This study attempts to understand prostitution from their definition of the situation. It differs in its method from other studies on prostitution in that the investigation was based on the prostitutes' own perspectives as interpreted by the researcher using the interpretative epistemological tradition. A comparative analysis of prostitution in two economically stable African Countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana was made. This study investigated society's perception of prostitutes and how it impacts upon their empowerment and emancipation as vulnerable members of the society and their participation in prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection including HIV/AIDS. Also the role of governments and individuals in creating and sustaining prostitution, an extensive insight to the modus operandi of prostitution and suggestions on how best to address prostitution in society, were discussed. A triangulated methodology of three hundred and twenty five sexworkers (325) that includes a quantitative study of two hundred and five sex workers complimented with a qualitative study of one hundred and twenty sex workers participating in focus group discussion and case studies informed the study. The findings of the research suggest that in the prostitutes' own definition of the situation; prostitutes contribute to the maintenance of societal equilibrium, the society creates and sustains prostitution. Economic need rather than lack of morals creates prostitutes and their situation of vulnerability as women is being reinforced by their status as prostitutes. Violence from partners that includes the police and the inability to reprimand their clients, are some hazards of prostitution and these result in their mobility and creates a challenge in adequately addressing the issue of prostitution in society, including their limited participation in the control of STDs. Respondents in Botswana had a very good knowledge of STI's /HIV/AIDS and had no difficulties in going to hospital in the event of any STD's as compared with Nigerian respondents. The Nigerian respondents' indulged in self-medication with antibiotics and traditional herbs mixed in local gin before and after a sexual act, rather than go to hospitals. The research findings should assist the government and international community's policies and programmes aimed at addressing prostitution and STDs/HIV/AIDS. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Sociology)

Lee Wai-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [235-238]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Literature Review / Methodology / Fieldsite Specification / Chapter 2 --- The Working Career/Moral Career of Ten Street Sex Workers --- p.40 / How Much Sadness/Humiliation have You Prepared for? / Careers / Implications / Chapter 3 --- Street Attraction: A General Portrait of the Work --- p.67 / Chapter 4 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Business"" On Work, Body, Sexuality and Clients" --- p.82 / Clients / Clients: in the Eyes of the Sex Workers / Their Pleasure is Your Business? / Chapter 5 --- """Their Pleasure is Your Felicity"" On Louh-Gung and Boyfriends" --- p.106 / Some Important Themes / Their Pleasure is Your Felicity? / Chapter 6 --- Street Order: Legal and Illegal Forces --- p.129 / Legal Force / Illegal Force / Co-management of Street Business by Legal and Illegal Forces / Their Pleasure is Your Safety? / Chapter 7 --- The Indecent Need: Taking Drugs --- p.161 / Non-users' Description / Users' Description / Themes Underlying these Descriptions / Chapter 8 --- "Other Social Networks On Parents, Siblings, Children, Friends and Colleagues" --- p.177 / "Parents, Siblings and Children" / Friends and Colleagues / Implications / Chapter 9 --- Happiness: Who is Qualified? A Reflexive Discussion of Our Standardized Felicity --- p.201 / "On the Margin, In the Mainstream" / The Process of Marginalization in the / Street / Standardized Happiness / "Towards a Broader Meaning of ""Happiness""" / Bibliography --- p.235

