Housing has always been an urgent question in modern times: how to provide for increasing demand and quickly changing patterns of living. One of the main issues with it is that the very people who will buy, rent and use housing have mostly have little or no say in the design— or how they would like the house to change over time. One of the most audacious experiments in modern housing, the Swedish Million Programme, is over 50 years old; these estates are ageing and have become misaligned with modern ways of living, rendering them susceptible to segregated neighbourhoods and neglect, and out of date in terms of energy use. While a new housing shortage looms, the renovations to million program buildings could potentially provide some insights into the housing problem. The ageing infrastructure of the million programme is an opportunity to reconsider the way we think of housing today. The million programme was scientifically designed and constructed with state-of-the-art methods in the 60s and 70s, and was an example to the world. Today, the buildings are not up to environmental standards and need refurbishment to improve thermal performance. Also: the particular family sizes that the estates were designed for some decades ago, do not exist in the same proportions today. There is not as much diversity in sizes and types of apartments as are required for today’s different and unpredictable demographic changes. This project proposes a system of extensions to the facades of the buildings that challenge the existing plans and allows newer typologies to be remade from the old buildings. This would necessarily require the participation, conversation and negotiation of the residents, as well as facilitating agencies like the Kommun, Housing companies, Tenants’ Associations, Manufacturers, Construction companies and so on. Residents have been the most marginalised group of all the parties who come together to make housing; I contend that this is one of the fundamental issues of all housing that are designed with little adaptability and hence are dated with a fixed lifespan, after which changing lives begin to make them redundant. However, a user-driven process and designs that afford adaptation according to changing needs may allow housing to have an inherently longer life, and affect the social cohesion and sense of place of the city as well. The method is to test architectural strategies to a building of the million programme
in Umeå, to bring out potentials and possibilities of participation in such a context. The main strategy is a Support and Infill model of incremental addition: the design of fixed infrastructure and of potential changes that may be added onto it. Speculating possible configurations of addition may provide some insight about the benefits and pitfalls of such and similar systems of refurbishment, and of participation. Perhaps a built environment that is able to change more easily to accommodate people’s changing lives and needs over time produces more energetic, active and livable cities that are more resilient to change and unpredictability that is characteristic of our world today.

The current shortage of senior housing and the lack of accessibility in today's million-program housing creates concern among the older age group when the need to move becomes necessary with aging. Nowadays, more and more older groups are experiencing a fear of no longer being able to stay in their current homes due to lack of accessibility, which can make everyday life more difficult. Between the period 1965-1974 a million homes were built, which today are facing extensive refurbishment. By increasing the availability of these homes, the demand for senior housing can be accommodated while contributing to a more accessible society. In order to increase accessibility and contribute to an optimal living environment for seniors, technical building measures are required to be taken, as well as improvement regarding the floor plan. A pleasant indoor climate, access to a lift, spacious bathrooms and meeting places are some of the accomodationg that seniors value in their residential building. This report thus examines the required construction technical solutions to increase accessibility and improve the living environment in an existing residential building built under the million program in Finspång municipality. It also examines whether these solutions are technically and financially feasible to carry out, as well as researching what seniors generally appreciate in their living environments.

The houses which were built during the million programmes are now facing extensiverenovations and refurbishment, some have also been demolished. The houses that still standtoday have now reached their lifespan, this however, does not necessarily mean that theyshould be demolished. The construction industry has, during these last years, flourishedimmensely. Resources, methods, and construction techniques are constantly evolving and arenow being applied when working with renovations of old buildings. And it is now resulting inhouses that are durable and energy efficient, which enables them to endure even longer.Unlike new buildings, renovations are more complex and require wider knowledge in severaldifferent areas to address the problems in the best possible way. In addition to the technicalaspects, it also shows that the preservation of cultural-historical aspects, for the millionprogramme houses, must be considered when it comes to remodelling.In this study, it is investigated how a renovation is carried out and which measures are usedon these houses in terms of technology, sustainability, and the preservation of theenvironment. In addition, how such buildings are designed in regard to their culturalhistoricalvalue and influence.

This is a qualitative study made to find out individuals experience of life in the residential Kronoparken in Karlstad. The study is a part of a municipality supported project aiming to find points of improvement and work for the area's development. This study is a first step to hear in what way the residents themselves describe their neighborhood and their lives. A total of thirteen people participated in focus groups with semi-structured interviews as data collection and the study was based on an availability sample which in this case meant that citizens of the residential Kronoparken were asked to participate. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis and in the analysis three themes appeared that summed up what the participants talk about and emphasized most: a divided area, anticipation and valuation as well as a comfortable and healthy every day living. The participants describe the area as geographically and ethnically divided. No matter what part of the area the individuals lives in they experienced the people in other areas to have more fellowship. However, the results point out that it might not be any large individual matter in terms of wellbeing or building identity, there seem to be other parameters in life that are equally important or even more important than to feel attached to other parts of ones residential area. The results suggest that individuals base their identity on many different things, where comfort and sense of participation in the residential area is only one of several parameters. Moreover, the participants talk much about the area's reputation, which gives people the expectation of the area before they move there and also gives rise to different values of the area when they have moved and started a life there. The participants testify to the rumor mill which seems to have much do with the press and the results suggest that it might require a certain type of people to neglict bad rumors and invest in something that many other people automatically reject. The last theme is about the experience of a comfortable and healthy living in Kronoparken. The participants finds it easy to get around within the area by walking or cycling, which is considered positive and rhymes with earlier research on the link between fresh air, daily exercise and wellbeing.

