new political orientation which altered the presence and form of the State in the region. By means of field work we studied how the caboclo tradition bred rural population reorganized agricultural techniques, production schemes and market handling. To mention among other effects, we found socially disrupted producers, culturally uprooted and economically impoverished producers.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-05-02T20:33:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T20:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) dissert Oydil Cesar de Figueiredo.pdf: 4453669 bytes, checksum: e33d72aa1c70ea37d37ddcdc603b8c51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / O presente trabalho descreve o processo de gestão de melhoria das operações produtivas de fabricação, apresentando um caso prático de aplicação do conceito de produção com foco na eliminação dos desperdícios em uma indústria automotiva. O exemplo aludido relata o processo de planejamento, execução, manutenção e controle de uma sequência de três projetos de melhoria de uma célula de montagem de uma indústria de autopeças, situada na região Sul Fluminense no Rio de Janeiro, entre os anos de 2008 e 2014. A pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar os métodos e ferramentas Lean Manufacturing na indústria de autopeças identificando os fatores restritivos e facilitadores no processo de aplicação dessa filosofia. Com os dados coletados foi possível verificar vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de diferentes conceitos logísticos, distintas configurações de trabalho padronizado e layout. Por meio de uma revisão documental e uma pesquisa-ação, verificaram-se ganhos significativos ao adotar os conceitos propostos, elevando a produtividade da linha estudada em 92%, quando comparado com o ano inicial, demonstrando-se que as técnicas propostas efetivam-se em vantagem estratégica competitiva em relação a outras empresas concorrentes que trabalham sob a ótica da produção em massa. Como resultados adicionais, a pesquisa fornece informações sobre a sequência de uso das ferramentas oferecendo um auxílio para empresas que buscam a implantação dessa filosofia, disseminando, assim, o conhecimento sobre a filosofia Lean Manufacturing / This study describes the continuum improvement process of productive manufacturing operations, showing an applying case of the concept of production with a focus on eliminating waste in an automotive industry. The example used describes the process of planning, execution, maintenance and control of a sequence of three improvement projects in one assembly line of an automotive parts industry, located in the Rio de Janeiro, between 2008 and 2014. The research aimed to study the methods and Lean Manufacturing tools in the automotive industry by identifying the blocks and facilitators factors in this philosophy application. With the collected data were verified advantages and disadvantages of using different logistics concepts, different standardized work settings and layout. Through a documentary review and action research, have been checked significant gains by adopting the proposed concepts, increasing line productivity by 92%, when compared with the initial year, showing that the applied technical become more effective than the companies that work as pushed production. As additional results, the survey provides information on the use sequence of tools offering support to companies that are implementing this philosophy

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Carina_ Estrela_.pdf: 16751997 bytes, checksum: 57dab41429721d293278464eaa3be9b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-27 / The main economic activities developed at Turuçu-RS (Brazil) are the dairy cattle breeding, cultivation of temperate climate fruit, tobacco and red-hot chili pepper. Among the fruits, strawberry is a relevant crop which is providing worthy investment return for the farmers, generating income, employment, social inclusion and therefore rising quality of life of the farmers. Drip irrigation is one of the adopted technologies by the rural producers in the strawberry crop system. The irrigation water quality has an important role in this system due the potential to cause emitters clogging, reducing the equipment life time and irrigation uniformity. The effect of the water quality may very depending on factors as the kind of water source, local climate and the irrigation management employed by the farmer. This work intended to characterize the irrigation water sources in relation to their origin and to assess the spatial and temporal variability of the water quality utilized in the strawberry crop in 15 rural properties affiliated to the Association of Strawberry Producers of Turuçu-RS. Water samples were collected monthly at water supply for ten months. The water quality was evaluated in terms of its physical (suspended solids, dissolved solids and turbidity), chemical (pH, total iron, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and