The mistletoe Phoradendron californicum is a common parasite on the mesquite plant Prosopis juliflora. Seeds of the parasite are deposited upon the host plant by birds and perhaps other agents. Normally seedlings of the parasite become established when the elongating radicle of the embryo comes into contact with a host branch and forms a holdfast. From the underside of the holdfast the primary haustorium enters the host tissue and establishes the parasitic union. Later the aerial portion of the parasite develops. Some seeds of P. californicum follow a different sequence; they stimulate the host to produce gum in the tissue beneath the seed by apparent dissolution of cells. The exuded gum elevates the developing seed from the host branch preventing establishment of the host-parasite union. The possible significance of this apparent defense mechanism is discussed.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T15:42:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaFS_DISSERT.pdf: 1430207 bytes, checksum: 515036d27fd51ee5d340e0dac35107ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T15:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaFS_DISSERT.pdf: 1430207 bytes, checksum: 515036d27fd51ee5d340e0dac35107ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Juazeiro (Zizyphus Joazeiro Mart) and Algarobeira (Prosopis Juliflora) trees are considered feasible alternative food to northeast region, due to their wide economic value, fruiting ability even in periods of drought, and good adaptability in semi-arid regions. The objective of this is study was to evaluate the bromatological composition, the apparent digestibility of the rations and the metabolizable energy of the shell and pulp or seed of the fruit of the juazeiro or of the algarobeira pod in rations for adult chickens Isa Label. 20 Isa Label chickens were used, with 104 weeks, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4x4 factorial (ration x period), one reference diet (RREF) and another three with a replacement of 20% of the reference diet by the shell and pulp of the fruit of the juazeiro or seed of the fruit of the juazeiro or pod of the algarobeira in periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The chickens were individually housed in metal cages adapted for total collection of excreta, and 200 (g/chickens/day) of feed and water were provided at will. The results for bromatological composition of the algarobeira pod, seed or shell and pulp of the fruit of the juazeiro were, 86,00; 90,50 and 84,45% dry matter (DM), 2,70; 3,50 and 8,30% of mineral matter (MM), 7,20; 3,80 and 8,30% crude protein (CP), 0,35; 1,00 and 0,50% ethereal extract (EE), 40,40; 60,00 and 19,10% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 24,60; 38,90 and 10,60% acid detergent fiber (FDA). The apparent coefficients digestibility (ACD) of the reference ration (RREF), algae pod (RALG), ration with seed of the juazeiro fruit (RJSE) and ration with shell and pulp of the juazeiro fruit (RJCA) for chickens Isa Label, respectively, were 77,34%; 72,72%; 69,29% and 72,48% for dry matter (DM), 33,65%; 29,37%; 26,40% and 29,96% for mineral matter (MM), 65,26%; 46,60%; 44,67% and 50,25% for crude protein (CP), 88,15%; 81,50%; 80,45% and 81,15% for ethereal extract (EE), 25,30%; 33,00%; 24,60% and 29,95% for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 17,00%; 18,60%; 17,25% and 18,10% for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and 83.55%; 80.63%; 79.03% and 80.92% for crude energy digestibility (DEB). In turn, the means of apparent metabolizable energy of said rations were: 2987.66 kcal / kg; 2884.06 kcal / kg; 3153.98 kcal / kg; 2918.18 kcal / kg. However, the values of the reference digestibility (RREF), algarobeira pod ration (RALG), ration with seed of the juazeiro fruit (RJSE) and ration with shell and pulp of the juazeiro fruit (RJCA) 7, 14, 21 and 28 days (collection of excreta) were: 75.35%, 73.54%, 72.17% and 70.78% for dry matter; 32.20%, 30.67% 28.92% and 27.59% for mineral matter; 54.40%, 52.58%, 50.43% and 49.39% for crude protein; 83.44%, 83.05%, 82.57% and 82.19% for ethereal extract; 27.48%, 28.27%, 28.59% and 29.51% for neutral detergent fiber; 16.68%, 17.32%, 18.06% and 18.90% for acid detergent fiber; 80.03%, 82.01%, 82.66% and 79.43% for crude energy and finally 2948.89 kcal / kg, 3021.88 kcal / kg, 3046.47 kcal / kg and 2926.65 kcal / Kg for apparent metabolizable energy of said rations. The substitution in 20% of algarobeira pod, seed or shell and pulp of juazeiro fruit in Isa Label poultry chickens provided a reduction in the digestibility of reference nutrients, as well as of minerals, lipids, proteins and energy in all collection periods. The values of the apparent metabolizable energy of the algarobeira pod, seed or shell and pulp of the fruit of the juazeiro were 1660.00; 1577.00 and 1705.00 kcal / kg respectively / O juazeiro (Zizyphus Joazeiro Mart) e a