O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o aumento da efetividade das promoções monetárias sem a necessidade de aumento do desconto ofertado por elas. Para isso, foram analisadas como variáveis influenciadoras da eficácia das promoções a característica de auto-interpretação do indivíduo e sua percepção hedônica sobre o produto ofertado. Desta forma, realizou-se a replicação dos estudos de Barone e Roy (2010b) e Winterich, Mittal, Swaminathan (2014) que abordam dois tipos de promoção (inclusiva, focada em grupos, e exclusiva, focada no indivíduo), sua relação com a auto-interpretação de independência e interdependência do indivíduo e nível de relacionamento com a empresa. Em um primeiro experimento, os resultados foram ao encontro dos estudos analisados indicando que o tipo de promoção, a auto-interpretação e relacionamento anterior com a empresa interagem entre si e otimizam a resposta dos clientes às promoções. Estendendo-se os influenciadores desta relação, foi incluído o grau de percepção hedônica sobre o produto como variável e realizado um segundo experimento. Como resultado, produtos de maior percepção hedônica otimizaram ainda mais a performance de promoções inclusivas para indivíduos interdependentes. Já os experimentos 3 e 4 foram realizados para analisar o papel da percepção hedônica em conjunto com diferentes níveis de desconto ofertado, dada a influência comprovada no experimento 2 e embasamento teórico. A intenção dos dois últimos experimentos foi de identificar uma menor performance quando da oferta de descontos maiores para produtos de maior percepção hedônica. Entretanto, apenas foi encontrada uma interação entre as variáveis, sem ser possível identificar tendências de variações na performance das promoções. Assim, as comprovações obtidas neste trabalho mostraram que as promoções de vendas podem ser mais efetivas sem a necessidade de aumento da magnitude dos descontos ofertados, realizando-se a congruência entre perfil do indivíduo, percepção do produto e tipo de promoção com diferentes níveis de exclusividade. / The objective of this study is evaluate the increase of monetary promotions effectiveness without the need to increase the discount offered by them. It was analyzed as influencing variables of promotions´effectiveness the individual self-construal feature and hedonic perception of the product offered. Thus, the studies of Barone and Roy (2010b) and Winterich, Mittal and Swaminthan (2014), wich adressed two types of promotion (inclusive promotion, focused in groups, and exclusive promotion, focused in the individual) and their relation with the self-construal of Independence and interdependence of the individual were replicated. In a first experiment, the results were similar, indicating that the type of promotion and self-construal Interact and optimize customer response to promotions. Extending the influencers of this relationship, the degree of product´s hedonic perception was included as a variable and a second experiment was conducted. The products with greater hedonic perception optimized the performance of inclusive promotions for interdependent people. The third and fourth experiments were carried out to analyze the role of hedonic perception with different levels of discount offered, given the proven influence in the second experiment and the theoretical basis. The aim of the last two experiments was to identify a lower performance when a larger discount was offered to products with greater hedonic awareness. However, only an interaction between the variables was found, without been able to identify variable´s trends in the performance of the promotions. Thus, the evidence obtained in this work showed that sale promotions may be more effective performing the congruence between the individual´s profile, product awareness and promotion type with different levels of exclusivity, without the need to increase the magnitude of the discount offered.

Data supplied by the Natal Education Department indicated that women are unequally represented in the promotional hierarchies in schools. While 78 percent of the incumbents in post level one positions are women, only 16,3 percent of post level six positions are held by women. From a review of selected literature a list of possible barriers to the advancement of women was drawn up. These barriers fell into two broad categories - internal barriers, relating to psychological factors; and external barriers, which related to institutional, societal and organizational structures. A questionnaire was designed to educe some conclusions regarding the aspirations of selected women teachers and their perceptions regarding possible barriers to the advancement of women educators. \ The most commonly cited obstacle was found to be a concern to prevent role overload, which could result from attempting to fulfil simultaneously the demands of family and career. The second most frequently mentioned barrier related to the structure of the educational organization. Many respondents perceived women teachers as avoiding vertical career movement as it decreased their contact with the pupils. Many respondents appeared to have internalized the socletal norms concerning the position and role of women as they could forsee no obstacles to their reaching their promotional potential, apart from a personal choice to limit their horizons. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Natal, Durban, 1989.