The purpose of this study is to examine two different housing areas in Hudiksvall. Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen is one of the areas from the ”miljonprogrammet” and was built during the last years of the 60’s. The other housing area is Kattvikskajen, located by the sea and is intended to be a new part of the city. The focus is on whether and how a child perspective has been considered in the planning of these two urban areas and how they have been publicly received by the press over time. The study is based on textual analysis, using discourse analysis on public documents, newspaper articles and dialogues with tenants in the Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen area. The conclusion of this study shows that when Håstahöjden/Håstaskogen was built there was a clear focus on developing the housing to safeguard a child’s perspective. This is clearly shown in the design of the buildings. There was a room especially for the children, for their activities and games in each house. The outdoor design included several seats for social life, playgrounds, and areas close to nature with opportunities for the children to take part in physical activities. The narrative in examined newspaper articles during the first ten years mostly concerned criminal activities. Next to them were reports on children and how they spent their spare time. From the discourse point of view there is a stigmatizing that can be experienced differently depending on the outside or the inside perspective. Kattvikskajen’s area in the harbour is much smaller, it is supposed to be a close link to the centre of the city and lacks the close nature. The advantage is the nearness to the city, the transport system and the sea. The future tenants are believed to be new people with new ideas capable of bringing new ideas into the industry and economy and who appreciate the possibilities of commuting. Quality programmes show the intentions of taking the child’s perspective in designing activity parks for different ages and a park with opportunities of playing. The close location of the housing area to the sea and the railway make it doubtful whether it is suitable for small children or even designed for small children. Older children and especially the young people will most certainly find the area attractive. Owing to the location, the architectonic expression that implies a partly private area turns the whole building area into an area that is excluding for small children.

Det som idag sammanfattas som miljonprogrammet har sitt ursprung under en tioårsperiod (cirka 1965-1975), då riksdagen beslutade att man med uppbyggnad av en miljon nya bostäder skulle bota den bostadsbrist som var. Beslutet fick ett positivt bemötande och man började bygga bostäder, främst i ytterområdena. Detta beslut skulle senare bli hårt debatterat då kritikerna antog att det skulle leda till en ökad segregation och sedermera nya, mer omfattande samhällsproblem. I dagens samhälle har miljonprogramsfastigheterna ofta ett dåligt rykte då skötseln av fastigheterna tillsammans med dess ålder föranlett eftersatta fastigheter. Eftersattheten i fastigheterna har nu lett till att många fastighetsägare står inför omfattande renoveringar för att kunna erbjuda sina hyresgäster beboeliga lägenheter. HSB Stockholm har arbetat och arbetar fortfarande med upprustning av miljonprogramsfastigheter i Rinkeby. Projekten innefattar en totalrenovering av hela fastigheten. Efter att ha genomfört renoveringen i några av fastigheterna upplever man inte att lönsamheten blivit så bra som man önskat. Det är i den sistnämnda meningen den här uppsatsen tar sin början, varför når man inte sitt avkastningskrav? Arbetet gör en djupdykning i den rättsvetenskap som behandlar upprustning av hyresbostäder och hyreshöjningar. Vidare konfronteras HSBs upprustningsstrategier med jämförbara fastighetsbolags metoder för att finna en vägledning i hur man på ett ekonomiskt hållbart sätt bör utföra upprustningsarbeten. Efter att ha kopplat samman det teoretiska (juridiken) med det praktiska så har jag kommit fram till en slutsats. Slutsatsen är att när praxis i sina bedömningar inte lägger någon större vikt i förarbetenas utsagor så föranleder detta problem då det är svårt att få till en direkt jämförelse vid bruksvärdesprövningar. En direkt jämförelse var något som HSB ville få till då man såg det som ett led i att kunna höja hyran efter renoveringarna i Rinkeby. Ytterligare en slutsats som kommit ur den allmänna debatten och intervjun är att man i vissa områden måste lägga större vikt i den sociala vinsten och inte endast tänka på det ekonomiska utfallet. / What today summarized as million program originated during a ten year period (about 1965-1975), the parliament then decided that with the construction of one million new homes they could cure the housing shortage that was. The decision was accepted positively and they started to build, mainly in outlying areas. This decision would later be heavily debated as critics assumed that it would lead to increased segregation and later on to new wider social problems. In today´s society, the million properties often hade a bad reputation when the management of the properties along with its age led neglected properties. Neglected units in the buildings now have led to that many property owners now are faced with extensive renovations in order to offer their tenants livable apartments. HSB Stockholm has worked and is still working on the renovation of million properties in Rinkeby. The projects include a complete renovation of the entire property. After having completed the renovation of som of the properties they are now facing the fact that the profitability was not as good as they have assumed. It is in the last sentence this essay begins, why are not HSB reaching their required rate of return? The essay delves into the legal science that deals with the rehabilitation of rental housing and rent increases. Furthermore HSBs rehabilitation strategies will be confronted with other comparable property companies methods, so we can find a guide on how to in a economically sustainable way manner this upgrading work. After having connected the theoretical (the law) to the practical, i have come to a conclusion. The conclusion is that when the practice in their assessments don´t take the legislative history statements into account, we have a problem. Because it is difficult to directly compare the apartments. A direct comparison was something HSB wanted beacuse they saw a way to increase the rents after the renovation. Another conclusion that emerged from the public debate and the interview is that some areas need more attention in the social profit, and not only in the economic outcome.

