The master thesis focuses on the economical development of Europe after the fi-nancial crisis and the steps used by the ECB needed for the recovery of the Europe-an economy. The empirical part analyzes the quantitative easing of the ECB and its delayed impact on inflation. The second part of the empirical master thesis re-searches the quantitative easing of the ECB and its impact on the rentability of commercial banks in the Eurozone (Deutsche Bank, BNP Paribas) and identifies factors with the strongest impact on the chosen commercial banks as well. The rentability analysis of commercial banks and the impact on inflation is made by a regression time-series analysis.

Early childhood development, care and education interventions coordinate resources and services that are aimed at stimulating growth for young children. Resource constraints in low and middle-income countries contribute towards a lag in childhood development initiatives compared to high-income countries. This thesis focused on the context of South Africa where the government has a long-term objective of ensuring that all children have access to quality services. However, the attainment of this goal is currently not a financially viable option, and many community-based organisations resort to alternative provisions of early childhood interventions to ensure that poor children are served. This thesis investigated implementation and associated outcomes for the Family in Focus (FiF) programme. This home-based early education programme that is targeted at young children between the ages of 0-6 years, who live in poor and marginalised communities where access and resources for care and stimulation are limited, was the programme of interest. A small sample theory-driven evaluation approach was applied to this programme to assess its viability to alleviate service access issues and produce meaningful outcomes for marginalised children. Evaluation questions were posed and a descriptive research design and a pre-post non-equivalent group quasi-experimental design that compared the results of the FiF programme to a traditional pre-school were utilised. Qualitative descriptions, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-tests) were used to analyse the results. The FiF programme theory, although not initially clearly defined, was found to be plausible with moderate change expected for the beneficiaries of the programme. The programme, however, had a very low implementation fidelity level of 37.5%, meaning that the programme was not being implemented according to design. This was further associated with poor outcomes for the small sample of children in the FiF programme group utilised. Across the five developmental outcomes of cognitive, language, motor, social and emotional development, outcomes were particularly poor for the first three development domains against South African norms and the comparison group used in the evaluation. Early childhood education home-visiting programmes have the ultimate goal of improving child development outcomes. However, evidence shows that these programmes seem to be more successful in improving parenting skills and caregiver coping, without reaching the former ultimate goal. The comprehensive approach to assessing child development in underserved areas in this evaluation provided a novel overview of the interaction of multiple factors in school readiness in impoverished communities. There is still a lingering question as to the benefits of home visiting programmes that are increasingly being implemented across the country as an alternative provision of early childhood care and education services.

Governments aim at reducing skill mismatch because of the adverse effects that it can trigger at the individual and firm level as well as at the country level. Skill mismatch has been defined as a persistent phenomenon with long lasting cross-country differences (Mavromaras et al., 2013). This phenomenon could thus be explained by equivalent cross-country differences in national public policies. The purpose of this thesis is to test the impact of public policies on the probability of being skill mismatched across OECD countries. This thesis explores the recent OECD Survey of Adult Skills from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies using an alternative measure of skill mismatch. Data for public policies come from a wide variety of sources. The results show that both policies targeted on firms (‘demand side of skills’) and policies dealing with the available workforce (‘supply side of skills’) can result in a reduction of skill mismatch levels. Regarding the demand side of skills, countries with smooth regulations on the firing of permanent employees, with efficient policies increasing the allocative efficiency and with a strong focus on entrepreneurship seem to experience lower levels of skill mismatch. For the case of the supply side of skills, housing policies efficient at increasing labour mobility together with a higher participation in lifelong learning and higher investments in active labour market programmes and education are expected to be associated with a reduction of skill mismatch.

