A Institutio Oratoria, de Quintiliano, é uma obra significativa para os Estudos Clássicos, devido, por exemplo, à relevância e extensão das discussões retóricas nela promovidas. Dentre os doze livros que constituem a Institutio, o livro II tem a especificidade de ser intermediário entre a técnica pedagógica e a teoria retórica. Fornece exercícios (progymnasmata) próprios do professor de retórica (rhetor) e discute princípios teóricos que nortearão a obra inteira. Nosso propósito com este trabalho foi realizar uma tradução acadêmica, com notas que tornassem viável a leitura crítica e a compreensão aprofundada da obra. / Quintilians Institutio Oratoria is an important work for Classical Studies because, for example, of the great relevance of the rhetorical discussions it advances in the context of Imperial Rome. Among the twelve books the Institutio is composed of, book II is somewhat notable for its intermediate position between the pedagogical theory and the rhetorical one. It offers exercises (progymnasmata) specific to the teacher of rhetoric (rhetor) and discusses theoretical principles around which the whole work is built. It was my purpose here to produce a highly serious translation, making use of recent research through notes which made possible critical reading and deeper understanding of Quintilians work.

A Institutio Oratoria, de Quintiliano, é uma obra significativa para os Estudos Clássicos, devido, por exemplo, à relevância e extensão das discussões retóricas nela promovidas. Dentre os doze livros que constituem a Institutio, o livro II tem a especificidade de ser intermediário entre a técnica pedagógica e a teoria retórica. Fornece exercícios (progymnasmata) próprios do professor de retórica (rhetor) e discute princípios teóricos que nortearão a obra inteira. Nosso propósito com este trabalho foi realizar uma tradução acadêmica, com notas que tornassem viável a leitura crítica e a compreensão aprofundada da obra. / Quintilians Institutio Oratoria is an important work for Classical Studies because, for example, of the great relevance of the rhetorical discussions it advances in the context of Imperial Rome. Among the twelve books the Institutio is composed of, book II is somewhat notable for its intermediate position between the pedagogical theory and the rhetorical one. It offers exercises (progymnasmata) specific to the teacher of rhetoric (rhetor) and discusses theoretical principles around which the whole work is built. It was my purpose here to produce a highly serious translation, making use of recent research through notes which made possible critical reading and deeper understanding of Quintilians work.

In the survey Unga &amp; Medier initiated by Statens medieråd 2017, 3000 teenagers were asked about their gaming habits. The survey was made in collaboration with SCB (Statistiska Centralbyrån) and it is the most extensive examination of its kind ever produced in Sweden. It showed that 50% of the participating boys played more than three hours per day at the age of 16. At the same time, students’ results in school are sinking in general, especially the writing ability. Skolverket (2015) deems that the combination of inner and outer motivation has the biggest effect on students’ ability to successfully solve a task. The study presents the difficulties of altering the precieved motivation of the students’ and the complexity of using self-report questionnaires as a messurement tool. The aim of this study is to investigate how D’Angelos model of progymnasmata in combination with gamification can affect students’ motivation to produce written texts. Two methods were used. First; self assessment and second; a material based on one step of the antique instrument progymnasmata, the fable, which was created and tested with two groups of students, where one of the groups had a thematic based on gamification. The results proved, although the participation was low, that the quantity of written data was improved while the motivation was unaffected. In conclusion, the study did not have an effect the way it was expected to do, although this has been taken in consideration while potraying the complexity of motivation as a concept. / <p>Svenska</p>

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine Quintilian' s discussion of the progymnasmata, or elementary rhetorical exercises, in the Institutio Oratoria against an historical background. The study of evidence for the development of the exercises will therefore be important, as well as comparison with the Greek Progymnasmata of Aelius Theon, who was probably a contemporary of Quintilian, and of Hermogenes, Aphthonius and Nicolaus, who all lived during the period of the Roman Empire. Authors after the fifth century A.D. have not been considered, since the progymnasmata seem to have been fixed by then and collections appeared in the Byzantine period added no new exercises. The comparison of Quintilian's work with Greek texts has necessitated a good deal of Greek terminology, for which I apologize to the reader. Since the Greek progymnasmatists have a love of classification and categorization, the reader will also find discussion of rhetorical terms. At the same time, this study shows how often the ideas of Quintilian and Theon are similar, especially in regard to teaching method, which was not usually an interest of ancient rhetorical writers, and it seems likely that Quintilian was acquainted with Theon's work. It is also instructive to see Quintilian's affirmation of the value of the progymnasmata, at a time when they were not popular with Roman rhetoricians, as part of an educational tradition which continued for many centuries. It was hoped to add an appendix containing the parts of Theon's work which are missing from the Greek text but which are found in an Armenian translation of the sixth century A.D. Unfortunately, I have not yet found anyone who can translate sixth-century Armenian. The missing passages, when translated, should be of considerable worth, not only for understanding Theon's Progymnasmata, but also for throwing more light on Quintilian's use of these exercises, especially paraphrase, and praise and denunciation of laws, concerning which little is known. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka relationen mellan positiv konstruktiv respons och elevens upplevda utveckling. Uppsatsen syftar också till att skapa en tipslista för lärare med intervjuresultaten som grund. Jag utgår från ett elevperspektiv och använder mig av tio personliga intervjuer med elever från olika skolor och kurser. Intervjufrågorna kretsade kring elevernas erfarenheter och åsikter i att ge och ta emot respons från sin lärare och sina klasskamrater. Resultaten visade att elever är i stort behov av en konkret, förklarande och individanpassad respons. Positiv konstruktiv respons förknippas med positiva känslor och den mer negativa kritiken förknippas med negativa känslor. Resultaten visade också att det fanns en självförtroendevariabel i sättet att mottaga respons på. Samtliga intervjukandidater har ett jakande svar gällande om man kan utvecklas med positiv konstruktiv respons. Att eleverna vill få responsen visad för sig (imitatio) var ett tydligt resultat. / This essay aims to investigate the relationship between positive constructive feedback and the students perceived progress in learning. The purpose with this essay is also to create a checklist for teachers to use in courses connected to oral presentation/speaking, with the interview results as a basis. I base my results in a students perspective and the method used is personal interviews with ten students from different schools and courses. I asked the students several questions about how they experience the classroom situation concerning giving and receiving feedback from their classmates and their teacher. The results showed that students are in a great need for a concrete, explanatory and individualized feedback. Positive constructive feedback are associated with positive feelings and the more negative feedback are associated with negative feelings. The results also showed that there are a confidence variable in the way students are receiving feedback on. All interview candidates have an affirmative answer applicable if one can have a progress in learning with positive feedback. That the students would get the response shown (imitatio) is a clear result.