algarobeira (Prosopis Juliflora) são considerados alimentos alternativos viáveis para região Nordeste, em virtude do seu amplo valor econômico, capacidade de frutificar mesmo em períodos de estiagem, além de possuir boa adaptabilidade em regiões de clima semiárido. Objetivou- se com esse estudo avaliar a composição bromatológica, a digestibilidade aparente das rações e a energia metabolizável dos alimentos casca e polpa ou semente do fruto do juazeiro ou da vagem da algarobeira em rações para aves adultas Isa Label. Foram utilizadas 20 aves Isa Label, com 104 semanas, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4 (ração x período), sendo uma ração referência (RREF) e outras três com substituição de 20% da ração referência pela casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro ou semente do fruto do juazeiro ou vagem da algarobeira em períodos de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. As aves foram alojadas individualmente em gaiolas metálicas adaptadas para coleta total de excretas, sendo fornecido 200 (g/ave/dia) de ração e água à vontade. Os resultados para composição bromatológica da vagem da algarobeira, semente ou casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro foram, 86,00; 90,50 e 84,45% de matéria seca (MS), 2,70; 3,50 e 8,30% de matéria mineral (MM), 7,20; 3,80 e 8,30% de proteína bruta (PB), 0,35; 1,00 e 0,50% de extrato etéreo (EE), 40,40; 60,00 e 19,10% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), 24,60; 38,90 e 10,60% de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). As médias dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da ração referência (RREF), ração com vagem da algarobeira (RALG), ração com semente do fruto do juazeiro (RJSE) e ração com casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro (RJCA) para galinhas Isa Label, respectivamente, foram de 77,34%; 72,72%; 69,29% e 72,48% para matéria seca (MS), 33,65%; 29,37%; 26,40% e 29,96% para matéria mineral (MM), 65,26%; 46,60%; 44,67% e 50,25% para proteína bruta (PB), 88,15%; 81,50%; 80,45% e 81,15% para extrato etéreo (EE), 25,30%; 33,00%; 24,60% e 29,95% para fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), 17,00%; 18,60%; 17,25% e 18,10% para fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e 83,55%; 80,63%; 79,03% e 80,92% para a digestibilidade da energia bruta (DEB). Por sua vez, as médias da energia metabolizável aparente das referidas rações foram: 2987,66 kcal/kg; 2884,06 kcal/kg; 3153,98 kcal/kg; 2918,18 kcal/kg. Entretanto, os valores das médias da digestibilidade da ração referência (RREF), ração com vagem da algarobeira (RALG), ração com semente do fruto do juazeiro (RJSE) e ração com casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro (RJCA) em relação aos períodos de alimentação, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias (coleta de excretas), foram respectivamente: 75,35%, 73,54%, 72,17% e 70,78% para matéria seca; 32,20%, 30,67% 28,92% e 27,59% para matéria mineral; 54,40%, 52,58%, 50,43% e 49,39% para proteína bruta; 83,44%, 83,05%, 82,57% e 82,19% para extrato etéreo; 27,48%, 28,27%, 28,59% e 29,51% para fibra em detergente neutro; 16,68%, 17,32%, 18,06% e 18,90% para fibra em detergente ácido; 80,03%, 82,01%, 82,66% e 79,43% para energia bruta e por fim 2948,89 kcal/kg, 3021,88 kcal/kg, 3046,47 kcal/kg e 2926,65 kcal/kg para energia metabolizável aparente das referidas rações. A substituição em 20 % da vagem da algarobeira, da semente ou casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro em rações para aves Isa Label proporcionou uma redução na digestibilidade dos nutrientes da ração referência, bem como dos minerais, lipídeos, proteínas e energia em todos os períodos de coleta. Os valores da energia metabolizável aparente da vagem da algarobeira, semente ou casca e polpa do fruto do juazeiro foram 1660,00; 1577,00 e 1705,00 kcal/kg respectivamente / 2017-06-26

Velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) is a common tree in semi-arid, southwestern U.S. savanna ecosystems. While there are studies that examine some of the physiological and ecological aspects of this tree (response to fire, net ecosystem exchange, encroachment into grasslands, yearly growth through dendrometer bands, among others), the wood anatomical features of a growth ring, suitability for dendrochronological research, life history, and above-ground biomass through time are knowledge gaps that can be filled. The purpose of this study was to examine these gaps in order to better understand the role of velvet mesquite in these ecosystems. Wood anatomical analysis showed that velvet mesquite has a semi-ring porous structure and termination of the growth ring is indicated by a small band of parenchyma. Visual crossdating of velvet mesquite was successful but a complex growth habit, with both eccentric and lobate growth, combined with ecological pressures hampered statistical validation of