Det som idag sammanfattas som miljonprogrammet har sitt ursprung under en tioårsperiod (cirka 1965-1975), då riksdagen beslutade att man med uppbyggnad av en miljon nya bostäder skulle bota den bostadsbrist som var. Beslutet fick ett positivt bemötande och man började bygga bostäder, främst i ytterområdena. Detta beslut skulle senare bli hårt debatterat då kritikerna antog att det skulle leda till en ökad segregation och sedermera nya, mer omfattande samhällsproblem. I dagens samhälle har miljonprogramsfastigheterna ofta ett dåligt rykte då skötseln av fastigheterna tillsammans med dess ålder föranlett eftersatta fastigheter. Eftersattheten i fastigheterna har nu lett till att många fastighetsägare står inför omfattande renoveringar för att kunna erbjuda sina hyresgäster beboeliga lägenheter. HSB Stockholm har arbetat och arbetar fortfarande med upprustning av miljonprogramsfastigheter i Rinkeby. Projekten innefattar en totalrenovering av hela fastigheten. Efter att ha genomfört renoveringen i några av fastigheterna upplever man inte att lönsamheten blivit så bra som man önskat. Det är i den sistnämnda meningen den här uppsatsen tar sin början, varför når man inte sitt avkastningskrav? Arbetet gör en djupdykning i den rättsvetenskap som behandlar upprustning av hyresbostäder och hyreshöjningar. Vidare konfronteras HSBs upprustningsstrategier med jämförbara fastighetsbolags metoder för att finna en vägledning i hur man på ett ekonomiskt hållbart sätt bör utföra upprustningsarbeten. Efter att ha kopplat samman det teoretiska (juridiken) med det praktiska så har jag kommit fram till en slutsats. Slutsatsen är att när praxis i sina bedömningar inte lägger någon större vikt i förarbetenas utsagor så föranleder detta problem då det är svårt att få till en direkt jämförelse vid bruksvärdesprövningar. En direkt jämförelse var något som HSB ville få till då man såg det som ett led i att kunna höja hyran efter renoveringarna i Rinkeby. Ytterligare en slutsats som kommit ur den allmänna debatten och intervjun är att man i vissa områden måste lägga större vikt i den sociala vinsten och inte endast tänka på det ekonomiska utfallet. / What today summarized as million program originated during a ten year period (about 1965-1975), the parliament then decided that with the construction of one million new homes they could cure the housing shortage that was. The decision was accepted positively and they started to build, mainly in outlying areas. This decision would later be heavily debated as critics assumed that it would lead to increased segregation and later on to new wider social problems. In today´s society, the million properties often hade a bad reputation when the management of the properties along with its age led neglected properties. Neglected units in the buildings now have led to that many property owners now are faced with extensive renovations in order to offer their tenants livable apartments. HSB Stockholm has worked and is still working on the renovation of million properties in Rinkeby. The projects include a complete renovation of the entire property. After having completed the renovation of som of the properties they are now facing the fact that the profitability was not as good as they have assumed. It is in the last sentence this essay begins, why are not HSB reaching their required rate of return? The essay delves into the legal science that deals with the rehabilitation of rental housing and rent increases. Furthermore HSBs rehabilitation strategies will be confronted with other comparable property companies methods, so we can find a guide on how to in a economically sustainable way manner this upgrading work. After having connected the theoretical (the law) to the practical, i have come to a conclusion. The conclusion is that when the practice in their assessments don´t take the legislative history statements into account, we have a problem. Because it is difficult to directly compare the apartments. A direct comparison was something HSB wanted beacuse they saw a way to increase the rents after the renovation. Another conclusion that emerged from the public debate and the interview is that some areas need more attention in the social profit, and not only in the economic outcome.

In the last 20 years, on-going conflicts in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and neighbouring countries have led to massive displacements. In the province of Nord-Kivu, epicentre of the crisis, there are currently 53 displacement sites that host about 185,000 Internally Displaced People (IDPs). IDPs tend to leave camps as soon as they consider their home villages to be safe. At the same time, camps are also being closed for political motivations, creating large flows of IDPs to unknown areas. The World Food Programme (WFP) and other humanitarian actors need to track returnees and understand their need for assistance. WFP conducts a monthly phone survey in Mugunga III, an IDP camp on the outskirts of Goma, the capital of Nord-Kivu. The main goal of this remote survey is to monitor the food security situation in the camp. However, this paper demonstrates that this innovative tool also proves successful in monitoring the situation of returnees and understanding the dynamics of their returns. This remote monitoring technology is expected to be even more useful when the authorities decide to close the camp. If the results are disseminated, an increase in government accountability should be observed. This research was conducted in collaboration with WFP in an attempt to extend the applications of high frequency survey data. To continue this research, methodological adjustments should be taken before considering applying the tool to another displacement site.

