Orientadores: Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre, Marina Cláudia Pereira Verga Afonso e Vigário / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toneli_PriscilaMarques_D.pdf: 66093968 bytes, checksum: ed948857f871f46f09b9e060e46efc87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo sistemático do domínio da Palavra Prosódica (PW ¿ Prosodic Word) no Português Brasileiro (doravante PB) em relação (i) à prosodização de palavras funcionais e de palavras lexicais; (ii) aos fenômenos fonológicos que podem tomar a PW como domínio de aplicação e àqueles que podem funcionar como diagnósticos para identificá-la; e (iii) à investigação da estrutura entoacional em busca de evidências desse domínio prosódico no PB. Uma comparação entre PB e Português Europeu (doravante PE) é feita ao longo do trabalho, conforme são discutidos os fenômenos fonológicos que identificam e caracterizam a PW na variedade europeia, uma vez que há um estudo sistemático sobre o respectivo domínio realizado por Vigário (2003). Os corpora analisados para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa foram obtidos empiricamente por meio de observação e da elaboração de experimentos que controlaram algumas variáveis para a validação ou para a refutação de algumas hipóteses, por exemplo, a investigação do domínio relevante para distribuição tonal no PB e para a atribuição de acento de foco fonológico. Na presente tese, mostramos que alguns fenômenos fonológicos tomam a PW como domínio de aplicação, como as regras de (i) atribuição de acento primário, (ii) harmonia vocálica, (iii) atribuição de acento secundário, (iv) neutralização da pretônica, (v) assimilação de nasalidade fonética, (vi) associação de acentos tonais e (vii) atribuição de acento inicial. Outros fenômenos como a haplologia, a semivocalização, a nasalidade fonética, a neutralização vocálica das vogais pretônicas e postônicas ajudam a identificar uma PW no PB. Destacamos que a síndrome da palavra mínima e as generalizações fonotáticas também contribuem para a discussão do estatuto prosódico de palavras funcionais e de palavras lexicais. Nossos resultados experimentais mostraram que a regra de atribuição de acento de foco e de acento enfático, o apagamento em estruturas coordenadas e o truncamento em sentenças que incluíam palavras formadas por duas PWs (e.g. cata-ventos) trazem evidências do Grupo de Palavra Prosódica (Prosodic Word Group - PWG). A análise da prosodização de palavras funcionais monossilábicas (e.g. a, artigo definido) também mostrou que tais palavras, quando prosodizadas como sílabas átonas, sofrem processos fonológicos pós-lexicais e são adjungidas a uma PW pronta no pós-léxico, formando um domínio prosódico acima de PW. Nesse caso, assumimos que esse domínio prosódico é PWG (cf. Toneli, 2009). Por outro lado, em relação à prosodização de afixos átonos (e.g. desfazer), assumimos, conforme já proposto na literatura do PB, que são adjungidos a uma PW pronta no componente lexical, formando uma única PW. No caso de sufixos átonos, também é assumido que são incorporados a uma base lexical no componente lexical, formando uma PW (cf. Lee, 1995; Moreno, 1997, Schwindt, 2000). A comparação entre PB e PE é tratada mais detalhadamente no âmbito da relação entre estrutura prosódica e estrutura entoacional, principalmente com relação à produção de sentenças declarativas em contexto de foco de escopo largo e de foco de escopo estreito contrastivo, e consiste em destacar os aspectos que aproximam e que distanciam as duas variedades de português, no que tange à aplicação de fenômenos fonológicos, como a distribuição tonal dentro do Sintagma Entoacional (I). Mostramos que a principal semelhança entre PB e PE é a posição e o tipo de acento tonal associado à posição nuclear de sentenças declarativas produzidas em contexto de foco largo, e a principal diferença consiste na densidade tonal, já que no PB há um acento tonal em cada PW de I, enquanto no PE há somente um acento tonal associado às posições inicial e final de I / Abstract: This thesis presents a systematic study on the domain of Prosodic Word (PW) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) in relation to (i) the prosodization of function words and of lexical words; (ii) phonological phenomena that can take PW as an application domain, and those that can work as diagnostics to identify it; (iii) the investigation of the intonational structure searching for evidences of these prosodic domain in BP. A comparison between BP and European Portuguese (EP) is made throughout the study as the phonological phenomena that identify and characterize the PW in the European variety are discussed, since there is a systematic study about this domain conducted by Vigário (2003). The analyzed corpora on the development of this research were empirically obtained through the observation and by the elaboration of experiments that controlled some variables to validate or to deny some hypotheses, for example, the investigation of the relevant domain to the tonal distribution in BP and to the assignment of the phonological focus stress. In this thesis, we show that some phonological phenomena take the PW as an application domain, as the rules of: (i) primary