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The impact of the Intellectual Property Rights Act for publicly funded research and development on technology transfer offices at South African universitiesErasmus, Norman 26 May 2012 (has links)
The impact of the Intellectual Property Rights Act for publicly funded research and development on technology transfer offices was studied, using a questionnaire survey and guided interviews of six technology transfer officers. The survey requested technology transfer officers to express the impact level of each of the eleven impact elements on the four stages of intellectual property development – these being intellectual property creation, disclosure, protection and commercialisation. The set of data was weighted for each element, by intellectual property development stage, and analysed using frequency tables. The impact elements of „structural and resource requirements to commercialise and manage intellectual property‟, „intellectual property detection process by the technology transfer officers‟, and‟ disclosure process‟ were ranked as the top three impact elements, in that respective order. Narrative inquiry and theme extraction allowed further elaboration of the impact elements. Comparison with Staphorst‟s (2010) results showed that the impact elements were different for science councils, pointing to unique requirements by universities in their intellectual property management systems. The results of this analysis clearly indicate that the Intellectual Property Rights Act enforcement and execution will demand a high degree of structural and resource requirements, particularly, and most importantly, at the intellectual property disclosure stage of intellectual property development. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted
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Investiční rozhodování v developerské firmě / Investment decision in the development companyBednář, Dušan January 2007 (has links)
The thesis works on the evaluation of residential development project. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate profitability and risks of the project. There are calculation of incomes and costs, financial plan, evaluation of profitability and risks of the project in the analytical part of the thesis. Evaluation is made by both dynamic and static methods.
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An analysis of the use of discounted cash flow methods and real options to value flexibility in real estate development projectsBauer, Michael January 2007 (has links)
Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-71). / Surveys of firms outside the property sector indicate the growth in the use of DCF methods such as the NPV and IRR methods to evaluate projects as compared to the use of such naïve methods as Payback and the Accounting rate of return. The growing convergence of theory and practice is indicated by the growing use of the NPV method. The objective of this study is to determine the capital budgeting methods used to evaluate real estate development projects and to compare the results of a survey with the results of other studies. Further, recent developments in capital budgeting theory, indicate that the investment valuation tools such as the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (lRR), Payback Period (PP), and theAccounting Rate of Return (ARR) may fail to recognize flexibilities in real estate development projects. As a consequence, the discounted cash flow methods (DCF) may systematically undervalue strategic or large-scale real estate development projects. Two methods are introduced as an alternative to address the weaknesses of the DCF methods. Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) employs an approach to analyse flexibilities by creating a chain of possible options and allows alternative courses of action for management to adapt their initial strategies in order to capitalise on new opportunities or to minimise losses. Real Option Analysis (ROA) introduces the theory of valuing financial derivates, in particular call options, and allows the staging of the development. These instruments further introduce a risk management aspect, as call options have a limited down side and an unlimited upside. Each approach has advantages and shortcomings and should only be used in appropriate circumstances. DTA is suited for the analysis of the project specific risks. ROA on the other hand, is a superior tool when dealing with uncertainty. The thesis finds that that over 90% of all respondents are using a combination of NPV and IRR methods most often to evaluate development opportunities. Interestingly, 85% of all respondents are also using the payback period. Other methods used are the profitability index, residual value, free cash flow, economic value, and return on equity. Developers have adopted DCF methods such as NPV and IRR as the primary methods to evaluate projects rather than naïve methods such as Payback and ARR, although these latter methods remain in use. The use of decision tree analysis and real option analysis is very limited.
