Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a high incidence disease resulting in about 260,000 hospital admissions per year in Germany, more than myocardial infarction or stroke. Worldwide, CAP is the most frequent infectious disease with high lethality ranging from 1.2 % in those 20–29 years old to over 10 % in patients older than 70 years, even in industrial nations. CAP poses numerous medical challenges, which the PROGRESS (Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) network aims to tackle: Operationalization of disease severity throughout the course of disease, outcome prediction for hospitalized patients and prediction of transitions from uncomplicated CAP to severe CAP, and finally, to CAP with sepsis and organ failure as a life-threatening condition. It is a major aim of PROGRESS to understand and predict patient heterogeneity regarding outcome in the hospital and to develop novel treatment concepts. Methods: PROGRESS was designed as a clinical, observational, multi-center study of patients with CAP requiring hospitalization. More than 1600 patients selected for low burden of co-morbidities have been enrolled, aiming at a total of 3000. Course of disease, along with therapy, was closely monitored by daily assessments and long-term follow-up. Daily blood samples allow in depth molecular-genetic characterization of patients. We established a well-organized workflow for sample logistics and a comprehensive data management system to collect and manage data from more than 50 study centers in Germany and Austria. Samples are stored in a central biobank and clinical data are stored in a central data base which also integrates all data from molecular assessments. Discussion: With the PROGRESS study, we established a comprehensive data base of high quality clinical and molecular data allowing investigation of pressing research questions regarding CAP. In-depth molecular characterization will contribute to the discovery of disease mechanisms and establishment of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. A strength of PROGRESS is the focus on younger patients with low burden of co-morbidities, allowing a more direct look at host biology with less confounding. As a resulting limitation, insights from PROGRESS will require validation in representative patient cohorts to assess clinical utility. Trial registration: The PROGRESS study was retrospectively registered on May 24th, 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782013

Background Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are the main reason of death in Sweden and Western Europe. High iron stores are believed to produce oxygen radicals, which is the presumed putative mechanism behind lipid peroxidation, atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Iron levels are associated with the hemochromatosis associated HFE single nucleotide polymorphisms C282Y and H63D. Bilirubin is an antioxidant present in relatively high levels in the human body. Several previous studies have found an association between high bilirubin levels and a lower risk for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin levels are highly influenced by the common promoter polymorphism TA-insertion UGT1A1*28, the main reason for benign hyperbilirubinemia in Caucasians. There is a lack of prospective studies on both the association of iron and bilirubin levels, and the risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Material and methods Iron, transferrin iron saturation, TIBC, ferritin and bilirubin were analyzed and HFE C282Y, HFE H63D and UGT1A1*28 were determined in myocardial infarction and stroke cases, and their double matched referents within the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study Cohort. Results There were no associations between iron levels in the upper normal range and risk for myocardial infarction or stroke. No associations were seen for HFE-genotypes, except for a near fivefold increase in risk for myocardial infarction in HFE H63D homozygous women. Plasma bilirubin was lower in cases vs. referents both in the myocardial infarction and the stroke cohort. Despite a strong gene-dosage effect on bilirubin levels in both cases and referents, the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism did not influence the risk for myocardial infarction or stroke. Conclusion High iron stores are not associated with increased risk for neither myocardial infarction, nor stroke. There was no association between UGT1A1*28 and the risk for myocardial infarction or stroke. Consequently data suggests that other factors, which also may lower bilirubin, are responsible for the elevated risk observed in conjunction with lower bilirubin levels.