stress assignment, (ii) vowel harmony, assignment of secondary stress, (iv) pretonic vowel neutralization, (v) phonetic nasality assimilation, (vi) pitch accents association and (vii) initial stress assignment. Other phenomena such as haplology, semivocalization, phonetic nasalization, pretonic and post-tonic vowels neutralization, helped us to identify a PW in PB. We emphasize that the syndrome of minimal word and that the phonotactic generalizations also contribute to the discussion of the prosodic status of function words and lexical words. Our experimental results showed that the rule for focus stress assignment and for emphatic accent, the deletion in coordinated structures, and the truncation in sentences that included words formed by two PWs (e.g. cata-ventos) provide evidence of the Prosodic Word Group (PWG). The analysis of the prosodization of monosyllabic function words (e.g. a - definite article) also showed that such words when prosodized as unstressed syllables, suffer post-lexical phonological processes and are adjoined to a ready PW in the post-lexical, forming a prosodic domain above PW. In this case, we assume that this prosodic domain is a PWG. On the other hand, in relation to unstressed prefix prosodization (e.g. desfazer > des+fazer), we assume, as already proposed in the literature of PB, that they are adjoined to a ready PW in the lexical component, forming a single PW. In the case of the unstressed suffixes, it is also assumed that they are incorporated into a lexical base in the lexical component, forming a PW (cf. Lee, 1995; Moreno, 1997 Schwindt, 2000). The comparison between BP and EP is treated in more details in the context of the relationship between the prosodic structure and the intonational structure, particularly with respect to the production of declarative sentences in a context of focus with a broad scope and focus with a contrastive narrow scope, and consists in highlighting aspects approaching and distancing the two Portuguese varieties, with respect to the application of phonological phenomena such as tonal distribution in the Intonational Phrase (I). We show that the main similarity between BP and EP is the position and the type of pitch accent associated with the nuclear position of declarative sentences produced in the context of broad focus, and the main difference lies in the tonal density, since in the BP there is a pitch accent on each PW in I, while in BP there is only one pitch accent associated with the initial and the final positions of I / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_juliana_pereira.pdf: 1061992 bytes, checksum: dca2c82475b84612aab61f98a6010297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / This research aims to identify, from the observation of the language used by teachers in the classroom, aspects of intonation in spoken language to justify an academic evaluative relationship between authorship and prosody. We adopt the view which the subject is constituted author of his or her spoken words once he or she is positioned, thus assuming an appreciative speech over his or her enunciation. This finding fact is passive to be outlined from the point that knowledge takes place in identifying relations established between individuals through the choice of prosodic language resources, elements which characterize the authorship construction process in the academic context. It is examined the occurrence of these prosodic elements in the construction of meaning in oral texts produced by the subject teacher in the classroom from his or her speech production, the result of rereading related to the content being discussed in class. This work is based on the concept of Authorship described by Bakhtin (1990, 2003) and on the Intonation Interactional Theory developed by David Brazil (1981, 1985). We analyzed the speeches of two teachers in their structure, communicative context, the speaker's intention, degree of hierarchy between the participants and the presence and influence of prosodic factors. We conclude that the identification of constitutive marks of the author highlights the necessity of observing the teacher's prosodic ability as speaker in dealing with language, emphasizing the practice of an oriented responsive speech, in which the assessment is an instrument that gives the speaker the power to rearrange his or her own thoughts in favor of what is stated. It is proposed, therefore, the construction of more appreciative discourses and less significant discourses to assist in targeting the intended meaning and purpose of the content covered in class, so that the individual teacher acquires the power to exercise his or her speech in an authentic manner, producing knowledge much more than merely reproducing knowledge within the academic context / Este estudo tem como proposta identificar, a partir da observação da linguagem utilizada pelo professor em sala de aula, aspectos da entoação no texto oral acadêmico que justifiquem uma relação valorativa entre autoria e prosódia. Partimos da concepção de que o sujeito se constitui autor do seu dizer, uma vez que ele se posiciona, assumindo, assim, um discurso apreciativo em sua enunciação. Esse fato é passivo de constatação ao delinearmos