Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa är en sjukdom som främst drabbar kvinnor mellan 15-24 år och det är cirka en % av världens befolkning som drabbas varje år. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder hos flickor med anorexia nervosa och att se vilka riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av denna sjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk analys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan kan spela en nyckelroll i omvårdnaden av flickor som drabbats av anorexia nervosa genom empati och förståelse. Detta kan resultera i att flickorna känner förtroende och tillit för sjuksköterskorna och det kan hjälpa dem att tillfriskna. Riskfaktorerna är allt från sociokulturella, familjära, biologiska och genetiska faktorer. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan kan genom att vara en sann medmänniska och genom att bidra med sin tid och sin kompetens vara en avgörande faktor för att dessa flickor tillfrisknar. Riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av anorexia nervosa är individuella och mångdimensionella. / Background: Anorexia Nervosa is a disease that mostly affects women that are 15-24 years old and approximately one percent of the world’s population are affected of it every year. Aim: To illustrate the nurses caring measures of girls with anorexia nervosa, and to see what kind of risk factors that are causing the disease to outburst. Method: The literature review was done as a common literature review with systematic analysis. Result: The nurse might have a key role in the care of girls affected with anorexia nervosa by providing empathy and understanding. The result of this could be that the nurses gain the girls trust and reliance which can help them while they fight to recover. The risk factors are many and vary from sociocultural factors to familiar, genetic and biological factors. Conclusion: The nurse might by being a true fellowman and by contributing with her time and knowledge facilitate to the girls recovery. The risk factors that are causing anorexia nervosa to outburst are individual and multidimensional.

High-resolution velocity measurements were undertaken over a series of redds and riffles on a gravel-bed stream to quantify the hydrodynamics preferred by spawning brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for redd-site selection. On each riffle studied, over 6,000 velocity measurements per day were acquired to quantify the velocity, depth, Reynolds number, Froude number, bed shear, and turbulent kinetic energy per unit area of streambed in attempts to relate fluid properties to redd-site selection, relative to remaining riffle structures. Results showed that velocity, Reynolds number, and Froude number vary widely at the redd- and riffle-scale with no apparent correlation to spawning location preference. Turbulent kinetic energy per unit area consistently demonstrated a strong correlation with redd locations whereby the metric maintained low values (i.e., unidirectional flow with little turbulence) where redds and attempted redds were observed. Habitat suitability indices were applied at the reach-, riffle-, and redd-scale using the results of the high-resolution velocity measurements. Findings demonstrated that habitat suitability indices, which are based on reach-scale hydraulics, were adequately represented at the reach scale. However, by decreasing the scale to the riffle- or redd-scale, where increasing heterogeneity in the flow regime is revealed, habitat suitability indices failed to adequately reflect the habitat conditions preferred by the spawning fish.

High-resolution velocity measurements were undertaken over a series of redds and riffles on a gravel-bed stream to quantify the hydrodynamics preferred by spawning brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for redd-site selection. On each riffle studied, over 6,000 velocity measurements per day were acquired to quantify the velocity, depth, Reynolds number, Froude number, bed shear, and turbulent kinetic energy per unit area of streambed in attempts to relate fluid properties to redd-site selection, relative to remaining riffle structures. Results showed that velocity, Reynolds number, and Froude number vary widely at the redd- and riffle-scale with no apparent correlation to spawning location preference. Turbulent kinetic energy per unit area consistently demonstrated a strong correlation with redd locations whereby the metric maintained low values (i.e., unidirectional flow with little turbulence) where redds and attempted redds were observed. Habitat suitability indices were applied at the reach-, riffle-, and redd-scale using the results of the high-resolution velocity measurements. Findings demonstrated that habitat suitability indices, which are based on reach-scale hydraulics, were adequately represented at the reach scale. However, by decreasing the scale to the riffle- or redd-scale, where increasing heterogeneity in the flow regime is revealed, habitat suitability indices failed to adequately reflect the habitat conditions preferred by the spawning fish.