En cette ère de «nouvelle santé publique», les professionnels sont exhortés à détourner leur attention de l’individu afin de pouvoir mettre l’accent sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé. Un phénomène contraire s’opère dans le domaine des sciences biomédicales, où un mouvement vers la santé personnalisée permet d’envisager des soins préventifs et curatifs adaptés à chaque individu, en fonction de son profil de risque génétique. Bien qu’elles n’aient que partiellement fait leur entrée dans notre système de santé, ces avancées scientifiques risquent de changer significativement le visage de la prévention, et dans cette foulée, de susciter des débats de société importants. L'étude proposée vise à contribuer à une réflexion sur l'avenir d'une des fonctions essentielles de la santé publique en tentant de mieux comprendre comment le public perçoit la prévention basée sur le risque génétique. Ce projet de recherche qualitative consiste en l'analyse secondaire des échanges ayant eu lieu lors de quatre ateliers délibératifs auxquels ont participé des membres du public d'horizons divers, et durant lesquels ceux-ci ont débattu de la désirabilité d'une technologie préventive fictive, le «rectificateur cardiaque». La théorie de la structuration d'Anthony Giddens est utilisée comme cadre conceptuel guidant l’analyse des échanges. Celle-ci permet d’émettre les trois constats suivants: a- le « rectificateur cardiaque » est loin d’être interprété par tous les participants comme étant une intervention préventive; b- son utilisation est perçue comme étant légitime ou non dépendamment principalement des groupes de personnes qu’elle viserait; c- l’intervention proposée ne se pense pas hors contexte. / In this era of «new public health», professionals are urged to shift their attention away from individuals and to pay greater attention to the social determinants of health. In the field of biomedical sciences, a movement in the opposite direction towards personalised health might allow for preventive and curative care tailored to each individual, according to their genetic risk profile. While scientific advances in the field of genomics have only begun to pave their way into our healthcare system, they carry the potential to change the face of prevention and give rise to important societal debates. This study’s aim is to contribute to a reflection on the future of one of the essential functions of public health by exploring public perceptions of prevention based on genetic risk. This qualitative research project consists of a secondary analysis of the content of exchanges which occurred between members of the public in the context of four deliberative workshops, during which they debated on the desirability of a fictive preventive technology, the «cardiac rectifier». Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration is used as a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of the exchanges, which led to the following findings: a- the «cardiac rectifier» is far from being interpreted as a preventive intervention by every participant; b- its use is perceived as being legitimate or not on the basis of which group of individuals it would target; c- the proposed intervention cannot be thought of out of context.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sangramento é complicação frequente durante e após cirurgias cardíacas pediátricas, com a hipofibrinogenemia adquirida responsável pela maioria dos casos de sangramento grave. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do concentrado de fibrinogênio na redução do sangramento pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca congênita com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado com crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca congênita. Critérios de inclusão: cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea e idade menor de 28 dias de vida, ou RACHS-1 maior ou igual a 3 ou reoperação com idade menor de 10 anos, e FIBTEM A-10 menor que 15 mm. Os pacientes foram randomizados 1:1 para o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio de acordo com a fórmula [delta-MCF FIBTEM (mm) x kg peso corporal / 140] ou para o grupo controle (soro fisiológico 0,9%). O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar sangramento pós-operatório. Os objetivos secundários foram analisar a necessidade de transfusão alogênica, comparar o perfil do fibrinogênio e a ocorrência de complicações pós-operatórias entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram randomizados 42 pacientes, 21 pacientes foram alocados para o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio e 21 pacientes para o grupo controle. Em relação ao sangramento pós-operatório, os pacientes randomizados para concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentaram volume de drenagem sanguínea total menor quando comparados ao grupo controle [120 (95 - 180) vs. 210 (125 - 375) ml; p= 0,019)] e no 1º PO [50 (20 - 80) vs. 80 (47,5 - 120) ml; p= 0,014]. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à transfusão intra-operatória (p= 0,343) e à transfusão pósoperatória (p= 0,109). Os níveis de fibrinogênio analisados pelo FIBTEM no tempo 0 (saída de CEC) foram similares entre os grupos (T0: 6,43 ± 1,60 mm vs. 6,86 ± 1,85 mm; p= 0,427). Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de fibrinogênio, tanto nos resultados obtidos pela análise do FIBTEM A-10 (T1: 11,05 ± 3,43 vs. 7,52 ± 3,03 mm; p= 0,427) quanto pela análise plasmática [T1: 224 vs. 156 mg/dl (p= 0,158); T2: 208 vs. 179 mg/dl; p= 0,155] entre os grupos concentrado de fibrinogênio e controle, após a infusão da solução do estudo. Houve diferença significativa quanto à ventilação mecânica, o grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentou tempo mais prolongado comparado ao grupo controle [11795 (3357 - 34972,5) min vs. 4850 (1130 - 9540) min; p= 0,015]. Além disso, houve uma incidência estatisticamente maior de baixo débito cardíaco no grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio comparado ao grupo controle (23,8% vs. 0%; p= 0,048). Em relação à ocorrência das demais complicações clínicas avaliadas em 28 dias, ao tempo de internação na UTI, tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Em crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca, o uso profilático de concentrado de fibrinogênio reduziu o sangramento pós-operatório. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à transfusão intra e pós-operatória. O perfil do fibrinogênio não apresentou diferença entre os grupos. O grupo concentrado de fibrinogênio apresentou tempo de ventilação mecânica mais prolongado e maior incidência de síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco / INTRODUCTION: Bleeding is a common complication during and after pediatric cardiac surgery, with acquired hypofibrinogenemia being the most associated disorder. This trial evaluated whether the use of prophylactic fibrinogen concentrate reduces bleeding in congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Prospective, randomized, controlled study with children undergoing congenital heart surgery. Inclusion criteria: cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and age under 28 days, or RACHS-1 >= 3 or reoperation with age under 10 years, and FIBTEM-A10 less than 15 mm. Patients were randomized 1:1 to the treatment group [fibrinogen concentrate according to the formula Detla-MCF FIBTEM (mm) x kg body weight / 140] or to the control group (saline 0.9%). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative bleeding. The secondary objectives were to analyze the need for allogeneic transfusion, to compare the plasmatic fibrinogen, FIBTEM A-10 levels and the occurrence of postoperative complications between the groups. RESULTS: Fortytwo patients were randomized, 21 patients were allocated to the fibrinogen concentrate group and 21 patients to the control group. Regarding postoperative bleeding, patients randomized to fibrinogen concentrate had a lower total blood drainage volume compared to the control group [120 (95 - 180) vs. 210 (125 - 375) ml; p= 0.019)] and lower bleeding in the 1st PO [50 (20 - 80) vs. 80 (47.5 - 120) ml; p= 0.014]. There were no differences between groups regarding intraoperative transfusion (p= 0.343) and postoperative transfusion (p= 0.109). The fibrinogen levels analyzed by FIBTEM at time 0 (after CPB) were similar between the fibrinogen and control concentrate groups (T0: 6.43 ± 1.60 mm vs. 6.86 ± 1.85 mm; p= 0.427). There was no difference in fibrinogen levels, either in the results obtained by FIBTEM A-10 analysis (T1: 11.05 ± 3.43 vs. 7.52 ± 3.03 mm; p= 0.427) or by Clauss analysis [T1: 224 vs. 156 mg/dl (p= 0.158); T2: 208 vs. 179 mg/dl; p= 0.155] between the fibrinogen concentrate and control groups, after intervention. There was a significant difference in mechanical ventilation, the fibrinogen concentrate group had prolonged time compared to the control group [11795 (3357 - 34972.5) min vs. 4850 (1130 - 9540) min; p= 0.015]. In addition, there was a statistically higher incidence of low cardiac output in the fibrinogen concentrate group compared to the control group (23.8% vs. 0%; p= 0.048). Regarding the occurrence of other clinical complications evaluated in 28 days, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay and mortality, the groups did not present any difference. CONCLUSION: In children undergoing cardiac surgery, prophylactic use of fibrinogen concentrate reduced postoperative bleeding. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding intra and postoperative transfusion. The fibrinogen analysis had no difference between the groups. The fibrinogen concentrate group had a prolonged mechanical ventilation time and a higher incidence of low cardiac output syndrome among the complications