de que forma se dá o conhecimento das relações identificatórias estabelecidas entre sujeitos por meio da escolha de recursos linguísticos prosódicos, elementos que caracterizam o processo de construção da autoria no contexto acadêmico. Examina-se a ocorrência desses elementos prosódicos na construção do sentido nos textos orais produzidos pelo sujeito professor em sala de aula a partir da produção de seu discurso, fruto de releituras do conteúdo a ser abordado em aulas. O presente trabalho se fundamenta no conceito de Autoria descrito por Bakhtin (1990; 2003) e na Teoria Interacional da Entoação desenvolvida por David Brazil (1981; 1985). Foram analisados discursos de dois professores em sua estrutura, contexto comunicativo, intenção do falante, grau de hierarquia entre os participantes e quanto à presença e influência dos fatores prosódicos. Conclui-se que a identificação de marcas constitutivas da autoria ressalta a necessidade de observação da habilidade prosódica do professor locutor ao lidar com a linguagem, enfatizando a prática de um discurso orientado responsivo, em que a apreciação seja instrumento que fornece ao falante o poder de reorganizar o próprio pensamento em favor do que é enunciado. Propõe-se, portanto, a construção de discursos mais apreciativos e menos significativos que auxiliem na focalização do sentido pretendido como objetivo dos conteúdos abordados em sala de aula, de forma que o sujeito professor adquira o poder de exercer seu discurso de maneira autêntica, produzindo conhecimento muito mais do que, meramente, reproduzindo conhecimento dentro do contexto acadêmico

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_izally_santos.pdf: 18748739 bytes, checksum: b3411680b1677ba68a9a5d7e54f62807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / Aphasia is considered a reduction and dysfunction of the use of language in which there is a change of language mechanisms at all levels, manifesting itself in both productive and receptive aspects of oral language and/or writing. Facing these characteristics, the speech of aphasics became our object of study by focusing on the prosodic elements and intonation patterns present in them. The assumption used in this work is that the tonal choices, which are being made along the interaction, are responsible for the construction of a context, and the tonal prominence options will build the sense of the text simultaneously. The interactive context suggests the recognition that the behavior of prosodic behaviour constructs a significant intonation outline, being interpreted by the listener as incorporation of an informational content, but at the same time can provide clues regarding interactivity marks, while keeping the proximity/distance between the interlocutors, associated with typical patterns (referring tones) in reference to the prior knowledge shared or new information (proclaiming tones). This work sought to identify intonation patterns and other prosodic resources domains present in the oral organization of the subjects participation in the Conviviality Group for Aphasics. Aware of this, we observed recurring prosodic elements, the use of other linguistic resources and the role of intonation tracks for the constitution of meaning. To achieve the proposed objective, reading workshops were held with six aphasic subjects, of both genders, who participated and attended regularly the Conviviality Group for Aphasics, Catholic University of Pernambuco, during four meetings. The studies on the theme presented grounded the research on the organization of oral speech of aphasics, highlighting the prosodic relationship, from the perspective of Brazil (1985). It is concluded that, over the interactional process, prosody was common in the construction of speech of the analyzed subjects in this research, who constantly resorted to paralinguistic resources and proclamation tone, the most recurrent function, which serves as an intonation trace and is related to the new knowledge. The relevance of the work lies in thinking of the aphasic subject as producer of a speech that makes use of paralinguistic resources and prosodic patterns to understand and be understood / A afasia é considerada uma redução e disfunção do uso da linguagem, em que há alteração de mecanismos linguísticos em todos os níveis, manifestando-se tanto no aspecto expressivo quanto no receptivo da linguagem oral e/ou escrita. Diante dessas características, o discurso dos sujeitos afásicos é objeto de estudo particularmente no que concerne os elementos prosódicos e entoacionais neles presentes. O pressuposto utilizado neste trabalho é de que as escolhas tonais, que vão sendo feitas ao longo da interação, são responsáveis pela construção de um contexto, e as opções de proeminências tonais vão construindo o sentido do texto simultaneamente. O contexto interativo sugere o reconhecimento de que o comportamento prosódico do falante constrói um contorno entoacional significativo, sendo interpretado pelo ouvinte como constitutivo de um conteúdo informacional, mas, ao mesmo tempo, pode veicular pistas com relação às marcas de interatividade, ao manter a proximidade/distanciamento entre os interlocutores, associadas a padrões típicos (referring tones) de referência ao conhecimento prévio partilhado ou a informações novas (proclaiming tones). Este trabalho procurou identificar os padrões entoacionais e outros recursos prosódicos presentes na organização oral de sujeitos participantes do grupo de Convivência para Afásicos. A partir disso, foram observados quais os recursos prosódicos mais recorrentes, a utilização de outros recursos linguísticos e o papel das pistas entoacionais para a constituição do sentido. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, foram realizadas oficinas de leitura com seis sujeitos afásicos, de ambos os gêneros, que participam e frequentam regularmente o Grupo de Convivência para Afásicos, da Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, durante quatro encontros. Os estudos para o tema apresentado fundamentaram-se em pesquisas sobre a organização do discurso oral do afásico, destacando a relação prosódica, a partir da perspectiva de Brazil (1985). Conclui-se que, ao longo do processo interacional, a prosódia esteve frequente na construção do discurso dos sujeitos analisados nesta pesquisa, que recorreram, constantemente, a recursos paralinguísticos e ao tom proclamador, o mais recorrente, que funciona como pista entoacional e está relacionado ao conhecimento novo. A relevância do trabalho está em pensar o sujeito afásico como produtor de um discurso que recorre a recursos paralinguísticos e prosódicos para compreender e se fazer compreendido

L’alternance codique (Code-switching, CS) est l’un des comportements naturels les plus courants chez les bilingues. Les linguistes ont exploré les contraintes derrière l’alternance codique (CS) pour expliquer ce comportement. Au cours des dernières décennies, la recherche a plutôt été axée sur les contraintes syntaxiques et ce n’est que récemment que les contraintes prosodiques ont commencé à attirer l’attention des linguistes. Puisque la paire de langues choisie est moins étudiée dans le domaine de recherche sur la CS, les études sur la CS mandarin-anglais sont limitées en ce qui concerne les deux contraintes. Ainsi, cette étude explore à la fois les contraintes prosodiques et les schémas syntaxiques de cette paire de langues grâce à une base de données naturelle sur l’alternance codique. Prosodiquement, l’étude applique une approche fondée sur l’information (information-based approach) et utilise une unité fondamentale, l’unité d’intonation (Intonation Unit, IU), pour mener l’analyse. Le résultat de 10,6 % d’IU bilingue (BIU) se révèle fiable et offre des preuves solides que l’alternance codique a tendance à avoir lieu aux frontières de l’IU chez les bilingues. Les résultats soutiennent le travail précurseur de Shenk (2006) à partir d’une paire de langues inexplorée (mandarin-anglais). De plus, cette étude développe des solutions au problème de subjectivité et au problème d’adéquation de la base de données afin de renforcer la fiabilité des résultats. D’un point de vue syntaxique, l’étude examine les schémas syntaxiques aux points de CS de la paire de langues mandarin-anglais en utilisant des données recueillies auprès d’une communauté bilingue rarement étudiée. Un schéma syntaxique spécifique à cette paire de langues a été observé en fonction des résultats, mais l’étude suggère que ce schéma ait perturbé les résultats finaux. L’étude comporte une analyse avec les résultats de l’aspect prosodique et de l’aspect syntaxique. Lorsque les résultats divergents sont éliminés, on peut observer un résultat plus solide qui soutient davantage l’argument de la contrainte prosodique. / Code-switching (CS) is one of the most common natural behaviors among bilinguals. Linguists have been exploring the constraints behind CS to explain this behaviour, and while syntactic constraints have been the focus for decades, prosodic constraints were only studied more in depth recently. As a less common language pair in CS research, studies on Mandarin-English CS are limited for both constraints. Thus, this study explores the prosodic constraints and syntactic patterns of this language pair with a natural CS database. Prosodically, this study applies the information-based approach and its fundamental unit, Intonation Unit (IU), to conduct the analysis. The result of 10.6% bilingual IU (BIU) proves to be reliable and offers solid evidence that bilinguals tend to code-switch at IU boundaries. This supports the pioneer work of Shenk (2006) from the unexplored Mandarin-English language pair. In addition to this, the study develops solutions to deal with the subjectivity problem and the database appropriateness problem in this approach to strengthen the validity of the results. Syntactically, this study investigates the syntactic patterns at switching points on the Mandarin-English language pair using data collected from a rarely investigated bilingual community. Based on the results, a syntactic pattern specific to this language pair was observed and this study suggests it disrupted the final results. This study conducts an analysis with the results of both the prosodic aspect and the syntactic aspect. When the interfering results are eliminated, a more solid outcome can be observed which provides greater support to the prosodic constraint argument.

