博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

A quantitative nonexperimental survey study was developed to investigate Northeast Tennessee K-8 educators’ perceptions of STEM education. This study was an examination of current perceptions of STEM education. Perceived need, current implementation practices, access to STEM resources, definition of STEM, and the current condition of STEM in Northeast Tennessee were also examined. The participating school districts are located in the Northeast Region of Tennessee: Bristol City Schools, Hamblen County Schools, Johnson City Schools, Johnson County Schools, Kingsport City Schools, Sullivan County Schools, and Washington County Schools. Educational professionals including both administrators and teachers in the elementary and/or middle school setting were surveyed. The closed and open form survey consisted of 20 research items grouped by 5 core research questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using single sample t tests. A 4 point Likert scale was used to measure responses with a 2.5 point of neutrality rating. The open-ended question was summarized and recorded for frequency. Research indicated that Northeast Tennessee K-8 educators perceive a need for STEM education to a significant extent. However, many do not feel prepared for implementation. Lack of professional development opportunities and STEM assets were reported as areas of need. Teachers reported implementation of inquiry-based, problem solving activities in their classrooms. The majority of participants reported that the current condition of STEM education in Northeast Tennessee is not meeting the needs of 21st century learners. Challenges facing STEM instruction include: funding designated for STEM is too low, professional development for STEM teacher is insufficient, and STEM Education in K-8 is lacking or inadequate.

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The number of project-based organizations has increased in recent times, as has the teaching method of project-based learning. These two phenomena are related but little research has been conducted to examine the relationship between them, especially from a skills development perspective. Hence the first purpose of this study is to compare the skills that are necessary for work in a project-based organization with the skills that are developed in learning through project-based learning. Furthermore, the pandemic brought on a digitalized work environment for students in higher education.  Therefore, the second purpose of the study is to examine the changes in skills development during digitalization, especially for students who work with project-based learning.    A dual case study conducted in a qualitative manner has been administered to acquire both the project-based organization and the project-based learning perspective. To gain these perspectives, three students at Linköping University, who have worked extensively with project-based learning, and three employees at the project-based organization WSP Sweden AB were interviewed. The interview data was then thematically categorized and discussed.   The results suggest that communication and collaboration skills were developed by working through project-based learning. These skills were also specifically pertinent for work in a project-based organization. However, they were more difficult to develop during digitalization while they grew more important for project-based organizations. Moreover, it was found that tacit knowledge was more relevant for work at WSP Sweden AB, while explicit knowledge was more relevant for studies at Linköping University. During the digitalization of the Covid-19 pandemic, group constellations and project team constellations had significant similarities, while motivation occurred differently in project-based learning compared to project-based organizations.