hardness) and microbiological parameters (total and fecal coliform bacteria). These parameters were evaluated in relation to the hazard to cause damages to the drip irrigation systems and to their spatial and temporal distribution by means of box plot graphs. To characterize the irrigation water sources relating to their origin was employed a typology for grouping the sources based on the CONAMA (National Council for the Environment) Resolution 303/2002. In this manner, six sources were classified as Group 1, five as Group 2, three as Group 3 and one as Group 4. It was verified that the rural producers had no technical advice about reservoir construction or water withdrawal location. The spatial and temporal variability of the water quality analyzed presented different magnitude for the parameters. The dissolved solid concentration presented the greatest among physical parameters, and dissolved oxygen, followed by electrical conductivity among the chemical. In relation to the clogging hazard, the suspended solid concentration was the physical parameter that presented the greatest percentage of samples classified as of moderate and severe risk, while turbidity was classified as adequate for most samples. For the chemical parameters, total iron levels presented the greatest percentage of samples classified as of moderate and severe risk. For dissolved oxygen, the percentage of samples classified as inadequate was over 50% in six properties, and it was classified as adequate over 50% in six properties. For the pH parameter the clogging hazard was found low in ten water sources while electrical conductivity and hardness presented low risk for all samples. It was not detected the presence of total and fecal coliform bacteria in four and five water samples, respectively, along the studied period. / No município de Turuçu-RS as principais atividades econômicas desenvolvidas são a pecuária leiteira, a produção de frutíferas de clima temperado, de fumo e de pimenta vermelha. Dentre as frutíferas, destaca-se o morangueiro que tem propiciado aos produtores rurais, boa rentabilidade constituindo-se em instrumento de geração de renda e emprego, inclusão social e assim incrementando o padrão de qualidade de vida destes produtores. A irrigação localizada por gotejamento foi um dos incrementos tecnológicos adotados na produção do morangueiro. Neste sistema, a qualidade da água utilizada assume papel importante podendo afetar seu funcionamento causando obstrução de emissores diminuindo sua vida útil e comprometendo a uniformidade da irrigação. Baseado nisto, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as fontes de captação de água usada para irrigação quanto a sua origem e avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da qualidade da água usada na produção de morangos em 15 propriedades, pertencentes à Associação dos Produtores de Morango do Município de Turuçu-RS. Para tal, foram coletadas, mensalmente, amostras de água das fontes de captação em cada uma das propriedades, durante um período de 10 meses, determinando suas características físicas (sólidos suspensos, sólidos dissolvidos e turbidez), químicas (pH, ferro total, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica e dureza), e microbiológicas (coliformes totais e fecais). Estas características foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial de causar danos ao sistema de irrigação por gotejamento e quanto a sua distribuição espacial e temporal ao longo do período utilizando gráficos em caixa. Na caracterização das fontes de captação de água foram usadas as definições da Resolução CONAMA 303/2002 para identificar características semelhantes quanto a origem das fontes de captação resultando em seis fontes caracterizadas como Tipo 1, cinco como Tipo 2, três como Tipo 3 e uma como Tipo 4. A variabilidade espacial e temporal da qualidade da água apresentou magnitudes diferentes quanto aos parâmetros, sendo a concentração de sólidos dissolvidos a maior dentre os físicos e o oxigênio dissolvido, seguido pela condutividade elétrica dentre os químicos. Quanto ao potencial de risco a causar entupimento dos gotejadores, a concentração de sólidos em suspensão apresentou o maior percentual das amostras classificadas como moderado e severo, dentre os parâmetros físicos, sendo a turbidez da água classificada como adequada em onze fontes de captação. Dentre os parâmetros químicos, a concentração de ferro apresentou o maior percentual de amostras com potencial de risco moderado e severo, o oxigênio dissolvido apresentou seis propriedades com mais de 50% das amostras de água classificadas inadequadas e em outras seis mais de 50% das amostras classificadas adequadas. O pH da água de irrigação apresentou baixo potencial de risco, em dez fontes de captação, enquanto que, a condutividade elétrica e a dureza total apresentaram potencial de risco baixo em todas as amostras. Não foi detectada a presença de coliformes totais em quatro amostras de água analisadas e de coliformes fecais em cinco, ao longo do período estudado.