This is a study about how to improve the building envelope from a group of housing belonging to The Million Programme, a housing programme implanted in the Sweden around 70’s. Massive buildings made of concrete, which were constructed really fast because of the pressing time Schedule and were not developed as they should. This renovation study is explained with examples and drawings and it basically shows how to add thermal insulation on the most conflictive points of the building envelope. It is done in order to improve climatic conditions inside housing, trying to make thermal bridges disappear and reducing energy loss.

Med gymnasiereformen 1994 fick alla elever en gemensam första kurs i matematik, kurs A, och ett gemensamt nationellt prov på kursen. På de flesta yrkesförberedandeprogrammen är det över 40 procent av eleverna som inte får godkänt på detta kursprov och 30 procent av eleverna förväntas få ”Icke godkänt” i kursbetyg. En av de största anledningarna, till att eleverna lämnar gymnasieskolan utan fullständiga betyg, är bristen på motivation. Det finns därför ett stort behov av att se över vilka förändringar som kan utföras i de teoretiska ämnena för att öka elevernas motivation och självförtroende på de praktiska programmen. I denna rapport undersöks hur elevernas motivation, tron på den egna förmågan samt uppfattningen om behovet av matematikkunskaper i kommande yrkesliv, påverkas efter en termin med ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt. Undersökningen är utförd på eleverna i årskurs ett på en av byggföretaget Peabs gymnasieskolor och deras matematikundervisning under höstterminen 2009. Genom att utgå från moment i projektet ”Husbygge”, där matematik används naturligt i byggprocessen, kan eleverna uppnå kursmål i Matematik A genom att öva på verklighetsanknutna uppgifter både i bygghallen och under matematiklektionerna. Som kvalitativ metod valdes individuella intervjuer med åtta av eleverna före och efter det ämnesintegrerade projektet samt en enkätundersökning före och efter byggprojektet som utfördes på samtliga elever i årskurs ett. Resultatet av intervjuundersökningen visar att flertalet av eleverna har ökat motivationen för matematikämnet. Resultatet av både enkät- och intervjuundersökningen visar dessutom att majoriteten av eleverna har ökat självförtroendet i matematikämnet efter en termin med ämnesintegrerat arbetssätt. Vid den andra enkätundersökningen hade fler elever även insett hur ofta de faktiskt använder matematik i bygghallen och kommer använda matematik i kommande yrkesliv. / With the upper secondary school reform in 1994, all students´ got a first common course in matematic, course A, and a common national test in the course. More than 40 percent of the students on the most vocational programmes do not pass the national tests in the Mathematic A course and 30 percent of the students are expected not to pass the course. One of the biggest reasons the students leave upper secondary school without completed grades, is the lack of motivation. There is a great need to oversee what changes can be done in the theoretical subjects to increase the students’ motivation and belief in self-efficiency concerning the practical programmes. This report investigates how the students’ motivation, trust in their own ability as well as the understanding for the need of knowledge in mathematics for future occupations is affected after one semester with subject integrated studies. The investigation is performed on first grade students in one of the construction company Peab’s upper secondary schools and their mathematics teaching during the autumn term of 2009. By starting from elements in the project “House construction”, where mathematics is used naturally in the construction process, the students can achieve the criterions in Mathematics A by practising on reality-based tasks in the building area and in the classroom. As qualitative research method, eight students before and after the subject integrated project were chosen for interviews as well as a poll on the first grade students of the mandatory construction project. The results from the interviews indicate an increase for the majority of the students in motivation for mathematics. The result from both the poll and the interviews indicate an increase in self-efficiency beliefs for mathematics after one semester with subject integrated studies for the majority of the students. At the time for the second poll more students had realized how often they actually use mathematics in the building area and will continue to use it in future occupations.

