Lagstiftningen i Sverige ger kommunerna möjligheten att ta ut gatukostnader vid anläggandet och upprustandet av allmänna platser och gator som de har huvudmannaskap över. Uttaget av gatukostnadsersättningen faller på de berörda fastigheterna inom ett bestämt område. Denna lagreglering finns att finna i 6 kap. 24–38 §§ plan och bygglagen (SFS 2010:900) men har funnits i olika former sedan 1800-talet. Det är i dagsläget 40 av 290 kommuner som använder sig av denna möjlighet. Processen är lång och administrativt betungande och det uppkommer ofta konflikter kring summorna som privata fastighetsägare behöver bekosta. Avsikten med detta arbete är att öka förståelsen för hur de intervjuade kommunerna, det vill säga, Nacka, Tyresö samt Huddinge kommun arbetar med gatukostnadsuttag, särskilt i fall där fastighetsägare får byggrätter de inte vill realisera. Att försöka få en större förståelse för kommunernas och Villaägarnas riksförbunds ståndpunkt, vilka representerar cirka 270 000 villahushåll i gatukostnadsfrågan var den andra avsikten. Att förstå ifall det administrativt betungande arbetet bakom gatukostnadsuttag kan vara en anledning till att fler kommuner inte tillämpar gatukostnader är också en undersökt fråga. Metoden i denna studie har varit kvalitativt i form av både litteraturstudier samt intervjuer. Litteraturstudien har fokuserat på rättskällor, studerat förarbeten, propositioner och rättspraxis. Intervjuerna har gjorts med de tre nämnda kommunerna samt en respondent från Villaägarnas riksförbund. Litteraturstudien i samband med intervjuerna visade att de intervjuade kommunerna ger fastighetsägare olika möjligheter att hantera betalningen, när det gäller att de har tilldelats nya byggrätter de inte vill realisera. Detta är allt från anståndsansökan, till gatukostnadslån och möjlighet att avvakta betalningen fram tills dess att fastighetsreglering utförs, med ett visst tidsvillkor. De intervjuade kommunerna anser att uttaget av gatukostnadsuttag är rättfärdigat då det tillför en värdeökning på dem berörda fastigheterna, medan motparterna anser att detta är oskäligt och bör falla på kommunalskatten. Arbetet med gatukostnadsuttag anser de berörda kommunerna inte som betungande. Utan det är i stället det arbete som kommer efter fakturering och i samband med olika bestridanden av kommunens beslut som är administrativt betungande. En mer omfattande studie med fler intervjuer och en mer ingående litteraturstudie är nödvändig för att dra slutsatser för hela länet. / The legislation in Sweden gives municipalities a possibility to take out payment for street costs at the establishment and upgrading of public places and streets that they are principals of. This street cost collection falls on the owners of the concerned properties within the planned area. This regulation can be found in 6 kap. 24-38§§ plan- och bygglagen (SFS 2012:900) but has existed in different forms since the 1800’s. Today 40 of 290 municipalities use this possibility. The process is long and administratively burdensome and there are often conflicts regarding the sums that the private property owners must pay for. The intention with this work is to increase the understanding for how the interviewed municipalities, Nacka, Tyresö and Huddinge, work with street costs, especially in the cases that the private owners receive construction rights that they do not want to realize. Another intention behind this work is to try and gain a greater understanding of the position of the municipality and Villaägarnas riksförbund, which represent approximately 270,000 villa households on the issue of street costs. Understanding whether the administratively burdensome work behind street cost collection could be a reason why more municipalities don’t apply street costs is also an investigated issue. The method for this study has been qualitative in the form of both literature studies and interviews. The literature study has focused on legal sources, preparatory work, propositions, and legal practice. The interviews have been by the three mentioned municipalities as well as one respondent from Villaägarnas riksförbund. The literature study along with the interviews showed that the interviewed municipalities in some way give property owners different opportunities to manage the payment, in the cases that they have been assigned new building rights they do not want to realize. This varies from deferral applications to street cost loans and the possibility to wait with payment until real estate regulation is performed. The interviewed municipalities believe that the collection of street cost collection is justified as it adds an increase in value to the properties concerned, while the opposing party believes that this is unreasonable and should fall on the municipal tax. The municipalities concerned do not consider the work with street cost collection as strenuous. It is the work after invoicing and along with it the various contestations of the municipality’s decisions. A more extensive study with more interviews and a more thorough literature study is necessary to draw conclusions for the entire county.