L’évolution de la consommation électrique est un point clé pour les choix à venir, tant pour les moyens de production d’électricité, que pour le dimensionnement du réseau à toutes ses échelles. Aujourd’hui, ce sont majoritairement des modèles statistiques basés sur les consommations passées et des tendances démographiques ou économétriques qui permettent de prédire cette consommation. Dans le contexte de la transition énergétique, des changements importants sont en cours et à venir, et la consommation future ne sera certainement pas une continuation des tendances passées. Modéliser ces changements nécessite une modélisation fine de type bottom-up de chaque contributeur de la consommation électrique. Ce type de modèle présente des challenges de modélisation, car il nécessite un grand nombre de paramètres d’entrée qui peuvent difficilement être renseignés de façon réaliste à grande échelle. En même temps, les données et informations de tout type n’ont jamais été autant disponibles. Cela représente à la fois un atout pour la modélisation, mais aussi une difficulté importante notamment à cause de l’hétérogénéité des données. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse présente une démarche de construction d’un simulateur de consommation électrique bottom-up capable de simuler différentes alternatives énergétiques à l’échelle de la France. Un travail de recensement, de classification et d’association des bases de données pour expliquer la consommation électrique a d’abord été mené. Ensuite, le modèle de consommation électrique a été présenté ; il a été validé et calibré sur une grande quantité de mesures de consommation électrique des départs HTA fournie par Enedis. Ce modèle a enfin pu être utilisé pour simuler différentes alternatives énergétiques afin d’aider au dimensionnement du réseau de distribution. / Future trend of electricity demand is a key point for sizing both the electricity network and the power plants. In order to forecast future electricity demand, current models mostly use statistical approaches based on past demand measurements and on demographic and economic trends. Because of current context of energy transition which comes along with important changes, future electricity demand is not expected to be similar to past trends. Modeling these changes requires a bottom-up modeling of each contributor to electricity demand. This kind of model is challenging because of the large number of input data required. At the same time, data and information are more and more available. Such availability can be considered both as an asset for modeling and as an important issue because of data heterogeneity. In this context, this dissertation offers an approach to build a bottom-up load curve simulator which enables to simulate prospective scenarii at the scale of France country. Firstly, an assessment, classification, and matching of the large databases explaining the electricity demand have been performed. Then, the electricity demand model has been presented. It has been validated and calibrated on Enedis’ large volumes of electricity demand measurements of medium voltage feeders. Finally, this model has been used to simulate several prospective scenarii in order to improve the electricity distribution network sizing.

O cateter irrigado foi comparado com o de 8 mm para ablação com radiofrequência do istmo cavo-tricuspídeo(Ist-CT). Foram randomizados 52 pacientes portadores de flutter atrial típico para ablação com cateter irrigado(grupoI) ou com cateter de 8 mm(grupo II). O bloqueio do Ist-CT foi obtido em 51 pacientes. Não houve diferença estatística em relação aos parâmetros de aplicação de RF entre os dois grupos. A ablação do Ist-CT com cateter irrigado versus cateter de 8mm foi igualmente eficaz e segura no controle do flutter atrial típico. / A 4-mm cooled tip catheter was compared to an 8-mm tip catheter to cavotricuspid isthmus(CTI) ablation. This prospective study enrolled 52 patients with typical atrial flutter to ablation with a closed cooled-tip catheter(group1) or an 8-mm tip catheter. Radiofrequency(RF) applications were performed to achieve complete CTI block wich was achieved in 51 patients. No significant differences were found in the procedure parameters. CTI ablation with an irrigated tip catheter versus an 8-mm tip catheter was equally effective and satisfactorily safe for ablation of typical atrial flutter.