In order to survive in highly competitive local and global markets, it is vital to satisfy the changing demand of the customers. Thus, the importance of competitive factors arises. The companies should provide sufficient amount of products or services on time with the most advantageous prices and best possible quality. Additionally, flexibility is crucial to deal with the change in demand. Therefore, a flexible production system for manufacturers is vastly required. The aim of this Master Thesis is to provide a framework for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) that seek ISO 9001 and 14001 Certifications by proposing a Lean Production System. As a case study, the Swedish company CombiQ AB is investigated regarding its current situation with short and long term goals. Thereby, this framework includes the design of a suitable production system that meets CombiQ’s needs and additionally to that, instructs the company how to build up a Lean Production System. In parallel with ISO Certification requirements, two main Lean Techniques (5S and Kaizen) are explained and exemplified throughout the project. These techniques are straightly linked with the requirements of Quality Management Systems (ISO 9001) and Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001). As for empirical data, this project is constructed by six interviews within the company and one additional interview with an ISO auditor. As a complement, operational and managerial processes are observed. Additionally, relevant literature is examined, presented and aligned with empirical findings in order to cover the essential concepts of this thesis. The final proposal is the usage of lean thinking as a core philosophy guided by the lean principles and techniques with the ISO requirements in parallel, which are the selected concepts to design a desired production system. Once the design is proposed; as further steps, the company would be able to continue the development process by implementing and starting-up the production. Last but not least; as the major outcome of this Lean Production System framework, the ISO certifications would be accomplished with a higher customer satisfaction and competitiveness.

La maîtrise des risques est un enjeu majeur pour les entreprises. Loin d’être l’apanage des seules catastrophes naturelles, les perturbations des chaînes logistiques actuelles peuvent parfois être causées par des événements mineurs amplifiés par les failles d’organisations industrielles de plus en plus complexes. Nombreux sont les exemples de ces perturbations avec des conséquences économiques graves.La gestion des risques dans les chaines logistiques est un thème récent et les méthodes et outils actuels ne répondent pas encore totalement aux préoccupations des gestionnaires de ces chaînes logistiques. Une grande aide peut être apportée par la simulation des événements affectant les chaînes. Cependant malgré son efficacité pour couvrir la complexité de la chaîne, la simulation reste encore difficile à mettre en œuvre, notamment dans les phases de création et d’exploitation des modèles.Le but de cette thèse est de faciliter l’utilisation de la simulation pour l’analyse des risques dans les chaines logistiques. Ainsi, nous avons développé un référentiel de modélisation pour la simulation qui permet d’assurer une construction facile des modèles de la structure, du comportement et des risques inhérents aux chaines logistiques. Ce référentiel est bati sur un ensemble de metamodèles et de bibliothèques adaptés à la définition de chaînes logistiques et définis sur la base du référentiel SCOR. Ajouté à cela, nous avons proposé un guide de traduction permettant le passage d’un modèle conceptuel de chaîne logistique vers un modèle de simulation permettant de tester les scénarios de risque. Une bibliothèque de modules de simulation a été proposée pour accompagner ce passage. Une étude de cas a été menée pour tester et valider partiellement l’approche proposée. / Controlling risks is an important issue for companies. Far from being only the prerogative of natural disasters, the disruptions of today's supply chains can sometimes be caused by minor events amplified by the flaws of increasingly complex industrial organizations, causing severe economic losses.Risk management in supply chains is a recent theme and the proposed solutions are not yet able to meet the needs of practitioners. One of the solutions to analyse risks is using simulation. But, despite its effectiveness to cover the complexity of the chain, it still presents a major weakness which is the difficulty of implementation.The aim of this thesis is to facilitate and to adapt the simulation for risk analysis of supply chains. Thus, we have developed a modeling framework for simulation which enables an easy construction of models of supply chain structure, behavior and if the associated risks. This is done through the proposition of a set of meta-models and libraries, defined on the basis of the SCOR reference model. In addition, we proposed a translation guide for the translation of the conceptual model of supply chains into a simulation model and enabling testing risk scenario. Additionaly, we developed a library of simulation modules.A case study was conducted and the results show the relevance of the proposed approach.