嚴潔心. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 135-140). / 附中英文摘要. / Yan Jiexin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 135-140). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 感謝辭 / Abstract / 論文提要 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1-8 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究動機 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 硏究問題 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究方法 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- 硏究局限 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- 論文結構 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9-28 / Chapter 2.1 --- 越軌工作作爲工作 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- 性工作被定義爲越軌行爲 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 法律層面的定義過程 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 社會層面的定義過程 --- p.15 / Chapter -- --- 本港少數關於性工作的調查/硏究 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- 關於性工作之女性主義論述 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 自由主義女性主義：性工作作爲女性自主的選擇 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 基進女性主義：性工作作爲父權系統對女性的(性）剝削 --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- 小結 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章 --- 街頭性工作的工作生態 --- p.29-54 / Chapter 3.1 --- 關於香港性工作 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- 關於街頭性工作 --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 社區環境 --- p.32 / Chapter -- --- 本地街頭性工作者的兩個社群 --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 街頭性工作者的工作狀況 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 組織結構 --- p.36 / Chapter -- --- 與賓館的合作形式 --- p.37 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點/時間的穩定性 --- p.38 / Chapter -- --- 服務收費的穩定性 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 職業性的規範和禁忌 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 工作地點、服務種類及收費 --- p.42 / Chapter -- --- 懲罰機制 --- p.43 / Chapter -- --- 安全性行爲 --- p.45 / Chapter -- --- 「開鐘」 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- 影響業務的因素 --- p.50 / Chapter -- --- 賽馬 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 節日 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 天氣 --- p.51 / Chapter -- --- 經濟市道 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- 小結 --- p.53 / Chapter 第四章 --- 街頭性工作中的社會關係與工作文化 --- p.55-98 / Chapter 4.1 --- 賓館主持人 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 經營及管理 --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 提供保護及有關資訊 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 社教化 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 排解街頭性工作者之間的糾紛 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- 其它街頭性工作者 --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 合作 --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 競爭 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 外來的街頭性工作者 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 抽離自己、劃分它者月 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 難得的友誼 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 幗紅與結蘭 --- p.72 / Chapter -- --- 慧中和依韻 --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- 顧客 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 「抽離」的工作文化下之工作策略 --- p.77 / Chapter -- --- 保持與顧客的距離 --- p.78 / Chapter -- --- 性行爲中的防禦機制 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 反抗與還擊 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 傳授顧客有關技巧與知識 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 職業安全 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- 高利貸 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- 警方 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- 被捕的危險：查牌與「放蛇」 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- 面對警員：給面子的遊戲 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- 掃黃行動：有行動無政策 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- 公眾 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- 小結 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五章 --- 街頭工作者的職業生涯 --- p.99-108 / Chapter 5.1 --- 進入街頭性工作 --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- 工作中的學習及適應過程 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- 對街頭性工作的評價 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 能見度(visibility)與角色含混 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 警方騷擾 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 收入 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 省卻情感勞動 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- 工作上的自主性 --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- 小結 --- p.108 / Chapter 第六章 --- 性別身份與職業角色 --- p.109-127 / Chapter 6.1 --- 劃分兩個世界 --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- 區分兩種性行爲 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3 --- 強調「一對一伴侶關係」 --- p.118 / Chapter 6.4 --- 以伴侶/子女作爲生活計劃的基礎 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.126 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.127-130 / 後記 --- p.131-134 / 參考書目 --- p.135-140 / 英文部份 --- p.135 / 中文部份 --- p.140

Background AIDS as a burden to all over the world caused serious problems in some developing regions by threatening health of the population and stability of the society, especially in cross-border areas that have a complex crowd with many migrants. The HIV/AIDS situation of cross-border FSWs in China-Burma border region is not comprehensively known so far. Only have a clearly understanding of their circumstances, can health workers provide target health services for them. Objectives In view of the increasing HIV epidemic in China-Burma border areas in the past several years, this study tries to understand the HIV prevalence among two groups of cross-border FSWs; further describe socio-demographic characteristics in each group; identify risk behaviours related to consistent condom use; interpret HIV risk factors that contribute to HIV infection in each group of FSWs; describe health services currently being provided and particular health services needs of these FSWs. Methods This cross-sectional research design comprises two parts. Part one is a questionnaire based face-to-face interview to obtain self-reported information. A total of 142 cross-border FSWs were recruited from Ruili City, China (Burmese FSWs) and Laukkai City, Burma (Chinese FSWs). Convenience sampling method was used. Risk factors that mutually adjusted were analysed in two logistic regression models regarding condom use and HIV infection in each group and odds ratios (ORs) were obtained with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Part two of this study is voluntary venous blood drawing and testing for HIV infection. 136 cross-border FSWs [6 of part one (questionnaire interview) participants refused] attended part two study. Results In general, Burmese cross-border FSWs tended to be older, lower educated and married and had higher HIV prevalence (18.8%) compared with Chinese women (5%). Frequency of condom use with the paying clients was higher than with the regular partners in both groups. After adjustment, drug users had statistically significant OR of 6.89 (95% CI: 1.12 to 42.38) for condom use frequency in last sex behaviour compare to non-users in Burmese FSWs; based on Chinese FSWs’ condom use model, the more paying clients, the higher frequency of condom use they had (OR: 0.63 with 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.9). Age (year of birth) had a significant impact with two opposite direction on HIV infection in both Burmese group and the whole study population: positively relate to HIV infection in Burmese model (OR: 1.20 with 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.41); nevertheless, when Chinese ones were added, year of birth negatively related to HIV infection with OR of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96). Generally, Burmese women had proportionally higher health services acceptance proportion to Chinese women. “HIV/AIDS awareness” and “HIV counselling and testing” were the most widely provided services in Burmese and Chinese group, respectively, and “free condom distribution” was the most needed health services of both cross-border FSWs. Conclusion This study provides better understanding about cross-border FSWs working in China-Burma border areas in which little information about their demographics, HIV infection, and high-risk behaviour has been known. From public health perspective, development and implementation of public health interventions and policies can get inspiration and support from this study. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-90).