在過去的十年中，香港出現了大量呼籲保存「本地社區」的社會網絡和文化的社會運動。這些社會運動交織著對政府推行的市區重建項目和政府文物保育政策的批評。這些批評指出政府的政策過度重視經濟發展，進一步加深社會矛盾和弱勢群體的邊緣化。 / 本論文中的社區博物館正是在香港資本主義的城市發展模式下催生而成。為了反對有關城市發展的官方話語和將自己的利益最大化，社區博物館中的各利益持份者，根據他們對當地的歷史和文化的解釋，各自建構他們關於「社區和地方文化」的話語。這些多元的「社區」話語在這個社區博物館的構成，揭示了來自不同社會背景的團體之間的角力。本論文指出該社區博物館的建立和運作，促使分屬各社會階層的團體進行政治協商。他們各自的主張在社區博物館中交流，結果提出了有別於官方著眼經濟的「發展」模式，改以「社區」作本土文化的另一「發展」模式。這過程展示了不同社會階層間的權力流動，以及他們為加強自身的社會的政治影響力和爭奪經濟資源而展開的競爭。 / In the past decade, numerous social movements have emerged in Hong Kong calling for the preservation of social networks and "cultures" of the "local community". These social movements have been interwoven with local critiques of the urban renewal projects and heritage conservation policies implemented by the government. The critiques point out that the government policies overweigh economic development and further increase social disparity and marginalization of disadvantaged groups. The community museum in this study was established in a capitalistic model of urban development in Hong Kong. Various stakeholders construct their own discourses of "community and local culture" in the community museum in order to oppose official discourses about urban development and maximize their own interests. Thus the making of the "community and local culture" in this community museum reveals a negotiation among the parties of different social background. / This research argues that the establishment and operation of the community museum enable groups from different social segments to negotiate and construct their own discourses based on their interpretations of local history and culture. This research also showcases both the power dynamics of different social classes and their competition for their own socio-political influences and economic resources through proposing an alternative model of urban development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsang, Ching Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-209). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Community Museum: Origin and Concepts --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Museums in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Uses of Community Museums and their Communities --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Urban Renewal and Class --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- Why Bother the Community Museum? --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Research Objectives, Methodology, and Thesis Structure --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Background of the Research --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Contexts of the Emergence of the Community Museum --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Wan Chai Building Complex in Wan Chai under Urban Renewal --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Development of the Community Museum --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- The Professionalization of the Community Museum --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Cause of Professionalization under Funding Pressure --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Professionals in the Professionalization Process --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Show and the Exhibition under Professionalization --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- The Discourses of "Community" and "Development" in the Community Museum --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Dichotomized Discourses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Construction of the Discourses --- p.142 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- “Empowerment in the Community Museum --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Structural Constraints and Agency of the "Local Community" --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Deepened Political Contents of the Community Museum under Professionalization --- p.181 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Community and the Politics in Hong Kong --- p.188 / Bibliography --- p.196

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Within the past 100 years, the protection of archaeological and other cultural resources have fallen in part under federal jurisdiction. The role of federal legislation and regulations, with particular emphasis on the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA), is evaluated in terms of guidelines, application, and effectiveness. A history of federal legislation is presented, followed by an in-depth review and analysis of ARPA. The relevance and applicability of ARPA and other legislation is reviewed in terms of resource significance, definitions of archaeological material, logistics of law enforcement, and prosecution of violators. A case review is presented and analyzed. The roles of public archaeology and future legislation are discussed as they apply to continued efforts toward preservation of cultural resources.

在中國各大城市的城市發展和舊城改造浪潮中，廣州的年輕人走了出來。他們走進社區，嘗試保護他們所珍視的文化和公民價值，反思另類的城市發展方式，推動著一股逆流。年輕人們透過互聯網及個人網路加入運動，並活躍在不同的群組裡，關注舊城改造和粤語傳承，思考著如何參與一個屬於自己的城市發展。但是，整個保育運動背後，除了是現代與傳統的衝突，也充滿著本土文化與外來文化的衝突，這種衝突深深地埋在廣州地域認同的建構過程裡，運動組織在參與文化保育運動時也要處理這個問題。本研究旨在探討廣州近年崛起的文化保育運動，關注當中不同的社會運動組織如何透過框架構造來建構運動的集體身份認同，並探討身份認同和框架在運動過程中如何演化。研究發現，框架構造是建構集體身份認同框架的重要過程，框架構造會塑造運動組織早期的集體身份認同；但是後期組織內的個人身份認同會促使運動後期的框架延伸，進而建構新的集體身份認同。 / In this wave of urbanization and renewal across major cities of China, Guangzhou young activists step in the old communities, try to preserve cultures and values remained in the communities, and re-think alternative modes of urbanization and modernization. They take part in the movement through the Internet and social network, and being active participants, they consider engaging in the community development. However, there are conflicts beyond cultural conservation, between modern and traditional values, and between territorial and other cultures. These conflicts are deeply embedded in the construction process of Guangzhou territory identity, and shall be tackled by movement activists. This research aims to investigate first the construction of collective identity of cultural conservation movement by framing, and second how the two processes change. The interplay of framing and collective identity is significant: framing helps shape the collective identity at the preliminary stage; personal identity suggests frame extension to construct new collective identity. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 施德安. / "2012年9月". / "2012 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-88). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Shi De'an. / Chapter 一、 --- 研究背景與問題 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究意義 --- p.4 / Chapter 三、 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.5 / Chapter 四、 --- 分析框架 --- p.19 / Chapter 五、 --- 研究方法 --- p.22 / Chapter 六、 --- 研究分析 --- p.25 / Chapter 七、 --- 結論 --- p.70 / Chapter 八、 --- 研究限制 --- p.77 / Chapter 九、 --- 附錄恩寧路街區 --- p.79 / Chapter 十、 --- 參考書目 --- p.84