Cette thèse étudie les rapports entre l’expression d’attitudes agressives contrôlées et la perception de la dominance, à partir d’extraits de séances télévisées du conseil Municipal de Montreuil (93100) durant l’année 2013, période marquée par un climat politique vif et hostile. Un corpus a été constitué à partir d’extraits de parole spontanée de la Maire, Dominique Voynet, et de quatre de ses opposants. Les cinq locuteurs ont participé à l’enregistrement d’une relecture neutre du corpus de leurs propres extraits de parole (25 stimuli par locuteur) ainsi qu’à l’auto-évaluation perceptive de leurs stimuli (profils émotionnels), dont les résultats ont été comparés à l’évaluation perceptive des extraits par des auditeurs naïfs. Tous les locuteurs ont été perçus comme légèrement hostiles, légèrement mécontents et légèrement dominants malgré des profils émotionnels auto-évalués variables. Les extraits originaux et relus ont été comparés au niveau de leur structuration prosodico-syntaxique et de leurs caractéristiques temporelles et mélodiques. Les résultats montrent que 1) certains locuteurs semblent plus s’appuyer sur des paramètres mélodiques et d’autres sur des paramètres temporels ; 2) on peut néanmoins dégager les tendances générales concernant les corrélats dans la parole de l’hostilité et de la dominance dans notre corpus : a) des écarts entre structuration syntaxique et prosodique des extraits, b) la réduction ou l’absence d’allongements syllabiques finaux pré-pausaux, c) de fortes variations de plage de variation de F0 de part et d’autre des pauses silencieuses. / This dissertation studies the relationship between the expression of controlled aggressive attitudes and the perception of dominance, based on extracts from televised sessions of the Municipal Council of Montreuil during 2013; a period marked by a lively and hostile political climate. We constituted a corpus of spontaneous speech extracts from the Mayor, Dominique Voynet, and four of her opponents. During subsequent recording sessions, the five speakers were asked to read transcriptions of their own speech extracts in a neutral tone (25 stimuli per speaker). They also participated in a self-evaluation questionnaire that focused on the perception of emotional profiles in their own stimuli. The results of the speakers’ perceptive evaluations were compared to those of a control group of naïve listeners. All speakers were perceived as slightly hostile, discontent and dominant, despite the variability observed in the self-evaluated profiles. The original and re-read extracts were compared in their prosodic- syntactic structure as well as their temporal and melodic characteristics. We show that: 1) some speakers seem to rely mostly on melodic parameters whereas others primarily use temporal parameters, 2) nevertheless, general trends emerge regarding the speech correlates of hostility and dominance in our corpus, notably: a) discrepancies between the syntactic and the prosodic structure of the extracts, b) reduction or absence of pre-pausal final syllabic lengthening, c) large variations in F0 range on both sides of silent pauses.

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韻素是韻律學在分析音節輕重理論系統中的最小單位。在韻素音步系統的語言中，韻素數量的多少決定音節的輕重。韻素在韻律系統中的作用，與音節中韻素數量的多少，元音響度的大小有直接關係。 / 自清代段玉裁發現"吾輕、我重"以來，這方面的探討一直未曾間斷，之前的研究雖提供了寶貴的材料，但卻不能很好地解決諸如輕重表現形式、語音與句法位置的關係和古今演變等方面的問題。而將韻素理論引入會使很多難題迎刃而解。本文在此基礎上，以上古漢語第一人稱代詞"吾"、"我"為研究對象，研究二者在先秦及兩漢以後的分佈特點及韻律輕重的表現，指出： / "我"是先秦漢語第一人稱代詞的標準形式，"吾"是在特定語音環境要求下出現的弱化形式。當句中位置具備語音弱化條件時，才使用弱化形式"吾"，其他位置使用標準形式"我"。因此，"吾"、"我"實為一詞的兩個不同形式。 / 本文主要包括以下幾個內容： / 第一章，緒論。本章分為三小節。第一小節，韻素理論的研究概況。概述韻素理論的基本觀點及理論體系。第二小節，漢語"吾輕、我重"研究綜述。本節對之前學者研究"吾輕、我重"的歷史進行總結和評價。第三小節，提出本文的研究目的、主要內容及方法。 / 第二章，第一人稱代詞"吾"、"我"的分佈現象及數字統計。本章著重描述先秦及兩漢以後重音位置上:"吾"、"我"出現的規律，分別考察以下幾個位置的分佈：語音空拍前位置、對比結構焦點位置及"前輕式"結構。 / 第三章，"吾"、"我"互補分佈特徵的韻律分析。本章分五部份。一、引入韻律相關理論，說明韻素輕重形式實現的語音條件。二、指出上古漢語"吾"、"我"的韻素特徵及二者的差異。三、"對"、"吾"、"我"互補分佈現象及統計結果進行韻律分析和解釋。四、闡釋"吾"、"我"對立現象的古今演變機制。五、重新審視"吾"、"我"對應屬性反映出的語音機制。 / 第四章，結論。我們概括了全文的觀點，強調：在韻素理論的框架下，本文提供了一系列發掘新材料的操作方法和驗證手段。同時，本文發現的新材料支持了上古韻素敏感的語音系統的理論和假說，同時支持了漢語韻律系統轉變的觀點，進一步論證了單音節音步是如何在上古漢語韻律系統中發揮功能的，同時也為漢語語音史的討論開闢了一個嶄新的領域。 / Mora is the smallest unit in the prosodic analysis. In quantity-sensitive languages, the weight of a syllable depends on the number of morae. The realization of the morae is relevant to the quantity and sonority of the vowel in the syllable. / Since Duan Yucai 段玉裁 proposed that "Wu 吾 is weak, while Wo 我 is strong" in the Qing Dynasty, the difference between the two pronouns has been extensively discussed. Although previous research has provided us with valuable materials, they cannot answer some crucial questions such as: what is the representation of weak form and strong form, what is the correlation between the stress and the syntactic positions in classical Chinese, and why the phonological contrast disappeared in the Han Dynasty. Within the framework of prosodic phonology, this thesis discusses the rule of the distribution of the first person pronouns Wu and Wo in archaic Chinese and proposes that: / Wo is the default form of the first person pronoun in archaic Chinese, while Wu exists as its reduced form in the specified phonological environments. In the language system, Wo is chosen as the basic form. Wu only occurs when the syllable is light, Wo occurs elsewhere. Wu and Wo are variants of the same pronoun. / The first chapter briefly introduces the relevant theoretical research principles on morae in section one, and then reviews some previous accounts for the contrasts of Wu and Wo in section two. The research purpose and methodology will be proposed in section three. / The second chapter shows statistics of the complementary distribution of Wu and Wo in archaic Chinese, especially focusing on the positions before the pause, contrastive stress and iambic structure. / The third chapter mainly presents the phonological and prosodic condition analysis to the phenomena listed in the chapter two. On the basis of the prosodic theories such as Nuclear Stress Rule (NSR), Invisible Condition (IC) and Default Rule (DR), I argue that the regularities of distribution result from the phonological distinction between Wu and Wo. Wo should be analysed as the underlying form, and the Wu represents the variable form. To give an explanation for the phonological process and mechanism in the evolution of these two pronouns, I gave a preliminary description of their changes after Han dynasty. This chapter also explores several properties of Wu and Wo to rethink how their contrast reflects some basic phonologic mechanisms / The fourth chapter summarizes the prosodic study of the two first person pronouns in this dissertation and emphasizes that: a set of evidence is provided to support the prosodical explanation, as well as to validate the hypothesis of Weight-sensitive System‘ in archaic Chinese. It is also suggested that aside from its significant role in prosodic system, monomoraic syllable foot could lead to great diachronic changes of the language. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 趙璞嵩. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-129). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhao Pusong.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sergio.pdf: 2431367 bytes, checksum: 49d6c74ea903d9d0c045da08226f295b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims at investigating the prosodic patterns in the speech of bilingual American and Brazilian speakers. By means of acoustic phonetic analysis, the manner by which speakers structure the prosodic groups was investigated in light of models that underscore the discoursal and attitudinal functions of intonation. Analyses were carried out on various strands: pitch configurations in idioms, distribution of pitch accents within an utterance whether it be for contrastive or emphatic reasons, and loss of accentual prominence in words that are no longer part of the common ground between speaker and listener. The study involved 4 female subjects, two Brazilians and two Americans, in the 20-40 age group. The corpus is comprised of 7 sentences in English and in Portuguese, four of which were uttered in the declarative modality, one in the exclamative modality and two in the interrogative modality. The sentences were extracted from a dialogue so constructed as to allow for the expression of attitudes and emotions. The dialogue was read and interpreted in three repetitions. The recordings of the readings were carried out at PUC-SP´s Radio and TV studio. The acoustic analysis of the data was done by means of the PRAAT software program, whereby utterances were segmented into units of varying sizes: GIPC, vowels, syllables and consonants. Results point to the use of language-specific strategies by Brazilian and American speakers: (a) Brazilians seem to favor a greater number of prosodic groups in order to maintain sentence focus at terminals; (b) speakers of both languages are heavily influenced by L1 intonational patterns in YES/N0 questions; (c) idioms as produced by non-natives present pitch configurations which convey attitudes incongruent with their meanings in the target language; (d) there are major distributional differences in the two languages as regards nucleus focus; (e) shared information is not a strong enough reason for deaccenting in Portuguese / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar os padrões entoacionais de produções de falantes bilíngües norte-americanos e brasileiros. Por meio de instrumentais de análise fonético-acústica, foi investigado o modo pelo qual os falantes estruturam os grupos prosódicos, à luz de modelos de descrição da entoação que privilegiem o discurso e as atitudes. Foram analisadas as configurações de pitch em expressões idiomáticas, a distribuição do acento principal de pitch em enunciados em que ocorra contrastividade ou ênfase, e a perda (ou não) de proeminência acentual de palavras que já façam parte do conhecimento mútuo entre falante e ouvinte. O trabalho envolveu quatro sujeitos do sexo feminino na faixa etária entre 20 e 40 anos, sendo duas brasileiras e duas norte-americanas. O corpus é composto de 7 sentenças em inglês e em português, sendo 4 na modalidade declarativa, uma na exclamativa e 2 na interrogativa. As sentenças foram extraídas de um diálogo construído de modo a contemplar a expressão de atitudes e emoções. O diálogo foi lido e interpretado em três repetições. A gravação das leituras foi feita no Estúdio de Rádio e TV da PUC-SP. A análise acústica dos dados foi feita por meio do programa PRAAT, a partir da segmentação dos enunciados em unidades de tamanhos variados: unidades V-V, vogais, sílabas e consoantes. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o uso de estratégias diferenciadas por parte dos falantes brasileiros e norte-americanos: (a) falantes brasileiros tendem a fazer um maior número de fronteiras prosódicas, de modo a manter o acento frasal em fronteira final; (b) falantes de ambas as línguas tendem a sofrer influência dos padrões entoacionais de L1 nas questões totais; (c) A produção de expressões idiomáticas por falantes não nativos apresenta configurações de pitch que carreiam atitudes incompatíveis com seu significado em L2; (d) há diferenças nas duas línguas em relação à posição do acento frasal; (e) nem sempre informação já compartilhada pelos participantes do discurso perde a proeminência acentual no português

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2016-07-29T18:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LIANE RÉGIO LUCAS.pdf: 2305410 bytes, checksum: e252ad81da17321e7c4b6c534f76b5c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T18:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LIANE RÉGIO LUCAS.pdf: 2305410 bytes, checksum: e252ad81da17321e7c4b6c534f76b5c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / This study aims to investigate the perception that Portuguese speakers, from the southern region of Brazil, have from different meanings conveyed by the intonation, arising from different prominences, of English negative imperative sentences. Concerning the prosodic characterization, there is the analysis of Phonological (ıs) and Intonation (Is) Phrases based on the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology of Nespor and Vogel (1986); it is proposed the analysis of the organization of Phonological Phrases when constituting English imperative sentences as Intonational Phrases. As for the intonation characterization, it is proposed to analyze the Fundamental Frequency values (F0) of the negative imperative sentences under the Intonational Phonology theory, from Ladd (1996, 2008). The research methodology included the collection of a corpus consisted of perception data of English negative imperative sentences, obtained from 30 learners of English, between 18-30 years old, from Pelotas/RS and its region, and from three proficiency levels of English: Basic, Intermediate and Advanced. To certify the participants’ level, all of them took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004). Perception data were collected through a “judgment test”, in which stimulus were recorded by a native English speaker. The results were statistically analyzed in the SPSS software version 17.0, and the stimuli were subjected to acoustic analysis with the aid of the Praat software. The results showed great difficulty of English learners in identifying the meanings conveyed by negative imperative sentences, especially those of basic level, considering the prosodic level of the language, which was explained by the intonation of each type of sentence in accordance with the principles of Phonology Intonational as well as the organization of Phonological Phrases that make up the Intonation Phrase, in line with the precepts of Prosodic Theory. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo investigar a percepção que falantes de língua portuguesa, da região do sul do Brasil, têm dos diferentes significados vinculados as entoações, decorrentes de proeminências diversas, das frases imperativas negativas do inglês. Na caracterização prosódica, tem-se a análise das Frases Fonológicas (ıs) e Entoacionais (Is), embasada no arcabouço teórico da Fonologia Prosódica, de Nespor e Vogel (1986); propõe-se a análise da organização das Frases Fonológicas na constituição das frases imperativas do inglês como Frases Entoacionais. Quanto à caracterização entoacional, propõe-se a análise dos valores de Frequência Fundamental (F0) das frases imperativas negativas, à luz da Fonologia Entoacional, de Ladd (1996, 2008). A metodologia da pesquisa contou com a coleta de um corpus constituído por dados de percepção das frases imperativas negativas do inglês, obtidos de 30 aprendizes de inglês, entre 18-30 anos, naturais de Pelotas/RS e região, de três níveis de proficiência em inglês: Básico, Intermediário e Avançado. Para a certificação do nível dos aprendizes, todos os participantes do estudo realizaram o Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004). Os dados de percepção foram coletados por meio de um teste classificado como “teste de julgamento”, com estímulos gravados por falante nativo de inglês. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente no software IBM SPSS versão 17.0, e os estímulos foram submetidos à uma análise acústica com o auxílio do software Praat. Os resultados apontaram grande dificuldade dos aprendizes de inglês na identificação dos significados veiculados por frases imperativas negativas, especialmente aqueles de nível elementar, ao considerar-se o nível prosódico da língua, o que foi explicado pelo contorno entoacional de cada tipo de frase, em conformidade com os preceitos da Fonologia Entoacional, bem como pela organização das Frases Fonológicas que compõem a Frase Entoacional, em consonância com os preceitos da Teoria Prosódica.

Lai Wing-sze. / Thesis submitted in: August 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-237). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rational and Significance --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Scope of analysis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Comparison of Cantonese and English consonants --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Comparison of Cantonese and English vowels --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Comparison of Cantonese and English syllables --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- Comparison of Cantonese and English autosegments --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1 --- Tone assignment in Cantonese loanwords --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Relationship between tone and stress --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Questions --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methodology --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data Collection and Classification --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- Loanword Verification Task --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- Loanword Creation Task --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Investigation of Tonal Patterns --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1 --- Monosyllabic Loanwords --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Disyllabic Loanwords --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary of Tonal Patterns in Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Loanwords --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4 --- Loanwords with more than two syllables --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Further Evidence on Tonal Patterns --- p.92 / Chapter 6.1 --- Results of Loanword Verification Task --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results of Loanword Creation Task --- p.103 / Chapter 6.3 --- Tonal Assignment by New Generation --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Constraints and Rankings in Tone Assignment in Loanwords --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1 --- OT Concepts and Mechanisms --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2 --- Tonal Features --- p.120 / Chapter 7.3 --- My Proposed Account --- p.129 / Chapter 7.4 --- Constraints and Rankings --- p.132 / Chapter 7.5 --- Summary --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and Implication --- p.147 / Appendices --- p.150 / Appendix I All collected Loanword Data --- p.150 / Appendix II Eliminated Loanword Data --- p.164 / Appendix III Kept Loanword Data --- p.168 / Appendix IV Initial Loanword Classification --- p.181 / Appendix V Loanword Questionnaire A --- p.198 / Appendix VI Loanword Questionnaire A Script --- p.201 / Appendix VII Loanword Questionnaire B --- p.203 / Appendix VIII More Examples of σ→ σ55 --- p.207 / Appendix IX More Examples of 'σσ --- p.209 / Appendix X More Examples of'σ[ --- p.214 / Appendix XI More Examples of ['σ --- p.217 / Appendix XII Disyllabic Loanwords with Atypical Tonal Patterns --- p.218 / Appendix XIII Disyllabic Loanwords with Other Tonal Influences --- p.220 / Appendix XIV Trisyllabic Loanwords with Atypical Tonal Patterns --- p.222 / Appendix XV Results of Loanword Creation Task --- p.224 / References --- p.233