Cette thèse démontre l’existence de l’agriculture comme une activité importantedu peuple mapuche à travers l’histoire, avant la conquête espagnole jusqu’auXXIème siècle. La recherche démontre la capacité des Mapuche à résister etcombattre des ennemis puissants et féroceset également l’intelligenteadaptation à toutes les invasions étrangères, même celles de l’Etat Chilien. Lathèse montre les changements dans l’agriculture et la capacité du peuplemapuche à innover, depuis l’invasion des incas au XVème siècle, la conquêtedes espagnols du XVIème au XIXème siècle et l’occupation chilienne jusqu’auXXIème siècle. Au moment de la conquête espagnole, les Mapuche étaient unpeuple en pleine sédentarisation qui occupait un territoire de façon autonome.Les communautés peuplaient des terrains délimités et pratiquaient uneagriculture de subsistance culturelle, en plus de la cueillette, de la pêche et dela chasse. Selon les concepts de culture de UNESCO (2003), Taylor (1977) etla civilisation de Braudel (1966,1968,1970)), les Mapuches possédaient uneculture et une civilisation.La société était organisée en groupes de lignéesmatricielles, ils avaient une cosmovision, une culture et une organisationsociale. Pendant la colonie, ils adoptent et s’approprient les technologieseuropéennes, ils développent un élevage puissant qui s’étend à la pampaargentine. Cette activité génère un échange commercial puissant et diversifiéentre le territoire mapuche et le Royaume du Chili, fait de produits animaux,d’objets manufacturés et de produits alimentaires. L’échange était défavorableaux Mapuche et dut être régulé par des traités. La République commence àreconnaitre les territoires mapuche, mais ensuite, pour des raisons d’expansionéconomique, elle les envahit à feu et à sang. Les Mapuche résistent mais sontmis en déroute par l’armée chilienne, qui a gagné la guerre du Pacifique. LesMapuches commencent le XXème siècle spoliés de 95% de leurs terres, depresque tout leur élevage puissant, de leurs biens capitaux, des machines, deséquipements, des charrues, des semences et des plantations. Mais surtout ilssont exclus, mis en ségrégation et confrontés à des stratégies d’assimilation etd’extermination. Ils meurent d’inanition, de maladies et d’épidémies. C’est à cemoment qu’est générée la vraie dette historique de l’Etat du Chili envers lesmapuche. Les Réformes Agraireset particulièrement celles de l’Unité Populaire(1970-1973) soulèvent le problème des terres usurpées, elles proposent etmettent en oeuvre des solutions, que la dictature militaire (1973-1990) annule.La Concertation pour la Démocratie (1990-2010) reconnait les spécificités dupeuple mapuche et résout une partie des conflits pour la terre. Actuellement, lesmapuche de la campagne sont confrontés à de puissantes stratégiesd’assimilation et d’extermination de leur culture, cependant au niveau descommunautés rurales, on observe la capacité manifeste du peuple mapuche às’adapter aux changements, résister et imposer les termes de base desconditions nécessaires pour se reconstruire comme peuple originaire du Chili. / This thesis demonstrates that, throughout history, before the Spanish conquestuntil the 21st Century, agriculture has been an important activity of the mapuchepeople. Research conducted points out the ability of the mapuche to resist andbattle against powerful and ferocious foes, and in addition, their intelligentadaptation to foreign invasions, including that of the State of Chile. The thesisdemonstrates the changes that took place in agriculture and the ability of themapuche people to innovate, since the Inca invasion in the 15th century, theSpanish conquest through the 16 to 19th centuries, and the Chilean occupationthat extends reaching the 21st century. At the start of the Spanish conquest,mapuches constituted people that autonomously occupied a territory, were fullysedentary, communities populated clearly delimited areas, and conductedagriculture of cultural subsistence, in addition to harvesting native vegetation,fishing and hunting. Society was matricially organized by lineages, by groups,had a cosmic view, culture and social organization. During the Colony, theyadopt and appropriate European technology, develop a powerful animalhusbandry that extends through the Argentinian pampa; this activity generates astrong