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar a eficiência clínica dos métodos convencional ou piggyback de transplante de fígado (Tx) na reconstrução do efluxo venoso do enxerto. Adicionalmente, pretende-se comparar a eficácia da drenagem venosa do enxerto hepático em diferentes modalidades do método piggyback. Foram estudados 32 pacientes submetidos a Tx pelo método convencional (n=15) ou piggyback (n=17). A pressão da veia hepática livre (PVHL) foi medida por catéter introduzido na veia hepática direita (VHD) do enxerto e a pressão venosa central (PVC) por catéter de Swan-Ganz. As medidas de pressão foram realizadas após a revascularização do enxerto. Gradiente PVHL-PVC superior a 3 mm Hg foi encontrado em 26,7% (4/15) no grupo convencional e 17,6% (3/17) no grupo piggyback (p=0,678). A mediana do gradiente PVC-PVHL foi de 2 mm Hg (0-8 mm Hg) no grupo convencional e 3 mm Hg (0-7 mm Hg) no piggyback (p=0,734). A creatinina sérica (Cr) foi medida no pré-operatório, do 1º ao 7º dia pós-operatório (PO) e no 14º, 21º e 28º PO. A Cr global pós-operatória, calculada pela área sob a curva da Cr vs tempo, foi significativamente maior no grupo convencional (2,04 ± 0,89 vs. 1,41 ± 0,44 mg/dL; p=0,02). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto à ocorrência de insuficiência renal aguda (p=0,120), definida como Cr maior ou igual a 2,0 mg/dL, quanto ao desenvolvimento de ascite maciça (p=1,000) e em relação à sobrevida dos pacientes (p=0,316). O gradiente PVHL-PVC foi significativamente menor nos casos em que o óstio da VHD é utilizado para reconstrução da via de drenagem venosa no Tx piggyback (1,4 ± 1,4 mm Hg vs. 3,9 ± 1,7 mm Hg; p=0,005). Conclui-se que pacientes submetidos a Tx pelos métodos convencional e piggyback apresentam resultados semelhantes em relação à drenagem venosa do enxerto, ao desenvolvimento de ascite e à sobrevida. Os valores de Cr no PO imediato são significantemente maiores no método convencional. Nos pacientes submetidos a Tx pelo método piggyback, o gradiente PVHL-PVC é menor nos casos em que o óstio da VHD do receptor é incluído para implantação da VCI do enxerto. / The aim of this study is to compare the clinical efficiency of hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in conventional and piggyback method of liver transplantation (LTx). The efficacy of the different types of reconstruction of venous drainage in the piggyback liver transplantation was analyzed by a second purpose. Thirty two patients submitted to LTx by conventional method (n=15) or piggyback method (n=17) were studied. Free hepatic venous pressure (FHVP) was measured using a catheter introduced in right hepatic vein (RHV). Central venous pressure (CVP) was obtained through Swan-Ganz catheter. Pressure measurements were performed after graft reperfusion. A FHVP-CVP gradient higher than 3 mm Hg was observed in 26.7% (4/15) of the conventional and in 17.6% (3/17) of the piggyback patients (p=0.678). Median FHVP-CPV gradient value was 2 mm Hg (0-8 mm Hg) in the conventional and 3 mm Hg (0-7 mm Hg) in the piggyback group (p=0.734). Serum creatinine (Cr) was measured on postoperative days 1 to 7, 14, 21 and 28. Postoperative overall Cr, calculated by area under the curve of Cr vs. time, was significantly higher in conventional group (2.04 ± 0.89 vs. 1.41 ± 0.44 mg/dL; p=0.02). There is no significant difference between the groups regarding occurrence of acute renal failure (p=0,120), defined by Cr maior ou igual a 2,0 mg/dL, development of massive ascites (p=1,000) and patient survival (p=0,316). In piggyback LTx patients, FHVP-CVP gradient was significantly lower when the ostium of the RHV of the recipient is used for venous drainage reconstruction (1.4 ± 1.4 mm Hg vs. 3.9 ± 1.7 mm Hg; p=0.005). In conclusion, patients submitted to conventional or piggyback method of LTx have similar results regarding venous outflow, development of ascites and survival. The postoperative Cr values are significantly higher in conventional method. Patients submitted to piggyback LTx present a lower FHVP-CVP gradient when the ostium of the RHV of the recipient is included for implantation of the graft inferior vena cava.