La mesure de Matières En Suspension (MES) est cruciale autant pour comprendre les transferts sédimentaires que pour les études des écosystèmes marins. Elles sont classiquement mesurées ponctuellement par des prélèvements d’eau in situ, ou à partir des propriétés optiques de l’eau. Mais depuis plusieurs décennies, les appareils acoustiques, ont montré leur capacité à mesurer ces MES sur de plus grands volumes. Ces mesures, en particulier celles de la concentration, s’appuient sur les propriétés de rétrodiffusion des particules. Mais ces mesures demeurent peu représentatives dans la mesure où le contenu en MES dans la colonne d’eau varie à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace. Dans un premier temps, ces travaux de thèse visent à montrer à travers des mesures in situ réalisées dans l’estuaire de l’Aulne qu’il est possible d’étendre spatialement la mesure par inversion des données issues de sondeurs multifaisceaux (SMF). Un modèle de rétrodiffusion adapté à la suspension d’intérêt, constituée dans cette étude d’agrégats estuariens, est d’abord élaboré. Puis grâce à des observations issues d’un profileur multifréquences, la concentration massique en MES, distribuée par classes de tailles, a pu être déterminée par la résolution d’un problème inverse. Ces informations permettent de déterminer les rayons équivalents de la suspension, grâce auxquels les données issues du SMF, au préalable calibrées par une méthode innovante, peuvent être inversées de manière directe. Une étude des incertitudes attachées aux valeurs de concentrations estimées est par la suite proposée afin de qualifier la pertinence des résultats. Puis dans un second temps, les conditions nécessaires à l’établissement d’un protocole de mesure des MES par système multi-capteur sont identifiées. Ce dernier permet la caractérisation en continu des MES à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace, en exploitant la complémentarité des mesures issues des différents instruments. / Measuring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is essential to better understand sediment transport and marine ecosystems. SPM is traditionnaly estimated through in situ water samples analysis, or based on the optical properties of water. Yet for several decades, acoustical devices have shown their capability to measure SPM on larger volumes. These measurements (especially in terms of SPM concentration) are based on the backscattering properties of the particles. However, these measurements remain limited, since the SPM content in the water column is subjected to variations on both spatial and temporal scales.As a first step, this work aims at showing that it is possible to increase the degree of spatialization of the SPM measurements by inverting MultiBeam EchoSounder (MBES) data, through in situ measurements acquired in the Aulne macrotidal estuary. A backscattering model was first designed to describe the backscattering properties of the suspension of interest, consisting in this study in estuarine agregates. Then, thanks to multifrequency observations, the SPM mass concentration sorted by size classes was retrieved through the the resolution of the inverse problem. This kind of information allows to determine the equivalent spherical radius of the the whole suspension, through which the MBES data, calibrated beforehand using an original method, can be directly inverted. Subsequently, a study of the uncertainties attached to the final concentration estimate is proposed in order to qualify the relevance of the results.In a second step, the necessary conditions for establishing a measurement protocol of the SPM are identified. The latter allows continuous characterization of SPM at different spatial and temporal scales, by exploiting the complementarity of the measures delivered by different instruments.

Studiens grundläggande syfte var att undersöka unga mäns uppfattningar om sin Youtube-användning och deras föreställningar om sin relation till YouTube-profiler. Studien ämnade även ta reda på om de tycker sig bli influerade av YouTube-profiler och om det kan vara baserat på den parasociala relationen. Ambitionen var även att besvara studiens frågeställningar som således skulle generera fördjupad förståelse om unga mäns användande av YouTube. De teoretiska ramverk som användes var uses and gratifications, parasocial interaktion och tvåstegshypotesen. Studien tillämpade en kvalitativ metod och baserades på fokusgruppsintervjuer och djupintervjuer. Studien bestod av två fokusgruppsintervjuer med tre och fyra respondenter i vardera grupp och tre djupintervjuer. Totalt tio respondenter deltog. Resultatet påvisade att unga män använder YouTube för att uppfylla ett flertal olika behov. Till följd av varje respondents intresse går det även att utläsa någon form av ensidig relation till YouTube-profiler som de kontinuerligt följer. Dessutom finns det även indikationer på att respondenternas parasociala relation till YouTube-profiler, möjligtvis kan influera deras åsiktsbildning lättare.

This study aims to explore ideological profiles in local parties’ electoral manifestos. Through qualitative content analysis, three profiles, redistributive, developmental, and political discontent-oriented are investigated in local parties’ electoral manifestos in the case of Norrbotten. One of the main findings shows that the political discontent-oriented profile occurs to a lesser extent in comparison with the other profiles. Instead, many of the manifestos convey concerns relating to their municipality’s persistence. Local parties in Norrbotten tend to endorse new establishments of companies and industries in their manifestos. When expressing political discontent, the electoral manifestos often focus on distancing themselves from ideology-oriented politics while claiming to be a pragmatic alternative. Some manifesto also expresses the need to prioritize vulnerable groups in the municipality, especially the Sami people, senior citizens, and rural communities within the municipality.