Certaines difficultés entourant la planification, l’organisation des informations ainsi que la gestion des ressources humaines ou matérielles seraient fréquemment observées chez les élèves qui ont de faibles résultats scolaires (Anderson et al., 2008). Toutefois, l’enseignement et la mise en pratique de stratégies cognitives et de stratégies d’autorégulation permettraient aux élèves de développer des habiletés leur permettant de mieux réussir à l’école (Anderson et al., 2008; Malmberg et al., 2013). Dans les écoles alternatives québécoises, la pédagogie par projet est vécue par tous les élèves (RÉPAQ, 2019). Le projet est une occasion privilégiée pour l’enseignant de mettre en place des moyens personnalisés pour que les élèves développent des stratégies afin de surmonter leurs difficultés. Sachant que certains élèves peuvent avoir de la difficulté à déployer des stratégies qui leur permettent d’autoréguler leur apprentissage, (Butler et Cartier, 2018; Cartier et Butler, 2016) la question qui guide la présente recherche est la suivante : Comment un élève ayant des difficultés entourant l’organisation et la gestion des ressources autorégule-t-il son apprentissage dans un projet tel que mis de l’avant dans une école publique alternative au Québec ? Pour notre étude de cas de type qualitatif, nous avons suivi une élève de neuf ans pendant qu’elle travaillait à un projet d’écriture dans une école alternative au Québec. Nous avons réalisé trois entretiens avec cette élève et avons aussi rencontré son enseignante et l’orthopédagogue qui mettent en place des moyens d’intervention et d’enseignement de l’écriture qui permettent à leur élève de progresser dans son projet. Afin de compléter notre analyse, nous avons consulté les documents de travail de l’élève et nous avons aussi analysé l’autoévaluation de son projet. Les résultats qui découlent de cette étude nous permettent de décrire comment l’élève arrive à atteindre ses objectifs pour son projet d’écriture en recevant du support et en utilisant des moyens mis en place pour elle en plus des outils qui sont à sa disposition. Nous expliquons comment l’élève qui a des difficultés à autoréguler des tâches et des ressources travaille pour surmonter les défis qu’elle rencontre pendant son projet d’écriture afin de satisfaire aux attentes de son enseignante qui souhaite la faire progresser dans sa compétence à écrire. / Difficulties in planning, organizing information, and managing human and material resources are frequently observed in students with low academic achievement (Anderson, Munk, Young, Conley, & Caldarella, 2008). Teaching and practicing cognitive and self-regulation strategies would enable students to develop skills that would allow them to do better in school (Anderson et al., 2008; Malmberg, Järvenoja, & Järvelä, 2013a). In Quebec alternative schools, project-based pedagogy is experienced by all students (RÉPAQ, 2019). The project is a privileged opportunity for the teacher to implement personalized means for students to develop strategies to overcome their difficulties. Knowing that some students may have difficulty deploying strategies that allow them to self-regulate their learning, (Butler & Cartier, 2018; Cartier & Butler, 2016) the question that guides this research is: How does a student with difficulties surrounding the organization and management of resources self-regulate his or her learning in a project as implemented in an alternative public school in Quebec? For our qualitative case study, we followed a nine-year-old student as she worked on a writing project in an alternative school in Quebec. We conducted three interviews with this student and also met with her teacher and the specialized teacher who are implementing writing interventions and instruction that enable their student to progress on her project. In order to complete our analysis, we also consulted the student's work documents and analyzed the self-evaluation of his project. The results of this study allow us to describe how the student achieves her goals for her writing project by receiving support and using the resources set up for her. We explain how the student who has difficulty self-regulating tasks and resources works to overcome the challenges she encounters during her writing project in order to meet the expectations of her teacher who wants to improve her writing skills.

This study sought to understand concerns and levels of use of a group of teachers in the process of developing a project-based learning (PBL) program, and the effect of a change facilitator on these processes. The research was guided by the following research questions: One, what are the concerns of teachers regarding the planning of a PBL curriculum? Two, what are the levels of use of teachers in the process of planning the PBL curriculum? Three, how does a change facilitator affect the process of change in the planning of a PBL curriculum? The population of this study consisted of seven subject area high school teachers and one district level administrative staff member. This study used the concerns-based adoption model (CBAM) to study the PBL innovation. CBAM is a conceptual framework that describes, explains, and predicts teachers' concerns and behaviors throughout the change process in education. In this study, the teachers progressed through the levels of use on a timeline at a rate that was much more rapid that what is typical for implementation of an innovation in an educational setting. This rapid progression was the function of the teacher population studied and the change facilitator that led the PBL curriculum design process. With the leadership of the change facilitator, the goals of the PBL curriculum innovation were realized, and the team created a PBL curriculum with multidisciplinary PBL products that could be implemented after the development phase.

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The aim of the study was to investigate strategies that could be used to equip Grade 10 teachers to teach accounting effectively. The aim was addressed by conducting the relevant literature survey and an empirical investigation. A qualitative approach which was modeled on the interpretive perspective was used to explore challenges faced by accounting teachers and learners. Five schools were selected in the Johannesburg Ekurhuleni District. Here, three HODs and two Grade 10 teachers were interviewed and observed while teaching. Strong and weak Grade 10 learners from each school were interviewed. The data was analysed and findings presented. The findings revealed that Grades 8 and 9 lack accounting exposure due to 40% weighting on financial literacy on the syllabus which then causes problems in Grade 10 from both the teaching and learning perspectives. The main recommendations arising from this study are that the Department of Education must relook at the syllabus and involve teachers in the planning of the curriculum in order to bridge the gap between the syllabuses. Accounting teachers should use variety of learning and teaching strategies, and create a supportive effective classroom environment in order to increase the learner’s interest. / Further Teacher Education / M. Ed. (Didactics)