Denna uppsats behandlar den retoriska övningen smädelsen och dess roll som övertygningsmedel inom rapbattlesituationer likväl som i retorikutbildningen. Jag tar mig en närmare titt på vinnaren av Vendetta (rapbattle sm i Sverige 2012), Mr.Cool, där jag i hans battles finner smädelsens topiker. Uppsatsen ser till smädelsens topiker och dess effektivitet i att söka avråda Vendettas publik och domare från att sympatisera med Mr.Cools motståndare. Vidare ställer jag denna till synes stridande argumentationsteknik i förhållande till retorikens krav på moral och etik för att utvinna om detta är förenligt. Jag utgår ifrån tanken att den retoriska situationen och publiken kommer att påverka utfallet av vad både battlerapparen Mr.Cool och publiken anser vara passsande och därmed för domarnas slutgiltiga utlåtande. Undersökningens resultat visar på att användandet av smädelsen tycks vara ett effektivt retoriskt medel i denna situation, i diskussionen resonerar jag kring frågan om samma slutsats kan gälla för andra situationer.

Within the past two decades, theorists have begun to look back to the classical rhetorical past for answers to modern dilemmas in composition teaching. Several textbooks have been published that focus their teaching of college composition on the classical tradition. While the movement to revitalize classical rhetoric is gaining strength in universities, however, the benefits of this movement have not yet reached, in any real way, the levels of elementary, middle school, or high school education. This thesis shows how the classical rhetorical curriculum generally, and a specific part of that curriculum, the progymnasmata, accomplish important aims of modern composition approaches, while at the same time providing answers to modern deficiencies in composition instruction, especially at the secondary level. The thesis compares the progymnasmata and their accompanying pedagogy with the most prevalent and up-and-coming approaches in composition teaching, including current-traditional, expressivist, and social epistemic—including genre theory—approaches, and process-based, or cognitive, composition pedagogy. Modern theorists are finding value in the classical rhetorical curriculum because, since the 1800s, advances in composition instruction are now recognized as reinventions of the classical past, recovering vital elements once present in rhetorical instruction and then lost. The classical curriculum also provides solutions to problems in modern composition approaches. Because modern theoretical approaches are partial reiterations of the classical rhetorical tradition, and because the classical tradition can enable students in ways modern approaches cannot, exploring the possibilities of teaching the progymnasmata in secondary schools is worthwhile.

Medieval rhetoric, as a field and as a subject, has largely been under-developed and under-emphasized within medieval and rhetorical studies for several reasons: the disconnect between Germanic, Anglo-Saxon society and the Greco-Roman tradition that defined rhetoric as an art; the problems associated with translating the Old and Middle English vernacular in light of rhetorical and, thereby, Greco-Latin precepts; and the complexities of the medieval period itself with the lack of surviving manuscripts, often indistinct and inconsistent political and legal structure, and widespread interspersion and interpolation of Christian doctrine. However, it was Christianity and its governance of medieval culture that preserved classical rhetoric within the medieval period through reliance upon a classic epideictic platform, which, in turn, became the foundation for early medieval rhetoric. The role of epideictic rhetoric itself is often undervalued within the rhetorical tradition because it appears too basic or less essential than the judicial or deliberative branches for in-depth study and analysis. Closer inspection of this branch reveals that epideictic rhetoric contains fundamental elements of human communication with the focus upon praise and blame and upon appropriate thought and behavior. In analyzing the medieval world’s heritage and knowledge of the Greco-Roman tradition, epideictic rhetoric’s role within the writings and lives of Greek and Roman philosophers, and the popular Christian writings of the medieval period – such as Alfred’s translation of Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy, Alfred’s translation of Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care, Ælfric’s Lives of Saints, Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies, Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, and the anonymously written Vercelli and Blickling homiles – an early medieval rhetoric begins to be revealed. This Old English rhetoric rests upon a blended epideictic structure based largely upon the encomium and vituperation formats of the ancient progymnasmata, with some additions from the chreia and commonplace exercises, to form a unique rhetoric of the soul that aimed to convert words into moral thought and action within the lives of every individual. Unlike its classical predecessors, medieval rhetoric did not argue, refute, or prove; it did not rely solely on either praise or blame; and it did not cultivate words merely for intellectual, educative, or political purposes. Instead, early medieval rhetoric placed the power of words in the hands of all humanity, inspiring every individual to greater discernment of character and reality, greater spirituality, greater morality, and greater pragmatism in daily life.