Darbo tikslas: įvertinti vartotojų požiūrį į maisto produktų reklamą ir pardavimų skatinimą Pakruojo rajone. Darbo uždaviniai: 1) Įvertinti vartotojų žinias apie sveiką mitybą; 2) Įvertinti vartotojų požiūrį į maisto produktų reklamą; 3) Įvertinti reklaminių akcijų ir maisto produktų pasirinkimo sąsajas. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas atliktas 2010 m. liepos-rugpjūčio mėn. Tiriamieji – 18 m. amžiaus ir vyresni gyventojai. Į anketą buvo įtraukti klausimai, susiję su respondentų žiniomis apie maistą, ekologinę produkciją, mitybą, jų pirkimo ypatumus, mitybos ypatumus, maisto produktų pirkimą sąlygojančius veiksnius. Iš viso buvo išdalinta 390 anketų, sugrįžo - 343 (atsako dažnis 87,9 proc.). Duomenų statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant „MS Excel“ programą ir „SPSS for Windows 14.0“ statistinį paketą, sąsajoms įvertinti taikyti t-testas ir chi kvadrato kriterijus. Statistinio pasikliautinumo lygmuo – 95 proc. Rezultatai. 70 proc. pirkėjų domisi informacija, parašyta maisto produkto etiketėje, apie 50 proc. pirkėjų produktus renkasi atsižvelgdami į su sveikata susijusią informaciją. Turguje dažnai arba kartais maisto prekes perka 82 proc. prekybos centrų pirkėjų.. 66 proc. respondentų žinojo apie genetiškai modifikuotus produktus, o 93 proc. manė, kad ekologiški produktai yra sveikesni, 61 proc. domėjosi sveika mityba, 85 proc. žinojo, kad grūdai ir daržovės yra sveikiau nei mėsa, pienas, saldainiai ar cukrus. Tik 9 proc. pirkėjų tiki reklaminiais teiginiais. Tarp svarbiausių veiksnių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study: To evaluate consumers' attitude towards advertising and sales promotion of food products in Pakruojis district Objectives: 1) to evaluate consumers' knowledge about healthy nutrition; 2) to evaluate consumers' attitude towards food product advertising; 3) to examine the relationship between promotions and choice of food products. Methods: The research was carried out in July-August 2010. The respondents were adults 18 years of age and older. The questionnaire included questions related to respondents' knowledge about food, organic products, nutrition, their shopping patterns, eating habits, factors influencing food purchase. Of the 390 questionnaires distributed, 343 were returned (response rate of 87.9 %). Statistical analysis of data was performed using MS Excel program and statistical analysis package SPSS 14.0 for Windows, there were t-test and chi-square criterion used in order to evaluate the correlations. The level of statistical confidence is 95 percent. Results: 70 percent respondents are interested in information given in labelling, about 50 percent of consumers choose products according to the health-related information. 82 % of customers often or sometimes buy food products at the market. 66 % of respondents were aware of genetically modified products, and 93 % believed that organic food is healthier. 61 % of respondents were interested in healthy nutrition, 85 % knew that grains and vegetables are healthier than meat, milk, sugar or sweets... [to full text]

Since the 1990s in Australia, education policies have created an environment in which competition among schools has increased and parental choice of school has been encouraged. This has been coupled with practices of corporatisation, marketisation and performativity, which have led to the proliferation of a new type of independent school, which operate in the outer suburbs of large cities, target a specific niche market, and charge low cost fees. This study examines the reasons parents are making the choice to send their children to a new, non-government schools in preference to other alternatives and the role of promotional material produced by the school in that choice. The case study of one such school, The Shelbyville College, involved in-depth interviewing of parents at the College as well as a Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough) of the College's prospectus and website which act as performative tools to measure the school's effectiveness in the market. Using Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and cultural capital, the study showed that parents interviewed were choosing this type of school to increase the educational and social status and career prospects of their children as 'extraordinary children'. Through such discourses, parents as consumers of particular schooling products and their engagement with the promotional activities of the College are produced as 'good parents'. Seeking and engaging with promotional material helped remove any dissonance that may occur from a long and expensive relationship with the institution. In choosing this particular school, parents were seeking 'good Christian values' and the freedom to actively engage in their children's education. The College, through its promotional efforts, promises to build on familial habitus and inculcate valued cultural capital in order to make students more successful academically and socially than their parents. The promotional materials of the website and prospectus emphasised the co-curricular involvement in music, speech and drama and invite parents into a discourse of success through the College's educational offering which creates 'extraordinary children'. The uniform mandated by the College is another 'text' in the production of extraordinary children as outlined in the prospectus and website and is an important site for identity production. The uniform demonstrates, not only the disciplinary regime and preparation for professional dress, but also the prestige and esteem derived from the consumption of high status products such as non-government schooling. It is expected that the findings of this study will have relevance for government schools that are the primary competition for new, non-government schools and will lose funding if they continue to lose students. The study will have some implications for CEO (Catholic Education Office) schools that have traditionally provided a low-cost alternative to the government sector. Parents in the study reported choosing the new, non-government school because of differences in values, and perceptions of safety and status improvement offered by these schools. The continued success of the new, non-government schools is also likely to have broader effects on social and educational inequality in Australia through their effects on the government school sector.