As Leis nº 11.445/2007 e 12.305/2010, além de representarem um marco no avanço das políticas ambientais no Brasil - ao promoverem os princípios de universalização e integralidade na prestação de serviços de saneamento - têm ganhado notoriedade entre os gestores públicos por vetarem acesso aos recursos federais, caso não sejam apresentados os respectivos Planos Municipais de Saneamento Básico (PMSB) e de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos (PGIRS). Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa testa a hipótese de como a proposição de ferramentas de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) pode beneficiar o PMSB aplicadas no estudo de caso de Campinas-SP, através do estabelecimento de metodologias para o cálculo de cenários e indicadores. A partir do Diagnóstico de RSU, foram adotadas diferentes metodologias extrapolativas e prospectivas (MA, 2005) na simulação de cenários de geração e gerenciamento de RSU, bem como na concepção de um Índice de Gestão e Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (IGRSU), o qual além de avaliar a prestação desse serviço, também promoverá a análise de efetividade no cumprimento de metas. Assim, as metodologias propostas foram aplicadas no estudo de caso de Campinas-SP, com a inclusão de Objetivos, Metas, Programas e Ações, de modo a propiciar uma análise da efetividade das Ferramentas de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos em estudo. Como resultados, pode-se inferir que a simulação dos cenários prospectivos (Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic e TechnoGarden) possibilitou correlacionar a influência do PIB sobre a geração dos RSU e permitiu aos gestores públicos, traçar diferentes rotas de gerenciamento, mediante a adoção de práticas proativas ou reativas. Já o Índice de Gestão e Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (IGRSU) avaliou a efetividade na prestação de serviços, através da melhoria em seus valores de 5,39 para 8,28, com a implantação dos Programas propostos, os quais delimitam ações sobre a educação ambiental, comunicação social, otimização da coleta seletiva, compostagem dos resíduos de limpeza urbana, tratamento conjunto de lixiviados e esgoto sanitário e, por fim, o controle da poluição difusa originária de resíduos sólidos urbanos. / The Federal Laws nº 11.445/2007 and 12.305/2010 represent an advance on environmental policies in Brazil since they promote the principles of universality and integrality of sanitation services provision. Besides, they have been highlighted by stakeholders due to forbid access to financial resources, whether the Municipal Sanitation Plan and the Solid Waste Management Plan were not approved. Therefore, present work tests the hypothesis of how the urban solid waste management tools proposed can influence the Municipal Sanitation Plans applied on a case study of Campinas - São Paulo State, through the establishment of alternative methodologies to scenarios and indicators calculations. From the diagnosis of urban solid wastes, were adopted different extrapolative and prospective methodologies (MEA, 2005) on scenarios simulations of solid waste management and on the Indicator of Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM), which analyzed the services provision and can promote a effectiveness analysis of target achievement. Thus, the proposed methodologies were applied on a case study of Campinas-SP, together with the inclusion of Goals, Programs and Actions, which can provide an Effectiveness Analyses of Urban Solid Waste Management Tools. As a result, we can infer that the simulation of future scenarios (Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic and TechnoGarden) enables to correlate the influence of GNI rates on Urban Solid Wastes generation, and it propitiates to public managers map different management routes, by adopting proactive or reactive practices. The Indicator of Urban Solid Waste Management (IGRSU) enabled the effectiveness analysis in service provision through improvement in their values of 5.39 to 8.28, with the deployment of \"Programs and Actions\" proposed, which specify actions about environmental education, social communication, urban cleaning composting, selective collection optimization, combined treatment of sewage and lixiviates, as well as difuse pollution control originated by solid wastes.