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Five development areas in Stockholm - factors that influenced the development and similarities between them / Fem utvecklingsområden i Stockholm - faktorer som påverkat utvecklingen och samband mellan demWong, Nina January 2014 (has links)
The study examines five different development areas in Stockholm, factors that influenced the development and similarities between them. The term "Trendline 5S" is coined and includes Stockholm City, Stockholm Odenplan, Stockholm, Sollentuna and Sigtuna. The results indicate many similarities between the areas and the most crucial elements are the short distance to the airport, transport links and major construction projects. Other factors, which were not as measurable as the previous ones but yet important, were the popularity of the area, desire to settle down, access to services such as supermarket, shopping, culture, etc. and also the "hustle and bustle". Previous research has highlighted the importance of sustainable development and concepts such as "The Creative Class" and "Smart City" are efforts to accelerate the process through creative thinking and new information technology. The phenomenon of the so-called trendline could possibly be found in studies of other areas in the world and thus provide a decision support system for many stakeholders in the property market. / Den här studien undersöker fem olika utvecklingsområden i Stockholm, faktorer som påverkat utvecklingen och samband mellan dem. Begreppet "Trendlinjen 5S" myntas och innefattar Stockholm City, Stockholm Odenplan, Solna, Sollentuna och Sigtuna. Resultatet pekar på många likheter områdena emellan och de mest centrala faktorerna är närheten till flygplats, kommunikationsförbindelser och större nybyggnadsprojekt. Andra faktorer som inte varit lika mätbara, men dock minst lika viktiga, har varit attraktiviteten av området, viljan att bostätta sig där, närhet och tillgänglighet till service såsom mataffär, shopping, kultur o.s.v. och även "liv och rörelse". Tidigare forskning har belyst vikten av en hållbar utveckling och koncept såsom "The Creative Class" och "Smart City" är satsningar för att påskynda den processen genom kreativt tänkande och ny informationsteknologi. Fenomenet med den så kallade trendlinjen skulle möjligen kunna påträffas vid studier av andra områden i världen och därmed också kunna fungera som beslutstödsystem för flera intressenter på fastighetsmarknaden.
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Department of Real estate and Construction management / Institutionen för Fastigheter och ByggandeRuusuvirta, Mehmet, Lundgren, Thomas January 2014 (has links)
In Sweden there is a situation where buildings are constructed at a relatively low rate, while the need for more households is growing relatively quickly. In this thesis the following surveys are conducted; we want to investigate the time required for each process, how the number of building permits for each plan evolve during the process and the number of investigations carried out in connection with the process. The hypothesis is that the developers want to get as many development rights as possible. However, it is the municipality's responsibility to test the suitability of the project in accordance with the law and guidelines which can result in fewer development rights than the builder's preference in the final detailed plan. We have examined 32 plans and concluded that the number of development rights does not drop during the process. Some of the investigations necessary are determined by law, while in some cases by the municipality require various additional studies for a project to be carried through. The survey shows that the number of investigations is approximately 3 per studied plan. The average time spent has been more than 2.5 years for all studied plans. The results of this study indicate that there may be a correlation between the numbers of building permits; the number of investigations and the time required for each process, further studies on this topic are invited. / I Sverige råder en situation där det byggs relativt lite, samtidigt som behovet efter mer bostäder växer relativt snabbt. I detta examensarbete kommer följande undersökningar genomföras; beräkna snittet på tidsåtgången för detaljplaneprocessen, studera utvecklingen av antalet byggrätter i processen från start till laga kraft vunnen plan samt undersöka antalet utredningar som görs i samband med detaljplaneprocessen. Hypotesen är att byggherrarna vill få fram så många byggrätter som möjligt. Det är emellertid kommunens ansvar att pröva projektets lämplighet i enlighet med lagen och de riktlinjer som finns vilket kan resultera i att färre byggrätter än de byggherren önskade vinner laga kraft i den slutgiltiga planen. Vi har enligt ett visst urval granskat 32 detaljplaner och kommit fram till att antalet byggrätter inte sjunker under processens gång. Vissa av utredningar som krävs är lagstadgade, medan det i vissa fall från kommunens sida krävs olika extra utredningar för att ett projekt skall drivas igenom. Snittet för tidsåtgången har blivit dryga 2,5 år för alla studerade planer. Undersökningen visar att antalet utredningar är cirka 3,37 per studerad detaljplan. Resultatet av denna undersökning pekar på att det kan finnas ett samband mellan antalet byggätter, antalet utredningar och tidsåtgången, varför vidare studier i ämnet uppmanas.