My thesis project zooms in on Masmo to the southwest of Stockholm. Specifically a subway exit, built on Masmo Mountain during the 1960s, but never finished. The site features a very unique location on the border between the quite urban Million Programme era architecture of central Masmo, and the completely untouched forest in the nature reserve right next to it, Gömmaren. For 60 years, the Masmo Mountain has been discussed in Huddinge municipality as a potential site for future construction, yet nothing has ever been constructed. I think this might be because of the challenges the location poses regarding how to merge an urban site with one that is completely undeveloped. These topics are examples of what this thesis project seeks to explore: What qualities are there that are worthy of preserving when dealing with architecture in precious environments? Is it possible to improve certain qualities of a natural site that are neglected in its current state, such as accessibility, or do all additions aggravate the essence of nature and make the site less exquisite? What sacrifices are necessary to make in order to provide high quality environments for the inhabitants, and do they conflict with the interests of visitors, or could they possibly coincide?

Die Implementierung von atemalkoholgesteuerten Wegfahrsperren (Alkohol- Interlocks) in das System des deutschen Verkehrsrechts lässt auch Ende 2019 noch immer auf sich warten. Dies hat Gründe. Das deutsche Verkehrsrecht ist insbesondere verteilt auf das öffentliche Recht und das Strafrecht und damit auf zwei Rechtsgebiete, die kaum Berührungspunkte miteinander haben. Allerdings ist das Fahreignungsrecht sowohl im StGB, als auch im StVG und in der FeV verankert und muss einerseits von der Strafjustiz und andererseits von den Fahrerlaubnisbehörden bei den betreffenden Kraftfahrern angewandt werden. Die in dieser Studie allein interessierende Klientel ist durch eine oder mehrere Fahrten in mehr oder minder stark alkoholisiertem Zustand auffällig geworden und hat daraufhin entweder eine Strafe oder eine verwaltungsrechtliche Sanktion erhalten. Betroffene Personen denken in denjenigen Staaten, in denen Alkohol-Interlocks rechtlich implementiert sind, nun darüber nach, dass sie doch aufgrund von Sachzwängen eine gültige Fahrerlaubnis benötigen, um zur Arbeit zu kommen und beantragen die Teilnahme an einem staatlichen Alkohol-Interlock-Programm. Derartige Programme existieren auf den drei Kontinenten Amerika, Australien und Europa, wo diese in der genannten zeitlichen Reihenfolge eingeführt wurden und seither Fahrten alkoholisierter Fahrer effektiv verhindern. Die rechtspolitische Diskussion in Deutschland wird zu diesem Thema seit zwei Jahrzehnten ohne konkrete Erfolge geführt, obwohl Alkoholfahrten – auch von Wiederholungstätern – nach wie vor ein großes Unfallrisiko im Straßenverkehr darstellen. Aktuell wird die Diskussion darüber geführt, ob zunächst ein bundesweites Pilotprojekt durchgeführt werden sollte, um auf der Grundlage empirischer Daten entscheiden zu können, auf welche Weise Alkohol-Interlock-Projekte eingeführt werden könnten. Als Alternativen stehen prinzipiell Implementierungen im Strafrecht und im Verwaltungsrecht zur Verfügung, wobei diverse Einzelheiten noch streitig sind. In beiden Bereichen ist bislang unstreitig, dass eine alleinige technische Lösung des Einbaus eines Alkohol-Interlocks ohne ein begleitendes verkehrspsychologisches Programm keine nachhaltige Wirkung für die Zeit nach dem Ausbau eines Alkohol-Interlocks ausüben könnte. Im Strafrecht existiert – im Gegensatz zum Verwaltungsrecht – bislang kein Rechtsinstitut der bedingten Eignung, sodass ein solches Institut erst noch wahlweise von der Gesetzgebung oder von der Rechtsprechung entwickelt werden müsste. Einstweilen böten sich die Verkürzung der Sperrfrist oder eines Fahrverbots an, um auch im strafrechtlichen Bereich Alkohol- Interlocks zu erproben. Problematisch wäre allerdings das Kosten-Nutzen- Verhältnis, das solvente Straftäter bevorzugen würde. Das Verwaltungsrecht, das eine bedingte Eignung kennt, stünde für Alkohol- Interlock-Programme zur Verfügung, würde jedoch eine neue gesetzliche Grundlage benötigen. Dabei könnte ein AIP problemlos im Rahmen des Ordnungswidrigkeitenrechts