and diversified commercial exchange between the mapuche territory andthe Kingdom of Chile, of animal products, handicrafts and food products.Exchange was unfavorable for the mapuche and had to be regulated throughparliaments. The Chilean Republic at first recognized the mapuche territories,but later, for reasons of economic expansion, occupies them through war.Mapuches resist and are defeated by the Chilean army that had recently wonthe Pacific Ocean War against Peru and Bolivia. The mapuche enter the 20thcentury deprived of 95% of their territory, almost the total of their powerfulanimal husbandry, their capital goods, machinery, equipment, annual andperennial crops. But above all, they are excluded, segregated, faced withassimilation and extermination strategies, they die from hunger, diseases andpests. The real historical debt of the State of Chile with the mapuche generatesat that point. Agrarian reforms, in particular that of the Popular Unity (1970-73)political government faces the problem of usurped lands and initiates solutions,later reversed by the Military Government (1973-90). Concertation forDemocracy governments (1990-2010), recognizes the specificities of themapuche people and partially solves land conflicts. At present, rural mapucheface powerful strategies of assimilation and cultural extermination; however, atthe rural communities’ level, the ability of the mapuche people to adapt tochanges, adequate, resist, and impose the basic terms of the conditionsnecessary to reconstruct themselves as a Chilean original people has becomeclearly evident. / Esta tesis demuestra la existencia de la agricultura como actividad importantedel pueblo mapuche a través de la historia antes de la conquista hasta el sigloXXI. La investigación demuestra la capacidad de los mapuches para resistir ycombatir a enemigos poderosos y feroces y además la inteligente adaptación atodas las irrupciones extranjeras incluidas las del Estado de Chile. La tesismuestra los cambios en la agricultura y la capacidad del pueblo mapuche parainnovar, desde la invasión de los incas en el siglo XV, la conquista de losespañoles entre los siglos XVI y XIX y la ocupación chilena hasta llegar alsiglo XXI. Los mapuches al momento de la conquista española eran un puebloque ocupaba un territorio en forma autónoma en plena sedentarización, lascomunidades poblaban terrenos delimitados y desarrollaban agricultura desubsistencia cultural, además de la recolección, la pesca y la caza. La sociedadestaba organizada por linajes matricialmente, por grupos, tenían unacosmovisión, una cultura y una organización social. Durante la colonia, adoptany se apropian de tecnologías europeas, desarrollan una poderosa ganaderíaque se extiende por la pampa Argentina; esta actividad genera un fuerte ydiversificado intercambio comercial entre el territorio mapuche y el Reino deChile, de productos animales, artesanado y productos alimentarios. Elintercambio era desfavorable a los mapuches y debió ser regulado medianteparlamentos. La República comienza reconociendo los territorios mapuche,pero luego, por razones de expansión económica los ocupa a sangre y fuego.Los mapuche resisten y son derrotados por el ejército Chileno que ganó laguerra del Pacifico. Los mapuches entran al siglo XX despojados del 95% desus tierras de casi toda su poderosa ganadería, de sus bienes de capital,maquinas, equipos, arreos, siembras y plantaciones. Pero sobre todo sonexcluidos, segregados enfrentados a estrategias de asimilación y exterminio,mueren de inanición, por enfermedades y por la peste. Allí se genera laverdadera deuda histórica del Estado de Chile con los mapuches. LasReformas Agrarias, especialmente la de la Unidad Popular, levantan elproblema de tierras usurpadas y propones y ejecuta soluciones, que ladictadura militar anula. La Concertación por la Democracia reconoce lasespecificidades del pueblo mapuche y soluciona una parte de los conflictos porla tierra. Actualmente los mapuche del campo enfrentan poderosas estrategiasde asimilación y exterminio de su cultura, sin embargo a nivel de lacomunidades rurales se pone de manifiesto la capacidad del pueblo mapuchepara adaptarse a los cambios, adecuarse, resistir e ir imponiendo los términosbásicos de las condiciones necesarias para reconstruirse como pueblooriginario de Chile.