This study attempts to understand prostitution from their definition of the situation. It differs in its method from other studies on prostitution in that the investigation was based on the prostitutes' own perspectives as interpreted by the researcher using the interpretative epistemological tradition. A comparative analysis of prostitution in two economically stable African Countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana was made. This study investigated society's perception of prostitutes and how it impacts upon their empowerment and emancipation as vulnerable members of the society and their participation in prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection including HIV/AIDS. Also the role of governments and individuals in creating and sustaining prostitution, an extensive insight to the modus operandi of prostitution and suggestions on how best to address prostitution in society, were discussed. A triangulated methodology of three hundred and twenty five sexworkers (325) that includes a quantitative study of two hundred and five sex workers complimented with a qualitative study of one hundred and twenty sex workers participating in focus group discussion and case studies informed the study. The findings of the research suggest that in the prostitutes' own definition of the situation; prostitutes contribute to the maintenance of societal equilibrium, the society creates and sustains prostitution. Economic need rather than lack of morals creates prostitutes and their situation of vulnerability as women is being reinforced by their status as prostitutes. Violence from partners that includes the police and the inability to reprimand their clients, are some hazards of prostitution and these result in their mobility and creates a challenge in adequately addressing the issue of prostitution in society, including their limited participation in the control of STDs. Respondents in Botswana had a very good knowledge of STI's /HIV/AIDS and had no difficulties in going to hospital in the event of any STD's as compared with Nigerian respondents. The Nigerian respondents' indulged in self-medication with antibiotics and traditional herbs mixed in local gin before and after a sexual act, rather than go to hospitals. The research findings should assist the government and international community's policies and programmes aimed at addressing prostitution and STDs/HIV/AIDS. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Sociology)

Studies on prostitution have typically focused on the experiences, problems, and histories of prostitutes, rather than examining men who seek to purchase sex. Race has also been overlooked as a central factor in shaping the sex industry and the motivations of men who seek to purchase sex. This study utilizes online reviews of prostitutes to examine the way men who purchase sex discuss Asian prostitutes in comparison to White prostitutes. This paper traces the history of colonialism and ideas of the exotic Orient to modern stereotypes of Asian women. These stereotypes are then used to frame a quantitative and qualitative analysis of online reviews of prostitutes and compare the ways in which Asian prostitutes and white prostitutes are discussed. Further, the reviews are used to examine more broadly what services, traits, and behaviors are considered desirable by men who use prostitutes. The study finds that there are significant quantitative and qualitative differences in how men discuss Asian and White prostitutes within their reviews, and that these differences appear to be shaped by racially fetishizing stereotypes of Asian women. Prostitution also appears to reinforce male dominance and patriarchy in the form of masculine control and the feminine servicing of male sexual and emotional needs.

Twenty women linked with the sex trade in Edmonton, Canada went missing or were murdered between 2001 and 2008. In this study, I use Foucauldian and feminist theories, via discourse analysis, to examine the ways that Edmonton’s newspapers (re)present these murders. My findings show that the newspapers’ discourse deviantises these women, thereby minimising the tragedy of their disappearances and deaths. This deviantisation is deployed in three ways; by framing sex trade workers as criminally, medically, and morally deviant. Criminal deviance places sex trade workers firmly on the ‘wrong’ side of the law, making them undeserving of police protection; medical deviance implies that only women who are mentally ill in some way would take part in the sex trade, and, simultaneously, hyperbolises the role of sex workers in the spread of venereal diseases. Finally, discourses of moral deviance place sex workers on the ‘wrong’ side of morality and femininity. iv / ix, 126 leaves ; 29 cm

MPH / Department of Public Health / The exchange of money or gifts for sexual relationships, also called transactional sex, is considered a sexual risk behaviour worldwide and continues to pose sexually-transmitted infections,unwanted pregnancies risks and other health complications among people engaging in these type of relationships. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex and its effects on health at the University of Venda. The study utilized a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design to understand the perceptions of students regarding transactional sex. The target populations of the study were registered students at the University of Venda. Purposive technique was used to recruit 18 participants. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed using using Tesch’s thematic analysis. The study concluded that students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex as a material-based relationship, prostutition, immoral behaviour and abusive relationship.Students perceived socio-economic status, social classes, behavioural aspects and peer pressure to be the driving factors pushing students to engage in transactional sex. Transactional sex is common among the University community and has far-reaching public health as well as social consequences. Students at the University of Venda perceive transactional sex an a bad behavior. This calls for the University to ensure that there are enough extra-mural activities for students to engage in,which could generate some pocket money, awarenesses and educate student not to engage in transactional sex and also provide health talks through printing of pamplets communicating massages against this practie.

Cheng, Man Chuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-134). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Emotion --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- HIV/AIDS and STI --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Violence --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.111 / Bibliography --- p.117 / list of tables / Table 1: Socio -demographic characteristics of FSWs --- p.40 / "Table 2: Clients' typology, their descriptions, and FSWs' preference" --- p.87