Magister Educationis - MEd / The rate at which the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/auto immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is increasing in the world has brought with it the realization that the disease is more complex and extensive than imagined. The alarming increase in the rate of infection combined with the fact that researchers have not found a cure has considerable socioeconomic implications. The peculiarity of HIV/AIDS, has caused almost all countries of the world to introduce different types of intervention programmes for the youth in order to reduce or eradicate the disease. South Africa, being one of the countries in the world that has the highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS, has introduced a Life Orientation Programme (LOP) into the school curriculum as a preventive measure. HIV/AIDS prevention programmes as part of the LOP are designed to increase the knowledge and skills of youths in order to adopt and maintain good sexual behaviours that can virtually eliminate the risks of becoming infected with the HIV. This study evaluates the effectiveness, efficiency, relevance and impact of LOP on the sexual behaviours of the learners in a high school in Cape Town. The study was motivated by the fact that, despite the introduction of different intervention and prevention programmes in high schools, there seems to be no significant reduction in the spread of HIV/AIDS among the youths. In order to make this evaluation worth the while, four instruments, (questionnaires, semistructured interviews, a classroom observation schedule and a test), were used in the study with the consent of the participants and the school authorities. The participants (the teachers and learners) were contacted independently by an educator who was introduced to me by the principal, so that the researcher would not influence the information provided.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This research identifies the challenges of a three-year environmental education project in a primary school in Cape Town. The project, an indigenous fynbos garden, was located at a school in a working class area in Cape Town’s south eastern areas, also known as the “Cape Flats”. The garden at the school was initiated as a formal partnership project with Kirstenbosch Gardens in 2006 and the partnership ended in 2009. The research sought answers to the following questions: to what extent and how have the goals/guidelines as stipulated in the Kirstenbosch Outreach Greening Project (KOGP) partnership been understood and implemented by the educators; what have been the kinds of support from school management for the project; what factors might increase the sustainability of the KOGP at Stephen Road Primary School? The research drew on policy implementation literature, in-depth interviews and personal observations. The findings were that while the project was doable, it was not in line with the declining human resources available and added to stresses experienced by teachers who were trying to perform basic tasks related to classroom teaching and getting learners to pass basic subjects. Also the school saw a dramatic decline in learner and educators numbers from 2006 onwards. Although all educators were involved in environmental activities at the school, none of them was fulltime in Environmental Education (EE) and had many other areas to teach or administer. The success of the KOGP also depended on the active participation of the school’s management and the School Governing Body (SGB) and this also seemed to be lacking.

The purpose of this study is to examine two different housing areas in Hudiksvall. Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen is one of the areas from the ”miljonprogrammet” and was built during the last years of the 60’s. The other housing area is Kattvikskajen, located by the sea and is intended to be a new part of the city. The focus is on whether and how a child perspective has been considered in the planning of these two urban areas and how they have been publicly received by the press over time. The study is based on textual analysis, using discourse analysis on public documents, newspaper articles and dialogues with tenants in the Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen area. The conclusion of this study shows that when Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen was built there was a clear focus on developing the housing to safeguard a child’s perspective. This is clearly shown in the design of the buildings. There was a room especially for the children, for their activities and games in each house. The outdoor design included several seats for social life, playgrounds, and areas close to nature with opportunities for the children to take part in physical activities. The narrative in examined newspaper articles during the first ten years mostly concerned criminal activities. Next to them were reports on children and how they spent their spare time. From the discourse point of view there is a stigmatizing that can be experienced differently depending on the outside or the inside perspective. Kattvikskajen’s area in the harbour is much smaller, it is supposed to be a close link to the centre of the city and lacks the close nature. The advantage is the nearness to the city, the transport system and the sea. The future tenants are believed to be new people with new ideas capable of bringing new ideas into the industry and economy and who appreciate the possibilities of commuting. Quality programmes show the intentions of taking the child’s perspective in designing activity parks for different ages and a park with opportunities of playing. The close location of the housing area to the sea and the railway make it doubtful whether it is suitable for small children or even designed for small children. Older children and especially the young people will most certainly find the area attractive. Owing to the location, the architectonic expression that implies a partly private area turns the whole building area into an area that is excluding for small children.