The rapid increase in the expenditure on below-the-line promotions (consumer and trade promotions, direct marketing, sponsorship and public relations) relative to above-the-line advertising (television, radio, print, outdoor and cinema) in South Africa has earmarked a new era of integrated marketing communication strategies across all sectors. Ultimately, this strategic shift has brought about a need to better understand the relationship between above-the-line advertising and below-the-line promotions and to measure the impact of such changes on company sales/profits over the long-term. In the research undertaken amongst 250 senior marketing, brand and product managers of South African brand-owned companies, the relationship between above-the-line advertising and below-the-line promotions in the marketing of South African products and services was investigated across six different economic sectors. It was evident from the findings that most brand-owned companies currently integrate above-the-line advertising and below-the-line promotion activities. The study shows that most brand-owned companies in South Africa combine press, radio and television (above-the-line) with consumer promotions (below-the-line). The most frequently used above-the-line advertising medium is television, which is also seen as the most important mode to support long-term brand building amongst consumers. In turn, print is regarded as the most important above-the-line mode to support trade franchise building. Most frequently used below-the-line modes include direct marketing and public relations. Direct mail and cooperative advertising are seen as the most important below-the-line consumer and trade franchise building modes respectively. Although marketing communication expenditure is positively skewed towards above-the-line adverstising, most recent trends show a gradual increase in the use of below-the-line promotions. To prevent a brand's sales/profits from decreasing over the long-term due to too high below-the-line promotional expenditure, the study encourages a sound balance between above-the-line advertising and below-the-line promotions. Although the ideal ratio of above-the-line advertising to below-the-line promotions is related to the nature of the product and service being marketed, the extent of competitive activity in the market and the frequency of purchase, amongst many other salient factors, the study regards a 60/40 ratio as the most ideal for building long-term brands. On the other hand, a ratio of 35/65 is regarded as the critical point at which company sales/profits may deteriorate because of too high below-the-line promotional spending. In conclusion it can be said that the marketing communication industry of South Africa has entered a period of integrated marketing communication practices which requires sound marketing communication budget strategies conducive to the long-term survival of South African products and services. / Business Management / D. Com. (Marketing Communication)

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o aumento da efetividade das promoções monetárias sem a necessidade de aumento do desconto ofertado por elas. Para isso, foram analisadas como variáveis influenciadoras da eficácia das promoções a característica de auto-interpretação do indivíduo e sua percepção hedônica sobre o produto ofertado. Desta forma, realizou-se a replicação dos estudos de Barone e Roy (2010b) e Winterich, Mittal, Swaminathan (2014) que abordam dois tipos de promoção (inclusiva, focada em grupos, e exclusiva, focada no indivíduo), sua relação com a auto-interpretação de independência e interdependência do indivíduo e nível de relacionamento com a empresa. Em um primeiro experimento, os resultados foram ao encontro dos estudos analisados indicando que o tipo de promoção, a auto-interpretação e relacionamento anterior com a empresa interagem entre si e otimizam a resposta dos clientes às promoções. Estendendo-se os influenciadores desta relação, foi incluído o grau de percepção hedônica sobre o produto como variável e realizado um segundo experimento. Como resultado, produtos de maior percepção hedônica otimizaram ainda mais a performance de promoções inclusivas para indivíduos interdependentes. Já os experimentos 3 e 4 foram realizados para analisar o papel da percepção hedônica em conjunto com diferentes níveis de desconto ofertado, dada a influência comprovada no experimento 2 e embasamento teórico. A intenção dos dois últimos experimentos foi de identificar uma menor performance quando da oferta de descontos maiores para produtos de maior percepção hedônica. Entretanto, apenas foi encontrada uma interação entre as variáveis, sem ser possível identificar tendências de variações na performance das promoções. Assim, as comprovações obtidas neste trabalho mostraram que as promoções de vendas podem ser mais efetivas sem a necessidade de aumento da magnitude dos descontos ofertados, realizando-se a congruência entre perfil do indivíduo, percepção do produto e tipo de promoção com diferentes níveis de exclusividade. / The objective of this study is evaluate the increase of monetary promotions effectiveness without the need to increase the discount offered by them. It was analyzed as influencing variables of promotions´effectiveness the individual self-construal feature and hedonic perception of the product offered. Thus, the studies of Barone and Roy (2010b) and Winterich, Mittal and Swaminthan (2014), wich adressed two types of promotion (inclusive promotion, focused in groups, and exclusive promotion, focused in the individual) and their relation with the self-construal of Independence and interdependence of the individual were replicated. In a first experiment, the results were similar, indicating that the type of promotion and self-construal Interact and optimize customer response to promotions. Extending the influencers of this relationship, the degree of product´s hedonic perception was included as a variable and a second experiment was conducted. The products with greater hedonic perception optimized the performance of inclusive promotions for interdependent people. The third and fourth experiments were carried out to analyze the role of hedonic perception with different levels of discount offered, given the proven influence in the second experiment and the theoretical basis. The aim of the last two experiments was to identify a lower performance when a larger discount was offered to products with greater hedonic awareness. However, only an interaction between the variables was found, without been able to identify variable´s trends in the performance of the promotions. Thus, the evidence obtained in this work showed that sale promotions may be more effective performing the congruence between the individual´s profile, product awareness and promotion type with different levels of exclusivity, without the need to increase the magnitude of the discount offered.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / It is an accepted fact that small businesses are the economic growth "engines" in developed countries. This reality is given as the main reason for the active involvement of local government, in promotion and development of small enterprises, with the purpose of reversing the trend of growing unemployment in South Africa (even with high economic growth rates) and reducing the high poverty index. Internationally, local municipalities have become primary players in supporting and promoting small business. Prior to 1994, local government in South Africa is perceived to have played a passive role in this field. This study aims to evaluate and critically analyse local government's involvement in the support and promotion of small enterprises on the Cape West Coast (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in order to stimulate greater government involvement in small enterprise development. The study follows a qualitative approach in the form of interviews with a sample comprising of emerging entrepreneurs in the fishing, tourism, engineering, mining and agricultural economic sectors. On the basis of the findings, specific recommendations are made for the promotion of small enterprises as a vehicle for reducing the level of poverty.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o aumento da efetividade das promoções monetárias sem a necessidade de aumento do desconto ofertado por elas. Para isso, foram analisadas como variáveis influenciadoras da eficácia das promoções a característica de auto-interpretação do indivíduo e sua percepção hedônica sobre o produto ofertado. Desta forma, realizou-se a replicação dos estudos de Barone e Roy (2010b) e Winterich, Mittal, Swaminathan (2014) que abordam dois tipos de promoção (inclusiva, focada em grupos, e exclusiva, focada no indivíduo), sua relação com a auto-interpretação de independência e interdependência do indivíduo e nível de relacionamento com a empresa. Em um primeiro experimento, os resultados foram ao encontro dos estudos analisados indicando que o tipo de promoção, a auto-interpretação e relacionamento anterior com a empresa interagem entre si e otimizam a resposta dos clientes às promoções. Estendendo-se os influenciadores desta relação, foi incluído o grau de percepção hedônica sobre o produto como variável e realizado um segundo experimento. Como resultado, produtos de maior percepção hedônica otimizaram ainda mais a performance de promoções inclusivas para indivíduos interdependentes. Já os experimentos 3 e 4 foram realizados para analisar o papel da percepção hedônica em conjunto com diferentes níveis de desconto ofertado, dada a influência comprovada no experimento 2 e embasamento teórico. A intenção dos dois últimos experimentos foi de identificar uma menor performance quando da oferta de descontos maiores para produtos de maior percepção hedônica. Entretanto, apenas foi encontrada uma interação entre as variáveis, sem ser possível identificar tendências de variações na performance das promoções. Assim, as comprovações obtidas neste trabalho mostraram