[pt] Inchaço de memória e um problema que ocorre quando a memória consumida por um programa excede a expectativa do programador. Em muitos casos, o inchaço de memória prejudica o desempenho ou, até mesmo, interrompe a execução de aplicações. Detectar e consertar inchaços de memória é uma tarefa difícil para programadores e, portanto, eles costumam usar ferramentas para identificar e consertar problemas desta natureza. Nas últimas duas décadas, muitos trabalhos e ferramentas foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de ajudar programadores a abordar problemas de inchaço de memória, entre eles perfiladores de memória. Apesar de perfiladores de memória terem sido muito estudados nos últimos anos, existe uma lacuna em relação a linguagens de script. Nessa dissertação, nós estudamos perfiladores de memória para linguagens de script. Primeiro, nos propomos uma classificação que divide as ferramentas em manual e automática baseada em como elas são usadas pelos programadores. Em seguida, após estudar ferramentas disponíveis em três linguagens de script diferentes, nós experimentamos algumas das técnicas estudadas ao construir dois perfiladores de memória automáticos para ajudar programadores Lua a resolver inchaços de memória. Finalmente, nós avaliamos ambas as ferramentas com relação a facilidade de integração ao programa, a utilidade dos relatórios para o entendimento de programas desconhecidos e para a localização de inchaços de memória e ao custo de desempenho que elas geram. / [en] Memory bloat is a software problem that happens when the memory consumption of a program exceeds the programmer s expectations. In many cases, memory bloat hurts performance or even crashes applications. Detecting and fixing memory bloat problems is a difficult task for programmers and, thus, they usually need tools to identify and fix these problems. The past two decades produced an extensive research and many tools to help programmers tackle memory bloat, including memory profilers. Although memory profilers have been largely studied in the last years, there is a gap regarding scripting languages. In this thesis, we study memory profilers in scripting languages. First, we propose a classification in which we divide memory profilers in manual and automatic, based on how the programmer uses the memory profiler. Then, after reviewing memory profilers available in three different scripting languages, we experiment some of the studied techniques by implementing two automatic memory profilers to help Lua programmers deal with memory bloat. Finally, we evaluate our tools regarding how easy it is to incorporate them to a program, how useful their reports are to understand an unknown program and track memory bloats, and how much overhead they impose.

In the Spring of 2012, hydraulic data was collected to calibrate three types of discharge models: stage-discharge, single-regression and multi-regression index velocity models. Unsteady flow conditions were observed at the site (â H/â t = 0.75 cm/min), but the data did not indicate hysteresis nor variable backwater effects on the stage-discharge relation. Furthermore, when corrected with a datum offset (α) value of -0.455, the stage-discharge relation r2 was equal to 0.98. While the multiple regression index velocity models also showed high correlation (r2 = 0.98) values, high noise levels of the parameter index velocity (Vi) complicated their use for the determination of discharge. Because of its reliability, low variance and accessibility to students, the stage-discharge model [Q = 5.459(H-0.455)^2.487] was selected as the model to determine discharge in real-time for LEWAS. Caution should be used, however, when applying the equation to stages above 1.0m. The selected discharge model was applied to ADCP stage (H) data collected during three runoff events in July 2012. Other LEWAS models showed similar discharge values (coefficient of variation = 0.14) while the on-site weir also produced similar discharge values. Precipitation estimates for July 19 and 24 rain events over the Webb Branch watershed were derived from IDW interpolated rain data and rainfall-runoff analyses from this data yielded an average ratio of 0.23, low for the urbanized watershed. However, since the three LEWAS models were very similar, and the on-site weir showed a lower value to LEWAS, it was concluded that any error in the ratio would be attributed to the precipitation estimate, and not the discharge models developed in this study. / Master of Science

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis study focuses on understanding the dissipation processes of the stratocumulus deck after sunrise. This objective is met through careful analyses of observational data as well as model simulations. Measurements from the Marine Atmosphere Measurement Lab (MAML) of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) are used in this study. In particular, the half-hourly wind profiler/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) measurements were used to determine the boundary layer top and the evolution of the boundary layer mean thermodynamic properties during the cloud breakup period. Measurements from a laser ceilometer and the routine surface measurements are also used to detect the variation of cloud base height, the evolution of the cloud deck, and the onset of sea breeze. These measurements revealed the increase of the boundary layer depth after sunrise followed by a decrease of the boundary layer depth after the onset of the sea breeze, which points to the role of surface heating and sea breeze development in modulating cloud evolution. The effects of surface heating and sea breeze are further tested using a 1-dimensional mixed layer model modified for coastal land surfaces. / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Marine geological surveys in Asköfjärden in the southern Stockholm Archipelago hasrevealed step like features in the sediments on the Baltic sea floor. The aim of this project is toanalyse the steps and possible formation processes from the survey data. The data used aretaken from the acoustic instruments multibeam echosunder and Chirp sonar sediment profiler.The multibeam reveal the seafloor topography and can detect water column features. TheChirp sonar produce sub-bottom profiles showing the sediments down to some tens of metersunderneath the sea floor. The multibeam data show multiple crescent shaped steps as well aselliptically shaped “pockmarks”. Water column data show what could be interpreted as seepsfrom the sea floor under these features. The sub bottom profile show deformation and fluidsignatures under the steps. Gas signatures and what could be other fluids are present. Theinterpretation concludes that the formation could be from either gas or groundwater seeps. Nodefinitive conclusions can be made from the data available for the present study, andapetrophysical or geochemical study of the study area cold provide further understanding ofthe formation of the steps.