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Bygga om eller Bygga nytt? : Företags syn på konvertering av industrifastigheter till bostäder / Convert or Construct? : Companies view on conversion of industrial properties to residentialLinell, Markus, Riise, Theodor January 2017 (has links)
Bostadsmarknaden i Stockholm är fortsatt stark, och efterfrågan på unika bostäder växer. En variant på dessa är konverteringar av tidigare industrilokaler till bostäder, där karaktären från den tidigare verksamheten behålls för att skapa en häftig känsla. Allt eftersom staden växer hamnar industriområden i centrala lägen, och marken får ett högre alternativvärde som bostadsmark. Dessa områden har ofta stor potential för lönsamma utvecklingsprojekt. Fastighetsföretag som kommer över marken ställs då inför ett val: att konvertera eller bygga nytt. Flera fastighetsutvecklare har följt trenden med industrikonverteringar. Andra aktörer har vid samma förutsättningar istället valt att riva den tidigare industrin för att nyproducera. I det här arbetet har ett antal fastighetsföretag intervjuats angående ämnet för att undersöka hur dessa bolag resonerar kring potentiella industrikonverteringar. Företagens praktiska perspektiv jämförs mot teorin för att analysera och diskutera om trenden att konvertera industrier är här för att stanna eller inte. Det har utifrån arbetet kommit fram att företagen tycker det i många fall är allt för kostnadskrävande att genomföra en konvertering. Rådande byggregler medför att det ofta tenderar att bli djupa och mörka bostäder, om konverteringen inte genomförs på rätt sätt. Att paketera en produkt i ett varumärke för att på så vis differentiera sig från andra likartade produkter har i många branscher visat sig vara en framgångsnyckel. I arbetet har frågan hur varumärkesbyggande för bostadsprojekt kan påverka lönsamheten diskuterats med de intervjuade företagen samt i vilken utsträckning de använder sig av det idag. / The property market in Stockholm is remaining strong, and demand for exclusive housing is growing. A variant of these are conversions of industrial buildings to residential, where the industry character of the building is retained to create a unique feeling. As the city is growing industrial areas gain more central locations. These areas often show great potential for profitable development projects. Property developers who acquire these lands have a choice to make: to convert or construct from scratch. Several property developers have chosen to follow the trend of industrial conversions. Others have chosen to tear down the former industries to construct new productions. In this project, a few property developers have been interviewed concerning this topic, to study their views regarding potential industrial conversions. The companies’ perspectives will be compared against theory to analyze and discuss whether the trend of converting industrial properties is here to stay or not. This project has revealed that property developers in most cases think that converting is to costly. Due to current constructions rules, a converted apartment tends to be deep and dark, if the conversion is not properly conducted. Packaging a product into a brand to differentiate itself from other similar products has proven to be a key to success in several industries. In this project, the question about how branding of residential projects could affect profitability has been discussed with the interviewed companies, and to what extent they use property branding as of today.
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Efterskalvet på kontorsmarknaden – Där fastighetsutveckling träder in : Behovet av, och förutsättningarna för att konvertera vakanta kontorslokaler till bostäder "efter" coronapandemin / The aftermath on the office market – Where property development sets in : The need of, and the preconditions of conversion from vacant office spaces into housing "after" the corona pandemicStockenstrand, Molly January 2022 (has links)