Alors que de nouveaux usages des espaces ruraux se développent sous l’effet combiné des dynamiques urbaines et touristiques, la question de l’effet de l’urbanisation sur les oliveraies du littoral tunisien est questionnée. L’hypothèse de base est que le développement économique et touristique important, associé à une urbanisation peu planifiée, met en danger l’oléiculture du littoral Centre-Sud tunisien, culture stratégique dans l’économie et la société du pays. L’objectif de la thèse est de comprendre les places (spatiales, économiques, culturelles, paysagères, etc.) du système de l’olivier. Il s’agit d’étudier les enjeux de l’olivier en situations urbaine et périurbaine. Dans une première partie est exposée la démarche conceptuelle, méthodologique et pratique qui permet d’appréhender les enjeux de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine et de l’olivier. Le concept du système de l’olivier est alors inscrit dans un méta-système littoral territorial afin de rendre compte des temporalités, du jeu des acteurs locaux publics et privés autour de la place et des fonctions de l’activité oléicole. Ce concept est à la base de l’analyse systémique de l’oléiculture littorale urbaine et périurbaine du cordon littoral, dont les résultats sont développés pour saisir les facteurs de résistance et les nouvelles valeurs de l’olivier. Il est tout d’abord montré comment les interactions dynamiques entre des événements d’ordre démographique, socioéconomique et politique ont conduit à transformer l’espace oléicole littoral en espace mixte, agricole, urbain et touristique. Mais, les transformations spatiales et les dynamiques agri-urbaines, conjuguées aux évolutions culturelles des populations locales se traduisent par l’émergence de nouveaux rapports, non seulement contradictoires, mais aussi reliés : environnementaux, patrimoniaux, paysagers, etc. Dans cette perspective, les notions de ressources paysagères et patrimoniales deviennent un nouveau point de recherche pour saisir les atouts et les limites des processus mis en oeuvre. Ceci oriente la recherche vers des questions nouvelles, notamment celle de la valorisation territoriale qui s’appuient sur les potentialités et les nouvelles valeurs de l’olivier (patrimoniale, paysagère et économique), tout en tirant profit du développement touristique sur le littoral / When new uses of rural areas are developed through a combination of urban and tourist dynamics, the question of the impact of urbanization on the olive groves of the Tunisian coast is presents itself. The basic assumption is that the major economic and tourism development, coupled with an uncontrolled urbanization, and supported by inadequate policies, create a threat on the olives growing along the central and southern Tunisian coast, this is a strategic culture for the national economy. The aim of the thesis is to understand the places (spatial, economic, cultural, etc.) of the olive tree system, and to study the issues of olive trees in urban and suburban situations. In the first part is demonstrated the approach and methodology that allows understanding the issues of the urban and suburban agriculture and olive groves. The concept of the olive tree system is then placed in a coastal metasystem to understand the time frames, the interactions between the actors around the place and the functions of the olive sector. This concept is the base of a systemic analysis of olive groves. The results are, then, developed to study the factors of resistance and new values of the olive tree. It is first shown how the dynamic interactions between the demographic, the socio-economic and the political events led to transform the olive’s landscape coastline to a mixed area: agricultural, economic and tourism. However, the territorial transformations and the different dynamics, combined with the cultural developments can be observed in the emergence of new interactions, not only contradictory but also affective: environmental and patrimonial. The landscape and heritage resources notions have become a new subject of research to understand the potential and new values of olive tree

The thesis deals with the application of Lean management in optimizing business processes, namely logistics processes. The author narrows the theoretical view as possible in today's practice to optimize the logistics processes in the real case study of a company. One of the theoretical foundations of modern Japanese approach based on Lean Management is called Toyota Production System. The practical focus of the work lies in analysis of the actual deployment of optimization in company specialized in hotel industry. Finally, thesis evaluates the success of optimization in the organization. The author has proposed some practical pieces of advice and techniques to approach optimization in near future.

This thesis is focused on some ways of optimizing logistic processes. In the theoretical part are described important terms which are going to introduce the reader to the processes, their analysis followed by optimization. Then there is the space devoted to the metrics by which processes are possible to be evaluated and managed. The practical part offers case study. It contains introduction to the organization, mapping of their processes, analysis of warehouse processes, and their subsequent evaluation and proposed improvements. Suggested improvements were made in the spirit of Lean Management. As another proposal to improve warehouse processes an analysis of inventories have been made and evaluated, which resulted in proposal for new layout of the warehouse, which will encourage further optimization.