In recent years, the European Union has faced increased Euroscepticism and Nationalism. Fostering a sense of belonging of European citizens to and with the EU is crucial to ensuring its legitimacy. However, the EU stays relatively silent on the issue of European identity and how this identity is envisaged. Is the EU a purely political community or does it also have a cultural dimension? The Europe for Citizens Program offers a unique approach in uniting both dimensions of European identity under its objectives of fostering European remembrance and promoting civic participation by connecting them to the practice of active citizenship. This case study analyzed the conceptions of European Identity within the Europe for Citizens Program 2014-2020 and what role active citizenship plays in this context. Although the current program generation does not include an objective to foster European identity, this study found that promoting and constructing this identity in a civic and cultural dimension is a prominent part of the program. Through active participation of European citizens, a sense of belonging to and with the Union is supposed to be created. Europeans are said to belong to a political community that is based on shared cultural values that entail more than just a purely civic dimension.

L'exploration de la diversité des êtres vivants dans les profondeurs marines est une histoire récente. C'est seulement à partir du XIXe siècle, sur un terrain vierge de toute connaissance, aussi bien géologique que biologique, que les scientifiques y révèlent progressivement la présence d'organismes, le plus souvent à l'occasion d'expédition à but économique. Par exemple, la pose de câbles télégraphiques a permis de découvrir fortuitement des organismes inattendus, ce qui a initié l'intérêt des naturalistes pour les grands fonds. Aujourd'hui, la connaissance de la diversité du vivant dans les profondeurs reste partielle. Les biologistes y font souvent face à la nouveauté et à l'imprévu, ce qui suscite un régime original de production des connaissances scientifiques reposant sur la description, elle-même fondée sur des hypothèses rarement explicitées, mal fondées sur un état de connaissance incomplet. D'autre part, ce sont souvent des intérêts économiques (tournés vers l'exploitation minière ou halieutique) qui orientent les explorations de la diversité des grands fonds vers certaines zones. Le présent travail doctoral développe une approche à la fois scientifique, historique et épistémologique liée des explorations marines et des données de biodiversité des profondeurs qui en résultent. Il s'agit de caractériser la transformation des représentations scientifiques du vivant et de sa diversité dans les profondeurs et d'identifier les facteurs et les éventuels biais méthodologiques qui déterminent l'acquisition et la structure de ces connaissances. Ce travail s'appuie sur un vaste corpus de documents rattachés au programme de campagnes océanographiques, initié en 1976 et mené conjointement par le MNHN (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle) et l'IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), appelé « Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos » (TDSB), anciennement « MUSORSTOM ». Ce programme informel d'exploration naturaliste cible depuis quarante ans la zone aphotique intertropicale principalement dans l'Indo-Ouest Pacifique. Une grande partie du travail a consisté en la structuration et la mise à disposition des données et des connaissances acquises pendant ce programme dans les bases de données du MNHN. Il a notamment permis de construire et d'alimenter la base de données des expéditions du MNHN (expeditions.mnhn.fr) dont le but est de fournir non seulement un référentiel géographique auquel les autres bases de données du MNHN peuvent se référer, mais aussi de documenter les métadonnées associées aux expéditions (rôle et spécialité des scientifiques participant aux campagnes, comptes-rendus de mission, photographies des spécimens et des récoltes). Parallèlement, un référentiel bibliographique a été conçu, qui permet de relier des publications aux différentes campagnes. Cette structuration des données au sens large permet de formuler des hypothèses sur la façon dont se construisent les représentations de la biodiversité et les explications qui s'y rapportent. L'analyse de ce corpus de publications a été menée en deux temps. Un premier moment descriptif a permis de dégager des tendances historiques et géographiques ainsi que des hypothèses sur les facteurs qui structurent le jeu de données obtenu. Une seconde approche a visé à étayer ces hypothèses en analysant finement le contenu des publications. Une grande partie de ces publications étant des travaux de taxonomie descriptive, cette analyse met en avant des constantes et des évolutions dans les pratiques de ce champ disciplinaire. En plus de l'analyse des documents associés au programme, un travail de contextualisation mené à partir de quinze entretiens de chercheurs permet de situer le programme TDSB dans l'histoire plus générale de l'exploration des grands fonds. / Exploring the diversity of living being in the deep sea is a recent story. It is only from the nineteenth century, on a virgin land of all knowledge, both geological and biological, that scientists gradually reveal the presence of organisms, usually on the occasion of expedition for economic purposes. For example, the laying of telegraphic cables has unexpectedly discovered organisms, which has initiated the interest of naturalists for the deep sea fauna. Today, the knowledge of the diversity of life in the depths remains partial. Biologists often face the novelty and the unexpected, which gives rise to an original regime for the production of scientific knowledge based on the description, which itself is based on hypotheses that are rarely explained and that are based on a state of incomplete knowledge. On the other hand, it is often economic interests (turned towards mining or fishing) that guide explorations of the diversity of the deep sea towards certain zones. The present doctoral work develops a scientific, historical and epistemological approach of the marine explorations and of the knowledge on biodiversity produces by this program. It is a question of characterizing the transformation of the scientific representations of the fauna and its diversity in the depths and of identifying the factors and the possible methodological biases which determine the acquisition and the structure of this knowledge. This work is based on a large corpus of documents related to the oceanographic cruises program, initiated in 1976 and conducted jointly by the MNHN (National Museum of Natural History) and the IRD (Research Institute for Development), called " Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos "(TDSB), formerly" MUSORSTOM ". This informal program of naturalist exploration has for forty years been targeting the intertropical zone, mainly in the Indo-West Pacific. Much of the work involved structuring and making available the data and knowledge gained during this program in the MNHN databases. In particular, it has helped to develop and complete the MNHN expedition database (expeditions.mnhn.fr), which aims to provide not only a geographical repository to which the other MNHN databases can refer, but also to document the metadata associated with the expeditions (role and specialty of the scientists participating in the cruises, mission reports, photographs of the specimens and substrate). At the same time, a bibliographic repository has been designed that links publications to different campaigns. This structuring of data in a broad sense makes it possible to formulate hypotheses on the way in which the representations of biodiversity and the explanations related to it are constructed. The analysis of this corpus of publications was conducted in two steps. A first descriptive approach made it possible to identify historical and geographical trends as well as hypotheses on the factors that structure the dataset obtained. A second approach aimed to support these hypotheses by finely analyzing the content of publications. Since most of these publications refer to a descriptive taxonomy field, this analysis highlights constants and evolutions in the practices of this disciplinary field. In addition to the analysis of the documents associated with the program, a contextualization work carried out from fifteen interviews of researchers makes it possible to situate the TDSB program in the more general history of deep-sea exploration.

Cette thèse traite de deux problèmes dans le cadre du programme de Langlands. Pour le premier problème, dans la situation de $\GL_2 $ et un cocaractère non minuscule, nous fournissons un contre-exemple (sous certaines hypothèses naturelles) à la conjecture de Rapoport-Zink, communiquée par Laurent Fargues. Le deuxième problème concerne un résultat dans le programme de Langlands $p$-adique. Soit $A$ une algèbre $\qp$-affinoïde, au sens de Tate. Nous développons une théorie d'un espace localement convexe en $A$-modules parallèle au traitement dans le cas d'un corps par Schneider et Teitelbaum. Nous montrons qu'il existe une application d'intégration liant une catégorie de représentations localement analytiques en $A$ -modules et des modules de distribution séparés relatif. Il existe une théorie de cohomologie localement analytique pour ces objets et une version du Lemme de Shapiro. Dans le cas d'un corps, ceci a été substantiellement développé par Kohlhaase. Comme une application, nous proposons une correspondance de Langlands $p$-adique en families: Pour un $(\varphi, \Gamma)$-module trianguline et régulière de dimension 2 sur l'anneau de Robba relatif $\Robba_A$ nous construisons une $\GL_2(\qp)$-représentation localement analytique en $A$-modules. Il s'agit d'un travail en commun avec Joaquin Rodrigues. / This thesis deals with two problems within the Langlands program. For the first problem, in the situation of $\GL_2$ and a non-minuscule cocharacter, we provide a counter-example (under some natural assumptions) to the Rapoport-Zink conjecture, communicated to us by Laurent Fargues.The second problem deals with a result in the $p$-adic Langlands program. Let $A$ be a $\qp$-affinoid algebra, in the sense of Tate. We develop a theory of locally convex $A$-modules parallel to the treatment in the case of a field by Schneider and Teitelbaum. We prove that there is an integration map linking a category of locally analytic representations in $A$-modules and separately continuous relative distribution modules. There is a suitable theory of locally analytic cohomology for these objects and a version of Shapiro's Lemma. In the case of a field this has been substantially developed by Kohlhaase. As an application we propose a $p$-adic Langlands correspondence in families: For a regular trianguline $(\varphi,\Gamma)$-module of dimension 2 over the relative Robba ring $\Robba_A$ we construct a locally analytic $\GL_2(\qp)$-representation in $A$-modules. This is joint work with Joaquin Rodrigues.

Pour utiliser la puissance de calcul des ordinateurs modernes, nous devons écrire des programmes concurrents. L’écriture de programme concurrent efficace est notoirement difficile, principalement en raison de la nécessité de gérer les coûts de synchronisation. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur les coûts de synchronisation dans les programmes parallèles et les structures de données concurrentes.D’abord, nous présentons une nouvelle technique de contrôle de la granularité pour les programmes parallèles conçus pour un environnement de multi-threading dynamique. Ensuite, dans le contexte des structures de données concurrentes, nous considérons la notion d’optimalité de concurrence (concurrency-optimality) et proposons la première implémentation concurrence-optimal d’un arbre binaire de recherche qui, intuitivement, accepte un ordonnancement concurrent si et seulement si l’ordonnancement est correct. Nous proposons aussi la combinaison parallèle (parallel combining), une technique qui permet l’implémentation efficace des structures de données concurrences à partir de leur version parallèle par lots. Nous validons les techniques proposées par une évaluation expérimentale, qui montre des performances supérieures ou comparables à celles des algorithmes de l’état de l’art.Dans une perspective plus formelle, nous considérons le phénomène d’assistance (helping) dans des structures de données concurrentes. On observe un phénomène d’assistance quand l’ordre d’une opération d’un processus dans une trace linéarisée est fixée par une étape d’un autre processus. Nous montrons qu’aucune implémentation sans attente (wait-free) linéarisable d’une pile utilisant les primitives read, write, compare&swap et fetch&add ne peut être “sans assistance” (help-free), corrigeant une erreur dans une preuve antérieure de Censor-Hillel et al. Finalement, nous proposons une façon simple de prédire analytiquement le débit (throughput) des structures de données basées sur des verrous à gros grains. / To use the computational power of modern computing machines, we have to deal with concurrent programs. Writing efficient concurrent programs is notoriously difficult, primarily due to the need of harnessing synchronization costs. In this thesis, we focus on synchronization costs in parallel programs and concurrent data structures.First, we present a novel granularity control technique for parallel programs designed for the dynamic multithreading environment. Then in the context of concurrent data structures, we consider the notion of concurrency-optimality and propose the first implementation of a concurrency-optimal binary search tree that, intuitively, accepts a concurrent schedule if and only if the schedule is correct. Also, we propose parallel combining, a technique that enables efficient implementations of concurrent data structures from their parallel batched counterparts. We validate the proposed techniques via experimental evaluations showing superior or comparable performance with respect to state-of-the-art algorithms.From a more formal perspective, we consider the phenomenon of helping in concurrent data structures. Intuitively, helping is observed when the order of some operation in a linearization is fixed by a step of another process. We show that no wait-free linearizable implementation of stack using read, write, compare&swap and fetch&add primitives can be help-free, correcting a mistake in an earlier proof by Censor-Hillel et al. Finally, we propose a simple way to analytically predict the throughput of data structures based on coarse-grained locking

Thesis (M. Sc. (Agriculture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Food insecurity is a huge challenge for any government. Since food is a human need, it is often at the priority of any endeavour, policy or strategy undertaken by a household or government. The issue of food insecurity and the use of agricultural intervention to address it were at the centre of this study. Agricultural reform programs such as the Masibuyele Emasimini programme investigated here are argued to be the best mechanism to address food insecurity in rural areas of developing countries. This understanding, however, does not go unchallenged with some scholars believing that these programmes only mask the problem and once withdrawn an even bigger problem would arise. This study investigated why there is little indication of farmer growth despite the introduction of the Masibuyele Emasimini programme in the new forest irrigation scheme. A number of aspects such as increases in production, skills set, challenges, etc., were investigated to get a comprehensive picture of what is happening on the ground. A descriptive approach was followed in presenting the data. The major challenges faced by the programme are: poor communication, limited mechanization, insufficient production inputs late arrival of seeds and fertilizers, inexperienced drivers, and lack of consultation. From this analysis of the challenges presented by both farmers and extension officers, it becomes apparent that there is a failure of government to deliver on time. Secondly that there is a mismatch between the demand and supply of inputs, two aspects play a role firstly budgetary constraints that might limit the availability of inputs and secondly insufficient budgeting due to miscalculated demands. The study revealed that any programme meant to uplift the poor should not be a top down approach that is drafted and imposed on people. Proper consultation during the planning phase should be sought, but more crucial is the on-going communication and consultation with the people on the ground. The study then argues that poor monitoring also had a role in the weakening of the sustainability of the programme. Administrative issues on the part of government and service providers discouraged farmers and weakened the relationship of farmers with government; it also decreased the momentum of the programme. Key words: Sustainability, Food insecurity, Food security, Smallholder farmer, Masibuyele Emasimini programme.

Thesis(M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) in South African Police services, within Lephalale Municipality, Waterberg District in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted within seven police stations. The sample comprised of 189 employees some of whom were employed in terms of the SAPS Act No. 63 of 1995 and others who were employed in terms of the Public Service Act No 103 of 1995. The sample was drawn from the population of 398 of employees using systematic random sampling method. The research approach followed in this study was quantitative and data was collected through the administration of questionnaires over a period of (8) eight days. Respondents were requested to give their experiences and understanding of the functioning of the EAP programme, awareness of the programme, satisfaction with the programme and how accessible the programme was to them. A theoretical background on the effectiveness of the Employee Assistance Programme in this study was provided through literature. In the literature, the goals, objectives and intentions of EAP were discussed. The aspects of EAP which are critical for EAP effectiveness were also explored and discussed. These include the benefits of utilising EAP, the rationale for EAP evaluation, the nature of EAP functioning in SAPS and EAP core technologies. The findings of the study are based on the one hundred and eighty nine (189) questionnaires that were returned by respondents. The findings were presented through tables and graphs and also interpreted using words. The study generally found that employees are aware of the existence of EAP within SAPS, though the utilisation rate was very low. However there is a need to improve EAP operation and strategies within SAPS to allow EAP to reach more employees. Based on the findings of the study, conclusions and recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the EAP in SAPS.

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The research report gives a critical review of the factors that contributed to the nonsustainability of the employment of the beneficiaries of the Expanded Public Works Programme in the Limpopo Province of South Africa with special focus on the Greater Giyani Municipality. The main problem as identified by the researcher is that a large majority of former Expanded Public Works Programme beneficiaries end up being unemployed despite the fact that the government spent money on skills training for them in an effort to equip them with skills so that they can be employable in other sectors of the economy when they exit the programme. The report clarifies the factors that contributed to the beneficiaries not managing to get new employment after exiting the programme. The report also clarifies the roles played by the different stakeholders in the implementation of the programme and this assists in clarifying the origin of the problems that led to the failures of the programme. From the research done the researcher found that skills’ training has not been done in most projects and also that where training was done the skills training was for none accredited courses which were not equipping the beneficiaries to be employable in the job market. The key words in the research are Expanded Public Works Programme, Employability, and Skills training.