Stockholms bostadsmarknad har alltid varit pressad och bostadsbristen har länge varit ett faktum. 2021 rapporterade Länsstyrelsen att det demografiska bostadsbehovet i Stockholms län inte uppfylls. De facto är att det inte längre är en fråga om bostadsbrist, det är en fråga om bristande bostadsförsörjning! Fler bostäder behövs som skall kunna tillgodose medel- och framförallt låginkomsttagares bostadsbehov. Samtidigt härjade COVID-19 pandemin omkring och ledde till distansarbete som även 2022, “post pandemi”, fortsatt används i hög grad. Hur kontoren utnyttjas och vad för lokaler som efterfrågas på kontorsmarknaden har ställts på sin spets, och vakansgraden i somliga lägen och för vissa typer av kontorsbyggnader har stigit alltmer. Där kan ett behov av att utveckla dessa byggnader från fastighetsägarens sida uppstå för att förbättra driftnettot, då behovet redan är tydligt från samhället sida, fler bostäder till överkomligt pris! I och med detta gav regeringen Boverket i uppdrag att skriva en rapport kring förutsättningarna för att omvandla lokaler till bostäder. Därför blev detta kandidatarbetes syfte tydligt, att undersöka behovet av, och förutsättningarna för att omvandla vakanta kontorsbyggnader till bostäder “efter” pandemin. Detta, då ett ökat intresse från fastighetsägarnas sida uppenbarligen behöver väckas, allra mest ur ett hållbarhets- och bostadsförsörjningsperspektiv, och det vidare behöver redogöras för en konverterings förutsättningar, utom Boverkets egna rapport. Genom att tillämpa en semistrukturerad kvalitativ intervjustudie som knyter an till en litteraturöversikt uppfylls examensarbetets syfte och dess frågeställning besvaras. Vad gäller behovet av konvertering på fastighetsägarnas sida, är detta begränsat. Mycket av detta har att göra med att intresset och incitamenten inte är så stora, men främst torde det ha att göra med att de flesta fastighetsägare ännu inte sett så stor skillnad på kontorsmarknaden. Dessutom adderat till detta är att inställningen till konvertering ofta är att det är för svårt på grund av diverse lagar, regler och krav. Vad gäller förutsättningarna för att konvertering ska kunna ske, är dessa många och djupgående. Tillräckligt hög vakans, lågt ingångsvärde, såväl som rätt förutsättningar plantekniskt, byggtekniskt, juridiskt, ekonomiskt, statligt, kommunalt och samhälleligt måste uppfyllas. Det viktigaste är dock den ekonomiska genomförbarheten, dör denna, gör också projektet det. Detta är varför det kan vara krångligt med konvertering, då det verkligen gäller att hitta rätt fastighet och byggnad med rätt förutsättningar och möjligheter! / The housing market in Stockholms has always been under pressure and the housing shortage has for a long time been a fact. In 2021 Länsstyrelsen reported that the demographic need of housing in Stockholm has not been fulfilled. In fact, it is not a question about a housing shortage anymore, it is a question about an insufficient housing supply! There is a need for more affordable housing for those with middle, and especially low income. Alongside all of that, COVID-19 has changed the working community even "post" pandemic, working from home and having digital meetings is now a part of the normal working week. This has led to a change in what is demanded of working spaces, which has resulted in higher vacancy rates in especially some types of areas with a particular standard. A need for property development can therefore arise since property owners have an interest in increasing the net operating income of the property, as well as there is a societal need. The government in Sweden gave an assignment to Boverket because of this need for housing and because of the increasing vacancy rates since the pandemic. The assignment which was given to Boverket, was to evaluate the preconditions of converting office buildings into housing. Therefore, it became clear as to what the purpose of this thesis were to be, I was to study the need for, and the preconditions for converting office buildings into housing. And I was to do this in hopes of increasing the property owners interests of conversion since it is important from a sustainability and housing supply perspective, and also because I found that it needed to be made clear of the exact conversion preconditions outside of Boverkets own report. The thesis purpose will be fulfilled, and the thesis questions will be answered by doing an semi- structured qualitative interview study that relates to a literature overview. The property owners need for conversion of the office buildings has through this study been proven to be raher limited. A lot of this has to do with the owners interest and the incentive of the conversion. Also, most of the property owners have not yet seen such a big difference on the office market. Added to this, the attitude towards conversion seemed rather negative, most of the interviewed companies taught it to be too hard to convert office buildings because of various laws, rules and requirements. In order for conversion to happen, it has been shown that the right preconditions regarding the zoning plan, structural engineering, law, economics, the states, the municipalities and the community's attitude towards the project need to be met.