This is a study about how to improve the building envelope from a group of housing belonging to The Million Programme, a housing programme implanted in the Sweden around 70’s. Massive buildings made of concrete, which were constructed really fast because of the pressing time Schedule and were not developed as they should. This renovation study is explained with examples and drawings and it basically shows how to add thermal insulation on the most conflictive points of the building envelope. It is done in order to improve climatic conditions inside housing, trying to make thermal bridges disappear and reducing energy loss.

My thesis project zooms in on Masmo to the southwest of Stockholm. Specifically a subway exit, built on Masmo Mountain during the 1960s, but never finished. The site features a very unique location on the border between the quite urban Million Programme era architecture of central Masmo, and the completely untouched forest in the nature reserve right next to it, Gömmaren. For 60 years, the Masmo Mountain has been discussed in Huddinge municipality as a potential site for future construction, yet nothing has ever been constructed. I think this might be because of the challenges the location poses regarding how to merge an urban site with one that is completely undeveloped. These topics are examples of what this thesis project seeks to explore: What qualities are there that are worthy of preserving when dealing with architecture in precious environments? Is it possible to improve certain qualities of a natural site that are neglected in its current state, such as accessibility, or do all additions aggravate the essence of nature and make the site less exquisite? What sacrifices are necessary to make in order to provide high quality environments for the inhabitants, and do they conflict with the interests of visitors, or could they possibly coincide?

The pace of development in modern society since the Industrial Revolution has beenunprecedented and it keeps proceeding in a more aggressive and accelerated phase. However, thisdevelopment is a highly energy demanded action which is resulting an increased exploitation ofnatural resources, and subsequently, an expanded pressure on our environment, which sometimesconflicts between proprietors. On the other hand, it also creates great opportunities fortechnological developments as well as new research fields. As one of the biggest energy consumers,it is a crucial task that building and real estate sector follow this development trend by inventingand practicing new methods and technologies in order to limit energy usage and increase energyefficiency for a contribution to sustainable development in the society.When considering improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings from the million homeprogramme, it is worth to carry out energy analysis before renovation works begins in order toobtain a holistic overview of the energy issues those buildings are struggling with. For dwellingsfrom almost 50 years ago, one of the biggest issues is the large energy usage for heating due to theheat loss to the ambience through the building’s envelope. More precisely, the heat losses throughroof, walls, windows, doors, ventilations and infiltrations. This thesis will focus on technologicalsolutions that can control the heat losses caused by convection and conduction through the externalwalls, windows and doors, which approximately stands for nearly 55% of the total heat loss for ahouse from the million home programme. Furthermore, with help of passive heating and coolingstrategies, improvement of both energy performance and indoor thermal comfort on the studiedlamellar house from the million home programme will be achieved.According to the simulation results, the installation of double glass façade on the outside of theexternal walls can reduce energy consumption, as well as keep indoor thermal comfort in desirableboundaries. In the simulated executive model, the delivered energy has been reduced to 95.3𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 from the basic model with 121.8 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟. However,In the exclusive model the delivered energy has successfully declined to 71.1 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 , which is under the maximum permitted value (85.0 𝐾𝑊ℎ/viii𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) in the Swedish building code. Both of models has maintained the occupancysatisfaction in adequate boundaries.

My thesis project zooms in on Masmo to the southwest of Stockholm. Specifically a subway exit, built on Masmo Mountain during the 1960s, but never finished. The site features a very unique location on the border between the quite urban Million Programme era architecture of central Masmo, and the completely untouched forest in the nature reserve right next to it, Gömmaren. For 60 years, the Masmo Mountain has been discussed in Huddinge municipality as a potential site for future construction, yet nothing has ever been constructed. I think this might be because of the challenges the location poses regarding how to merge an urban site with one that is completely undeveloped. These topics are examples of what this thesis project seeks to explore: What qualities are there that are worthy of preserving when dealing with architecture in precious environments? Is it possible to improve certain qualities of a natural site that are neglected in its current state, such as accessibility, or do all additions aggravate the essence of nature and make the site less exquisite? What sacrifices are necessary to make in order to provide high quality environments for the inhabitants, and do they conflict with the interests of visitors, or could they possibly coincide?