que as promoções de vendas podem ser mais efetivas sem a necessidade de aumento da magnitude dos descontos ofertados, realizando-se a congruência entre perfil do indivíduo, percepção do produto e tipo de promoção com diferentes níveis de exclusividade. / The objective of this study is evaluate the increase of monetary promotions effectiveness without the need to increase the discount offered by them. It was analyzed as influencing variables of promotions´effectiveness the individual self-construal feature and hedonic perception of the product offered. Thus, the studies of Barone and Roy (2010b) and Winterich, Mittal and Swaminthan (2014), wich adressed two types of promotion (inclusive promotion, focused in groups, and exclusive promotion, focused in the individual) and their relation with the self-construal of Independence and interdependence of the individual were replicated. In a first experiment, the results were similar, indicating that the type of promotion and self-construal Interact and optimize customer response to promotions. Extending the influencers of this relationship, the degree of product´s hedonic perception was included as a variable and a second experiment was conducted. The products with greater hedonic perception optimized the performance of inclusive promotions for interdependent people. The third and fourth experiments were carried out to analyze the role of hedonic perception with different levels of discount offered, given the proven influence in the second experiment and the theoretical basis. The aim of the last two experiments was to identify a lower performance when a larger discount was offered to products with greater hedonic awareness. However, only an interaction between the variables was found, without been able to identify variable´s trends in the performance of the promotions. Thus, the evidence obtained in this work showed that sale promotions may be more effective performing the congruence between the individual´s profile, product awareness and promotion type with different levels of exclusivity, without the need to increase the magnitude of the discount offered.

The objective of this study was to identify the strategies (personal and organisational) that would enable South African women to break through the glass ceiling. A questionaire was designed based on the strategies found in a literature study on the topic and used to gather inputs from executive women in South Africa. A combination of snowball and self-selection sampling was used. The questionaire was sent to 138 potential respondents, mostly by means of electronic mail. Of the 47 completed questionairs returned, 44 could be used. These were processed and anaylsed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and the STATISTICA Version 6 software. In generaL, support was found for personal strategies pertaining to career management, networking (especially the relationship building activities), the reconciliation of home and work responsibilities with the emphasis on building a support system, education, business and organisational insught, skills development and increased input, but not for the assimilation of masculine attributes. Networking opportunities and education, training and development activities were regarded as the organisational strategies with the strongest impact on career progress. The literature was confirmed regarding top management support, an organisational culture conducive to women's advancement, mentorship programmes and a few career development initiatives. Although more than half of the respondents had been exposed to employment equity and affirmative action programmes, they were perceived to have only little to moderate impact on career progress. This was also the case with diversity management programmes. Flexible work arrangements, career adaptation schemes and childcare facilities and programmes were seen as having had little impact on the respondents' career advancement. Only a few of the organisational practices to support women balancing family and work responsibilities were utilised by the respondents' employers. Respondents perceived personal strategies as having greater value than organisational strategies in their progress to executive levels.

The thesis gives comprehensive overview on the topic of sales promotions. The special focus is devoted to activities of Procter & Gamble on the Czech market. With increasing importance of sales promotions on the Czech market, the thesis aims to introduce main academic findings concerning sales promotions and test them on brands of Procter & Gamble. The next goal is to find out whether sales promotion strategies of Procter & Gamble provide a competitive advantage for the company on the Czech market. Using statistical and comparative methods, the thesis brings valuable conclusions for both marketers and academics. It was found out effects of Procter & Gamble sales promotions are in line with academic theories and its sales promotion strategies provide competitive advantage for the company.