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Understanding the relationship between property development and Bus Rapid Transit : A spatiotemporal analysis of transit oriented development in Curitiba, BrazilBergman, Klara January 2017 (has links)
The city of Curitiba in southern Brazil is considered to be the cradle of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. Curitiba has a population of around 1.9 million people and has a higher development index than Brazil in general. A master plan approved in the middle of the 1960’s has guided development of the city in a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) direction by zoning for high development densities close to the five BRT trunk lines in so-called structural axes. This thesis aimed at performing a spatiotemporal and statistical analysis of property development in Curitiba, to examine if the BRT system could have been a motivator for property development, and if so, to what extent. Spatial data including for instance a database of building permits, population densities, social housing locations and cost of land were used in the analysis. The analysis was divided into three themes to examine property development from three perspectives; Timing of Development, Density of Development and Social Housing Inclusion. Results for the entire BRT system showed that a greater “time lag” of property development following BRT development also meant that the property in question was located further away from a BRT line, suggesting that areas close to the BRT were popular. The individual lines showed different effects of timing of development, relating to the heterogenic surroundings and the characteristics of the time periods when the BRT was implemented. High development densities are found in the structural corridors, but high population densities are not only found there but also in areas in the South and Southwest parts of Curitiba. These areas coincide with areas of social housing, which historically has been planned in areas not served by the trunk lines of the BRT system. The conclusion of the thesis is that the BRT system certainly has been a motivator for property development, and that TOD planning with thoughtful zoning can be a powerful tool to direct property development. In order to counteract urban segregation, strategies for including social housing in the structural axes must be implemented.
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Účetnictví developera / Accounting of property developerBenýrová, Pavla January 2014 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with accounting issues of property development. The main aim of the thesis is to determine why financial statements based on Czech accounting rules of some property developers are significantly different. Additionally this thesis define how various aspects of property development influence accounting. Theoretical knowledge is shown from practical side by using the example of a fictional case study.
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Markexploateringsprocessen : – En analys av fullföljdsavtal i olika kommuner / The Property Development Process : An Analysis of Completion Agreements in Different MunicipalitiesWallenrud, Helena, Einarsson, Elsa January 2019 (has links)
Markexploatering innebär en förändring av den befintliga markanvändningen av ett område när detta bebyggs. De delmoment som krävs för att genomföra markexploateringen sammanfattas i det som kallas för markexploateringsprocessen. Dessa delmoment är många men i detta kandidatarbete analyserades främst detaljplanens antagande, ansökan om fastighetsbildning, upprättande av fullföljdsavtal som reglerar en officiell överlåtelse, tillträdet för köparen och köpets genomförande. I kandidatarbetet jämfördes genom analys av fullföljdsavtal hur markexploateringsprocessen i praktiken ser ut och skiljer sig mellan några olika kommuner i Sverige, samt utreddes varför kommuner väljer en specifik ordning i markexploateringsprocessen. I arbetet behandlades endast avtal där det handlar om kommunalt ägd mark, köp av del av fastighet och avstyckning. Efter genomförd studie av avtal skrivna i olika kommuner kunde konstateras att processen skiljer sig åt mellan dem. Majoriteten av kommunerna följde den mest vedertagna ordningen och utformningen av denna process. Två av de analyserade kommunerna hade projekt som avvek från detta grundläge i det att processen där var utdragen. Orsaker till skillnaderna mellan avtalen kan vara brist på mark och att det därmed krävs stor samordning mellan aktörer, långa kötider hos kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter, eller att kommunen valt att anpassa processen till det specifika projektet. / Property development is the practice of changing the current land use of an area while building there. The steps required to realise the development of the property can be summarised in what is called the property development process. These steps are many, but this bachelor’s thesis only analysed five: the detailed development plan becoming legally binding, the application for land parcelling, the drafting of a completion agreement which regulates an official transfer, access for the buyer and the closing. This bachelor’s thesis compared how the property development process differs by analysing completion agreements from some municipalities in Sweden, as well as investigated why a given municipality might choose a specific order to complete the property development process in. The thesis only dealt with agreements concerning municipally owned land, purchases of a part of a property, and subdivision of property. After a completed study of agreements drafted in different municipalities, it could be stated that the process differs between them. The majority of the municipalities followed the most established order and model of this process. Two of the analysed municipalities had projects that deviated from this baseline, in that the process there was protracted. Reasons for these differences between the agreements can be a lack of land and that great coordination among actors therefore is needed, long waiting lists at municipal land survey offices, or that a municipality chose to adapt the process to a specific project.
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