the chronology. Seasonal climate-growth analysis of dated rings showed a strong positive correlation to previous year September and October precipitation and a strong positive partial correlation to previous year September and August mean temperature. Life history through growth curve analysis showed no age related growth trend (either s-shaped or log normal) indicating the maximum age of velvet mesquite stems sampled (130 years old) can become much older with many releases and few suppressions. Above-ground biomass of these trees are low compared to higher elevation forest biomass, but similar to other savanna ecosystems of the southwest. The use of velvet mesquite in dendrochronological research would greatly benefit from a complete analysis of wood anatomy, and addition of more samples from various locations to verify dates and begin building more reliable chronologies for this species across its range. These additions would allow for a greater understanding of stand and tree level responses through suppressions and releases, and understand the biomass accumulated above-ground through time.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

No description available.

Invasive Prosopis trees pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Several estimates have been made of the spatial extent of alien plant invasion in South Africa. The South African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA) suggested that about 10 million hectares of South Africa has been invaded. However, the rate and spatial extent of Prosopis invasion has never been accurately quantified. The objective of the study is to use Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to: (i) reveal areas susceptible to future invasion, (ii) describe the current extent and densities of Prosopis, (iii) to reveal the spatial dynamics and (iv) establish the extent of fragmentation of the natural vegetation in the Northern Cape Province. Image classification products were generated using spectral analysis of seasonal profiles, various resolution image inputs, spectral indices and ancillary data. Classification approaches varied by scene and spatial resolution as well as application of the data. Coarse resolution imagery and field data were used to create a probability map estimating the area vulnerable to Prosopis invasion using relationships between actual Prosopis occurrence, spectral response, soils and terrain unit. Multi-temporal Landsat images and a 500m x 500m point grid enabled vector analysis and statistical data to quantify the change in distribution and density as well as the spatial dynamics of Prosopis since 1974. Fragmentation and change of natural vegetation was quantified using a combined cover density class, calculating patch density per unit (ha) for each biome The extent of Prosopis cover in the Northern Cape Province reached 1.473 million hectare or 4% of the total land area during 2007. The ability of the above mentioned Remote Sensing and GIS techniques to map the extent and densities of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa demonstrated a high degree of accuracy (72%). While neither the image classification nor the probability map can be considered as 100% accurate representations of Prosopis density and distribution, the products provide use full information on Prosopis distribution and are a first step towards generating more accurate products. For primary invasion management, these products and the association of a small area on a map with Prosopis plants and patches, mean that the management effort and resources are efficiently focused. Further studies using hyper-spectral image analysis are recommended to improve the classification accuracy of the spatial extent and density classes obtained in this study. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Invasive Prosopis trees pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Several estimates have been made of the spatial extent of alien plant invasion in South Africa. The South African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA) suggested that about 10 million hectares of South Africa has been invaded. However, the rate and spatial extent of Prosopis invasion has never been accurately quantified. The objective of the study is to use Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to: (i) reveal areas susceptible to future invasion, (ii) describe the current extent and densities of Prosopis, (iii) to reveal the spatial dynamics and (iv) establish the extent of fragmentation of the natural vegetation in the Northern Cape Province. Image classification products were generated using spectral analysis of seasonal profiles, various resolution image inputs, spectral indices and ancillary data. Classification approaches varied by scene and spatial resolution as well as application of the data. Coarse resolution imagery and field data were used to create a probability map