Introdução: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia guiada por metas (TGM) sobre desfechos em pacientes de alto risco submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo randomizado que avaliou 126 pacientes submetidos às cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio ou valvar internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cirúrgica (UTI) do Instituto do Coração da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os pacientes foram randomizados para um algoritmo de terapia guiada por metas (grupo TGM, n=62) ou grupo controle (n=64). No grupo TGM, um índice cardíaco superior a 3 L/min/m2 foi utilizado como alvo através de fluidos, inotrópicos e transfusão de concentrado de hemácias, com início após desmame da circulação extracorpórea e com término após 8 horas de admissão na UTI. Resultados: O desfecho primário foi um composto de mortalidade e complicações maiores em 30 dias. Os pacientes do grupo TGM receberam maior volume (mediana e intervalo interquartílico) de fluidos em relação ao grupo controle [1000 (625 - 1500) vs. 500 (500 - 1000) mL (P < 0,001)], e não houve diferença na administração de inotrópicos ou hemotransfusão. A incidência do desfecho primário foi menor no grupo TGM (27,4 vs. 45,3%, p=0,037). O grupo TGM apresentou menor incidência de infecção (12,9 vs. 29,7%, P=0,002) síndrome do baixo débito cardíaco (6,5 vs. 26,6%, P=0.002). Foram também observados menor dose acumulada de dobutamina (12 vs. 19 mg/Kg, P=0,003), menor tempo de internação na UTI (3 [3-4] vs. 5 [4-7] dias; P < 0,001) e no hospital (9 [8-16] vs. 12 [9-22] dias, P=0,049) no grupo TGM comparado ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença nas taxas de mortalidade em 30 dias. (4,8% vs. 9,4%, respectivamente; P = 0,492). Conclusão: A estratégia de terapia guiada por metas através de fluidos, inotrópicos e transfusão sanguínea reduziu a incidência de complicações maiores em 30 dias em pacientes de alto risco submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca / Introduction: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of goal-directed therapy on outcomes in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial that evaluated 126 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or valve repair in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Heart Institute/Faculty of Medicine of University of Sao Paulo. Patients were randomized to a cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm (GDT group, n=62) or to usual care (n=64). In the GDT arm, a cardiac index of greater than 3 L/min/m2 was targeted with intravenous fluids, inotropes and red blood cell transfusion starting from cardiopulmonary bypass and ending eight hours after arrival to the ICU. Results: The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of 30-day mortality and major postoperative complications. Patients from the GDT group received a greater median (interquartile range) volume of intra-venous fluids than the usual care group [1000 (625 - 1500) vs. 500 (500 - 1000) mL (P<0.001)], with no differences in the administration of either inotropes or red blood cell transfusions. The primary outcome was reduced in the GDT group (27.4 vs. 45.3%, p=0.037). The GDT group had a lower incidence of infection (12.9 vs. 29.7%, P=0.002) and low cardiac output syndrome (6.5 vs. 26.6%, P=0.002). We also observed lower ICU cumulative dosage of dobutamine (12 vs. 19 mg/Kg, P=0.003) and a shorter ICU (3 [3-4] vs. 5 [4-7] days; P < 0.001) and hospital length of stay (9 [8-16] vs. 12 [9-22] days, P=0.049) in the GDT compared to the usual care group. There were no differences in 30-day mortality rates (4.8% vs. 9.4%, respectively; P = 0.492). Conclusions: Goal directed therapy using fluids, inotropes and blood transfusion reduced 30-day major complications in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery

INTRODUÇÃO: O plexo braquial é uma rede de estruturas nervosas responsáveis pela inervação motora e sensitiva do membro superior. Os métodos por imagem são de importância fundamental para a complementação diagnóstica tanto na localização como na caracterização do tipo de lesão que acomete o plexo braquial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do exame de ultrassonografia (US) na visualização do plexo e avaliar o método comparativamente à ressonância magnética (RM). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Este é um trabalho prospectivo comparativo entre US e RM na avaliação da anatomia do plexo braquial direito e esquerdo de 20 voluntários normais, totalizando 40 plexos braquiais. Os exames foram realizados no Instituto de Radiologia - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. O grupo estudado foi constituído por 10 homens e 10 mulheres, com idades entre 33 e 68 anos (mediana = 42,5 anos, média = 47,2 anos). O estudo de US foi realizado utilizando transdutor linear multifrequencial (13-5 mHz) e o de RM com equipamento em alto campo magnético (1,5 T), utilizando bobina de superfície. O plexo braquial foi dividido em segmentos para estimar a frequência de visualização de cada um em ambos os métodos de diagnóstico por imagem: 1) foraminal (raízes nervosas), 2) espaço interescaleno (junção das raízes nervosas até a formação dos troncos); 3) espaço costoclavicular, correspondendo à região supra e infraclaviculares (troncos e divisões anterior e posterior, cordas); 4) espaço retropeitoral menor (cordas). RESULTADOS: As raízes cervicais juntamente com os troncos superior e médio foram as estruturas que apresentaram maior grau de visualização pelo US. Na RM a maioria das estruturas, com exceção das divisões do plexo, apresentaram excelente grau de visualização. Na análise de equivalência entre os observadores de US e RM, as raízes cervicais de C6, C7 e o tronco médio bilateral apresentaram grau de visualização equivalentes com alta concordância. Nos demais segmentos não houve equivalência na visualização entre os observadores, atentando para menor visualização pelo observador do US. CONCLUSÃO: O método de US consegue avaliar de forma eficaz o segmento proximal do plexo braquial que compreende as saídas das raízes cervicais de C5, C6 e C7, assim como os troncos superior e médio na região lateral do pescoço. O método não é adequado para visualizar as raízes de T1, as divisões anterior e posterior e consegue avaliar de forma parcial e limitada as raízes de C8, tronco inferior e as cordas medial, lateral e posterior do plexo braquial nos espaços costoclavicular e retropeitoral menor / INTRODUCTION: The brachial plexus is a network of neural structures responsible for sensory and motor innervation of the upper limb. The imaging methods are of fundamental importance for diagnostic reasons both in location and in the characterization of the lesion affecting the brachial plexus. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of effectiveness of the ultrasound examination in view of the segments of brachial plexus and assess the value of the method compared to MRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective study of comparison between US and MRI, studying the anatomy of the right and left sides of brachial plexus in 20 volunteers, totaling 40 plexuses. The exams were performed in the Institute of Radiology - Hospital das Clínicas University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP). The study group consisted of 10 men and 10 women, aged 33-68 years (median = 42.5 years, mean = 47.2 years). The U.S. study was performed using a multifrequency linear transducer (13-5 MHz) and MRI equipment in high magnetic field (1.5 T) using a surface coil. The brachial plexus was divided into segments to estimate the frequency of visualization and comparison with MRI: 1) foramen (nerve roots), 2) interscalene space (junction of the nerve roots to the formation of the trunks) 3) costoclavicular space, corresponding to supra and infra-clavicular (trunks and anterior and posterior divisions, cords), 4) retropectoralis minor space (cords). RESULTS: The cervical roots along with the superior and middle trunks were the structures that showed better visualization degree by the US. On MRI, most structures, except for the anterior and posterior divisions of plexus, showed excellent visualization degree. In the analysis of equivalence between the US and MRI of the cervical roots C6, C7 and bilateral upper and middle trunk showed equivalent degree of visualization. In other segments there was equivalence in view among observers, always towards lower viewing by the observer from the US. CONCLUSION: US can effectively assess the proximal segment of the brachial plexus comprising outlet cervical roots C5, C6 and C7, as well as the upper and middle trunk in the lateral neck and partial and limited visualization of other brachial plexus segments in the costo-clavicular and retropectoralis minor spaces