installiert werden, ohne dass die Eignungsproblematik im Wege stehen würde. Allerdings sollte dann die zeitliche Dauer der anstatt eines Fahrverbots auf freiwilliger Basis angebotenen Maßnahme, je nach Dauer des verhängten Fahrverbots auf einen Zeitraum von 6 – 12 Monaten festgelegt werden, um überhaupt auf den Alkoholtäter einwirken zu können. Die Installation von Alkohol-Interlocks in allen Neufahrzeugen wäre eine vergleichsweise kostengünstige Präventionsmaßnahme, durch die alkoholbedingte Verkehrsunfälle zu einem großen Teil verhindert werden könnten.1 Eine solche, unter dem verfassungsrechtlichen Verhältnismäßigkeitsgesichtpunkt radikale juristische Lösung ließe sich auf der verfassungsrechtlich verankerten Grundlage der Schutzpflicht des Staates auch begründen, würde jedoch einen breiten politischen Konsens erfordern. / The implementation of Ignition-Interlock-Devices and an Ignition-Interlock- Program in the system of German traffic law is at the end of 2019 still waiting. This has reasons. In particular, German traffic law is divided between public law and criminal law and thus two areas of law that have little to do with one another. However, the traffic law is anchored both in the Criminal Code (StGB), in the Road Traffic Act (StVG) and in the Driving Regulation (FeV) and must be applied on the one hand by the criminal justice and on the other hand by the driving license authorities with the concerned motorists. The clientele that are of interest in this study alone have become conspicuous by one or more car rides in a more or less alcoholic state and have subsequently received either a penalty or an administrative sanction. Affected individuals now think in those states where alcohol interlocks are legally implemented that they need a valid driving license to get to work because of constraints and are applying for a state alcohol interlock program. Such programs exist on the three continents of America, Australia and Europe, where they were introduced in the order of time mentioned above and effectively prevent ridden drivers from driving. The legal policy discussion in Germany has been conducted on this issue for two decades without any concrete results, although alcohol rides – even of repeat offenders – still represent a major accident risk in road traffic. The discussion is currently underway as to whether a nationwide pilot project should first be carried out in order to decide on the basis of empirical data how alcohol interlock projects could be introduced. In principle, implementations in criminal law and administrative law are available as alternatives, although various details are still in dispute. In both areas, it is undisputed that a sole technical solution to the integration of an alcohol interlock without an accompanying traffic psychology program would not have a sustainable effect for the period following the development of an alcohol interlock. In criminal law – in contrast to administrative law – there is no legal institute of conditional suitability, so that such an institute would have to be developed by the legislature or the jurisprudence. In the meantime, the shortening of the lock-up period or of a driving ban would be sufficient to test alcohol interlocks in criminal matters. However, the cost-benefit ratio that solvent offenders would prefer would be problematic. The administrative law, which has a conditional suitability, would be available for alcohol interlock programs, but would require a new legal basis. An Ignition-Interlock-Program could easily be installed within the framework of the offense law, without the suitability problem would stand opposition. However, the duration of the measure offered instead of a voluntary ban should be set at a period of 6 to 12 months, depending on the duration of the ban, in order to have any effect on the alcohol offender. The installation of alcohol interlocks in all new vehicles would be a relatively inexpensive preventive measure that could to a large extent prevent alcohol- related traffic accidents. Such a radical legal solution under the constitutional proportionality aspect could also be based on the constitutionally anchored basis of the state's obligation to protect life an health, but would require a broad political consensus.