estimating the area vulnerable to Prosopis invasion using relationships between actual Prosopis occurrence, spectral response, soils and terrain unit. Multi-temporal Landsat images and a 500m x 500m point grid enabled vector analysis and statistical data to quantify the change in distribution and density as well as the spatial dynamics of Prosopis since 1974. Fragmentation and change of natural vegetation was quantified using a combined cover density class, calculating patch density per unit (ha) for each biome The extent of Prosopis cover in the Northern Cape Province reached 1.473 million hectare or 4% of the total land area during 2007. The ability of the above mentioned Remote Sensing and GIS techniques to map the extent and densities of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa demonstrated a high degree of accuracy (72%). While neither the image classification nor the probability map can be considered as 100% accurate representations of Prosopis density and distribution, the products provide use full information on Prosopis distribution and are a first step towards generating more accurate products. For primary invasion management, these products and the association of a small area on a map with Prosopis plants and patches, mean that the management effort and resources are efficiently focused. Further studies using hyper-spectral image analysis are recommended to improve the classification accuracy of the spatial extent and density classes obtained in this study. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Zugl.: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-12T16:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÓVIS GOUVEIA DA SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2009..pdf: 22748657 bytes, checksum: e1dcd6c6e6af54e382c5201f81d2b788 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T16:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÓVIS GOUVEIA DA SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2009..pdf: 22748657 bytes, checksum: e1dcd6c6e6af54e382c5201f81d2b788 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O mundo, está cada vez mais focado no rápido crescimento da população, no aumento da demanda alimentar e, na necessidade urgente de se aumentar a oferta de alimentos sem prejudicar o meio ambiente. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização das etapas de produção da aguardente de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora Sw DC) e aproveitar os resíduos resultantes, em produtos alimentícios. Estudos anteriores comprovam teores de açúcares fermentescíveis em seus frutos, que proporcionam elevados rendimentos na produção de aguardente. Fundamentado nesses pré-requisitos, este estudo, avaliou a matéria-prima, os procedimentos operacionais e o sistema de aproveitamento aplicado ao resíduo durante as principais etapas de fabricação da aguardente de algaroba. Na primeira etapa, as vagens foram caracterizadas. Na segunda etapa, se desenvolveu um sistema para extração dos açúcares. A metodologia de extração foi dividida em: seleção, pesagem, sanitização, fragmentação, hidratação, prensagem e centrifugação.. Na terceira etapa, o caldo foi padronizado, e submetido a uma fermentação submersa por batelada simples em um sistema formado por sete reatores de polietileno. Esse processo constou das seguintes etapas: preparo do inoculo, adição do inoculo e estudo cinético das variáveis envolvidas no processo (ART, biomassa, SST, temperatura, acidez, pH, teor alcoólico). Na fermentação foi aplicado um planejamento fatorial para avaliar a influência das variáveis sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e do agente fermentativo para três concentrações diferentes nos resultados: produtividade, rendimento teórico, rendimento em biomassa e % conversão para as linhagens de leveduras selecionadas no caldo de algaroba (ALG-3) e levedura comercial. O fermentado obtido foi centrifugado, destilado e, posteriormente, bidestilado, para produção de aguardente. O produto final foi armazenado em garrafões de polietileno até a retirada das amostras para a realização das análises fisico-químicas, cromatográficas e sensoriais. A fração sólida (resíduo), resultante da extração, foi seco, moído, peneirado e transformado em farinhas. A farinha que apresentou as melhores propriedades foi submetida aos testes de panificação para produção de pão de forma. A aguardente obtida com a levedura comercial atingiu o rendimento industrial de 56,40% enquanto a ALG3 foi de 40,80. Sensorialmente, as aguardentes produzidas com as leveduras comercial e ALG3 não apresentaram diferença significativa a 5% de probabilidade; já o pão de forma, cuja concentração de farinha de algaroba foi 10%, obteve melhor aceitação em relação aos 5 e 15% testados. De acordo com os resultados, se conclui que pode ser usada qualquer uma das leveduras testadas no estudo sem causar nenhuma rejeição por parte do consumidor final. / The world is focused more and more on rapid population growth rate and on the urgent need to increase the food supply without harming the environment. This study has as its objective the optimization of the production steps of cachaça from carob {Prosopsis juliflora Sw DC) and use of the resulting residuals as food products. Prior studies indicate the presence of fermentable sugars in carob fruit that could lead to high yields of cachaça. Based on these prerequisites, this study evaluated raw material, operational procedures, and the system of utilization applied to the residue during the principle stages of carob liquor production. In the first stage, the carob pods were characterized. In the second stage, a system of sugar extraction was developed. The extraction methodology was divided into various steps: selection, weighing, sanitization, fragmentation, hydration, compression, and centrifugation. In the third stage, the substratum was standardized and submitted in simple batches to submerged fermentation in a system formed by seven polyethylene reactors. The process was composed of the following steps: inoculant preparation, inoculation, and kinetic study of the variables involved in the process (Total Reducing Sugars, Biomass, Total Soluble Solids, Temperature, Acidity, pH, and Alcohol content). In the alcoholic fermentation study, a multifactorial analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of three different concentrations of the variables Total Soluble Solids and the fermenting agent on the following results: productivity, thereoretical yield, biomass yield, and percent conversion. The fermenting agents included a line of yeast selected from the carob substrate (ALG-3) and a line of commercial yeast. The yeast lines that were used were centrifuged, distilled, and later distilled again to produce the cachaça. The final product was stored in large polyethelene bottles until the removal of samples for physical-chemical, chromatographic and organoleptic analyses. The solid fraction (residual), resulting from the extraction, was dried, ground, sifted, and transformed into flour. The flour that presented the best properties was submitted to baking tests to produce loaf bread. The cachaça that resulted from the commercial yeast reached an industrial yield of 56.40% while the ALG3 was 40.80% Organoleptically, the cachaças produced with the commercial yeast and the ALG3 did not present significant differences at the 5% level of probability. The bread loaves made with a concentration of 10% carob flour had the best acceptance when compared to the loaves tested containing 5% and 15%. According to the results, we conclude that one could use either of the yeasts tested in the study without causing any rejection from consumers.

Prosopis alba Griseb (algarrobo blanco) es una leguminosa arbórea que crece naturalmente en el Chaco argentino. Los frutos o algarrobas son dulces y tienen un apreciable valor proteico, por ello son utilizadas en la alimentación humana y animal, principalmente secas y molidas o en forma de extractos acuosos. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis doctoral fue desarrollar un sucedáneo de café a partir de la algarroba de Prosopis alba Griseb. Para ello, se tostaron las algarrobas a seis temperaturas (100, 115, 130, 145, 160 y 175ºC) y a tres tiempos (30, 45 y 60 min). Sobre las fracciones de algarroba tostada molida retenidas sobre el tamiz de 0,25 mm se realizaron las siguientes determinaciones: caracterización del grado de tueste (color), distribución del tamaño de partículas, determinación de las isotermas de sorción de agua, cuantificación de sólidos solubles, propiedades químico-nutricionales (humedad, proteína, cenizas, lípidos, minerales, fibra cruda, carbohidratos totales, valor energético, taninos, polifenoles, cafeína, fibra dietética, lisina, y azúcares) y evaluación sensorial de las infusiones. El estudio de la influencia del tostado sobre las características del producto final reveló que los valores de la energía aparente de activación (Ea) fueron muy similares para las funciones de color: luminosidad (L*) y croma métrico (C*ab), lo cual muestra que son indicadores equivalentes de la evolución del pardeamiento durante el proceso de tostado. En las muestras tostadas a 160 y 175ºC fue posible obtener valores del tono, croma y luminosidad del producto en el intervalo de los encontrados para café tostado. El tostado modificó el comportamiento de la adsorción del agua en la algarroba, disminuyendo la tendencia a la humectación y la capacidad de retención de agua. El contenido de sacarosa disminuyó con el tiempo y temperatura de tostado. El aroma de las infusiones ensayadas, presentó matices de tostado, miel, hierba, y chocolate. La muestra tostada a 160ºC durant / Prokopiuk, DB. (2005). Sucedáneo del café a partir de algarroba (prosopis alba griseb) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1975 / Palancia