Introduction: In recent year, the role of the pharmacist has evolved from product-focused to patient-focused activities. Following this evolution, new professional pharmacy services were simultaneously developed by researchers and started to be legally implemented and remunerated for community pharmacists around the world. Implementation, essential to ensure a good programme delivery and therefore its effectiveness, was seen as a passive process for which diffusion and dissemination were sufficient to translate research into practice. However, the transition from theory to practice is often difficult as different factors hinder or facilitate the implementation of such services. In consequence of that, implementation research started to be developed in the community pharmacy field to understand and fil the gap between theory and practice.Objectives of the thesis: Three projects were conducted in Belgium and Switzerland; (1) to understand the implementation of an existing programme in Belgium; the isotretinoin pregnancy prevention programme (PPP) (Chapter IV, point 4.1), and (2) to study the implementation of two new developed pharmaceutical services, which include an interview between the pharmacist and the patient and require interprofessional collaboration; the medication adherence program in Switzerland and the medication review in Belgium (Chapter IV, point 4.2). Methods: To understand the implementation of the isotretinoin PPP, two studies were conducted. The first study was a survey sent to health care professionals (pharmacists, general practitioners and dermatologists) and patients. The outcomes of the survey were the PPP awareness and compliance to safety recommendations related to the teratogenic risk of isotretinoin. The second study was cross-sectional and analysed the reimbursed prescription data of the Belgian population taking isotretinoin between January 2012 and August 2015. The outcomes were medication adherence to isotretinoin and to contraception, and the concomitant use of contraception and isotretinoin. Medication adherence was measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR), dividing the total days of medication supplied within the refill interval by the number of days in the refill interval. The concomitant use of isotretinoin and contraception was realised in combining prescription database of both isotretinoin and contraception of women between 12 and 21 years old, who received at least one prescription of isotretinoin during the study period.To study the implementation of the medication adherence program in Switzerland and the medication review service in Belgium, two prospective and observational studies were conducted with a mixed method approach (quantitative and qualitative outcomes). The defined outcomes, based on the RE-AIM model, were; reach of the target patients, adoption of the service by health care professionals providing the service, implementation (facilitators, barriers and fidelity or the extent to which the intervention is delivered as intended), and maintenance (the extent to which the intervention become institutionalized or part of the routine activity). Outcomes were collected through web platforms for quantitative data, and interviews and focus groups for qualitative data.Results and discussion: The study of the isotretinoin PPP implementation showed that two safety recommendations related to the teratogenic risk were particularly poorly applied by interviewed health care professionals. These two recommendations were the use of a second contraceptive method (like condoms) and the monthly pregnancy test. They considered these two recommendations as unnecessary for women taking an effective contraceptive method. Through the prescription refill data analysis, we observed that 46.1% of patients were adherent to isotretinoin (MPR ≥ 0.8) and 74.0% of women taking isotretinoin to their prescribed contraception (oral contraceptive, rings and patches). Lastly, 83.4% of women between 12 and 21 years taking isotretinoin did not receive an effective contraceptive method one month before, during and one month after isotretinoin treatment. However, the proportion of women receiving at least one prescription of contraception during (74.1%) and after (72.1%) isotretinoin treatment was higher than one month before isotretinoin treatment (35.7%). Regarding these results, less adopted recommendations should be reviewed by an expert committee and interventions focused on the improvement of the use of contraception during isotretinoin treatment could be developed.The two studies related to two new developed pharmaceutical services showed that their implementation was feasible in community pharmacy practice. Most of pharmacists participating in both projects had positive attitude regarding the implementation of these services in their daily practice. They considered it as professionally satisfying and important for patients and perceived the benefits of the programs. However, similar barriers were observed; difficulties to include patients and lack of interprofessional collaboration, and lack of time (related to lack of staff, administrative burden and lack of team adoption). According to participating health care professionals, the development of new strategies to overcome these barriers is necessary to anticipate the future implementation and the maintenance of these services at the national level. Following these results, the proposed strategies are for example the development of broad based media campaigns (for health care professionals and patients), or the development of specific trainings focusing on interprofessional collaboration, service-process, practice change management and leadership. Conclusion: The legal evolution of the pharmacists’ role is a positive progress but insufficient to ensure a full implementation in practice. Implementation strategies should be considered at different implementation stages (exploration, preparation, testing, operation and maintenance) and levels (individual, pharmacy, local setting, and system). The use of implementation science would allow a quicker and more effective implementation of these new professional pharmacy services. The anticipation of change and the selection of appropriate strategies would allow a higher fidelity level to the different components of the service by health care professionals and therefore a higher effectiveness, e.g. clinical and economic outcomes. Health care professionals, professional associations, academics and policy makers should be aware of implementation science and integrate it in the development of the new pharmacists’ role. As shown in our results, it should also be considered for existing programmes such as the isotretinoin PPP. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished