A total of 425 questionnaire-based interviews and 15 in-depth interviews with FSWs in Nepal including non-participant observation in the field were conducted in 2006. The age range of the FSWs participated was 15-46 years.  FSWs (30.8%) reported having had STI symptoms in presences 12 month.  The quantitative findings suggested that many reported having used condoms during their last sexual intercourse, but in-depth interviews suggested the opposite.  One fifth (21%) had never visited health facilities.  Of those who visited, 149 (50.3%) turned to a private clinic and pharmacy; 181 (61.1%) used Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) clinics, 79 (26.6%) resorted to care in hospital and 30 (10.1%) treated themselves.  The remainder 85 (28.7%) were found to seek help from primary health care centre, health posts, family planning clinic or other health institutions for treatment.  The behaviour theories and models used in this study (i.e. health belief model, theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour) partly explain the decisions of FSW on use and non-use of available health services.  The study identified that lack of confidentiality and privacy created distrust among FSWs and stopped them from accessing health services.  Embarrassment, disregard by health care providers and poor communication with them, long waiting time and fear of exposure as a sex worker were major barriers to seeking health services. It is therefore necessary to provide specific training to service providers in all types of health care institutions in order to promote confidential and quality health services.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NIVIA CHAVES RIBEIRO.pdf: 1361986 bytes, checksum: b6520d710f8dd60afd7412cac00fd0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / A case study of descriptive and exploratory was conducted aiming to investigate the meanings attributed to work and the experience of prostitutes living in nightclubs in relation to their work in the light of the psychodynamics of work. The specific objectives of the research were: to investigate the meanings that the prostitutes who live in nightclubs attach to their work, investigate and analyze the organization of work of prostitutes who live in nightclubs, investigate and analyze the working conditions of prostitutes living in nightclubs, investigate and analyze the working relations of prostitutes living in nightclubs; investigate aspects that trigger experiences of pleasure and suffering in prostitutes who live in nightclubs, raise and describe the coping strategies, individual and collective, that prostitutes residing in nightclubs develop to deal with suffering at their work. The participants were chosen considering the inclusion criteria as: female, over 18 year olds, profession as prostitutes who live and work in a nightclub. Obeying these criteria, 15 women were interviewed between 18 and 35 years, with educational level ranging from completed elementary school and incomplete college. To collect the data the documentary analysis techniques and individuals semi-structured interviews were used and for data processing the technique of Graphical Analysis of the Discourse. During data analysis it was revealed that the company studied, like any other, has positive and negative aspects in the management of the organization and subjectivity of the worker. As to the organization of work this is presented in a rigid way, making it impossible to balance the needs of the participants with the demands of work, highlighting the enforcing of a rhythm that neglects the welfare of workers. The time available for the activities of rest and relaxation are also not enough for them. The speech of the interviewees shows that the organization offers good food, but is weak in accommodation and in its physical structure, including reports of compromised health problems due to noise, smoke and drink. In working relations the process is satisfactory with colleagues and customers, however conflicting with management, triggering factor of suffering experiences once the control and hierarchical imposition prevails on the workers. Nowadays the working relations guide a demanding human being who seeks for his wellbeing to better share the social welfare as an actor and not just a spectator. For the prostitutes, the experiences of pleasure sustained by the recognition between them some customers, the possibility of fulfilling the dream of "out of this life, to help the family, and to go back to school, made up for the experiences of suffering coming from homesickness , tiredness and natural wear of "evenings", and society discrimination. / Realizou-se um estudo de caso de caráter descritivo e exploratório, com o objetivo de investigar os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho e as vivências das prostitutas que residem em casas noturnas em relação ao seu trabalho, à luz da psicodinâmica do trabalho. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa consistiram em: investigar os sentidos que as prostitutas que residem em casa noturnas atribuem ao seu trabalho; investigar e analisar a organização, condições e relações de trabalho dessas prostitutas; investigar aspectos que desencadeiam vivências de prazer e sofrimento; levantar e descrever as estratégias de enfrentamento, individuais e coletivas, que as prostitutas desenvolvem para lidar com o sofrimento em seu trabalho. As participantes foram escolhidas considerando-se os critérios de inclusão como sendo: sexo feminino, maiores de 18 anos, profissão prostituta e que residissem e trabalhassem em uma casa noturna. Obedecendo a estes critérios, foram entrevistadas 15 mulheres entre 18 e 35 anos, com grau de escolaridade variando entre 1º grau completo e superior incompleto. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas as técnicas da análise documental e entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas e para o tratamento dos dados a técnica de Análise Gráfica do Discurso. No transcorrer da análise dos dados foi constatado que a organização pesquisada, a exemplo de qualquer outra, apresenta aspectos positivos e negativos na gestão da organização e subjetivação do trabalhador. Quanto à organização do trabalho, esta apresenta-se de forma rígida, impossibilitando a conciliação das necessidades das participantes com suas exigências, evidenciando o caráter impositivo de um ritmo que negligencia o bem-estar das trabalhadoras. O tempo disponível para as atividades de descanso e lazer também não lhes é suficiente. O discurso das entrevistadas mostra que a organização oferece boa alimentação, mas deixa a desejar nas acomodações e na estrutura física, inclusive com relatos de comprometimento da saúde em função de poluição sonora, cigarro e bebida. Nas relações de trabalho, o processo é satisfatório com as colegas e clientes, no entanto conflituoso com a gerência, fator desencadeante de vivências de sofrimento, uma vez que prevalece o controle e imposição hierárquica sobre as trabalhadoras. Atualmente, as relações de trabalho pautam-se na exigência de um ser humano que busca seu bem-estar para melhor partilhar do bem-estar social como ator e não apenas como espectador. Para as prostitutas, as vivências de prazer sustentadas pelo reconhecimento entre elas e alguns clientes, a possibilidade de realizar o sonho de "sair dessa vida", de ajudar a família e voltar a estudar, compensavam as vivências de sofrimento advindas da "saudade de casa", o cansaço e desgaste natural das "noitadas", além da discriminação e preconceito da sociedade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NIVIA CHAVES RIBEIRO.pdf: 1361986 bytes, checksum: b6520d710f8dd60afd7412cac00fd0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / A case study of descriptive and exploratory was conducted aiming to investigate the meanings attributed to work and the experience of prostitutes living in nightclubs in relation to their work in the light of the psychodynamics of work. The specific objectives of the research were: to investigate the meanings that the prostitutes who live in nightclubs attach to their work, investigate and analyze the organization of work of prostitutes who live in nightclubs, investigate and analyze the working conditions of prostitutes living in nightclubs, investigate and analyze the working relations of prostitutes living in nightclubs; investigate aspects that trigger experiences of pleasure and suffering in prostitutes who live in nightclubs, raise and describe the coping strategies, individual and collective, that prostitutes residing in nightclubs develop to deal with suffering at their work. The participants were chosen considering the inclusion criteria as: female, over 18 year olds, profession as prostitutes who live and work in a nightclub. Obeying these criteria, 15 women were interviewed between 18 and 35 years, with educational level ranging from completed elementary school and incomplete college. To collect the data the documentary analysis techniques and individuals semi-structured interviews were used and for data processing the technique of Graphical Analysis of the Discourse. During data analysis it was revealed that the company studied, like any other, has positive and negative aspects in the management of the organization and subjectivity of the worker. As to the organization of work this is presented in a rigid way, making it impossible to balance the needs of the participants with the demands of work, highlighting the enforcing of a rhythm that neglects the welfare of workers. The time available for the activities of rest and relaxation are also not enough for them. The speech of the interviewees shows that the organization offers good food, but is weak in accommodation and in its physical structure, including reports of compromised health problems due to noise, smoke and drink. In working relations the process is satisfactory with colleagues and customers, however conflicting with management, triggering factor of suffering experiences once the control and hierarchical imposition prevails on the workers. Nowadays the working relations guide a demanding human being who seeks for his wellbeing to better share the social welfare as an actor and not just a spectator. For the prostitutes, the experiences of pleasure sustained by the recognition between them some customers, the possibility of fulfilling the dream of "out of this life, to help the family, and to go back to school, made up for the experiences of suffering coming from homesickness , tiredness and natural wear of "evenings", and society discrimination. / Realizou-se um estudo de caso de caráter descritivo e exploratório, com o objetivo de investigar os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho e as vivências das prostitutas que residem em casas noturnas em relação ao seu trabalho, à luz da psicodinâmica do trabalho. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa consistiram em: investigar os sentidos que as prostitutas que residem em casa noturnas atribuem ao seu trabalho; investigar e analisar a organização, condições e relações de trabalho dessas prostitutas; investigar aspectos que desencadeiam vivências de prazer e sofrimento; levantar e descrever as estratégias de enfrentamento, individuais e coletivas, que as prostitutas desenvolvem para lidar com o sofrimento em seu trabalho. As participantes foram escolhidas considerando-se os critérios de inclusão como sendo: sexo feminino, maiores de 18 anos, profissão prostituta e que residissem e trabalhassem em uma casa noturna. Obedecendo a estes critérios, foram entrevistadas 15 mulheres entre 18 e 35 anos, com grau de escolaridade variando entre 1º grau completo e superior incompleto. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas as técnicas da análise documental e entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas e para o tratamento dos dados a técnica de Análise Gráfica do Discurso. No transcorrer da análise dos dados foi constatado que a organização pesquisada, a exemplo de qualquer outra, apresenta aspectos positivos e negativos na gestão da organização e subjetivação do trabalhador. Quanto à organização do trabalho, esta apresenta-se de forma rígida, impossibilitando a conciliação das necessidades das participantes com suas exigências, evidenciando o caráter impositivo de um ritmo que negligencia o bem-estar das trabalhadoras. O tempo disponível para as atividades de descanso e lazer também não lhes é suficiente. O discurso das entrevistadas mostra que a organização oferece boa alimentação, mas deixa a desejar nas acomodações e na estrutura física, inclusive com relatos de comprometimento da saúde em função de poluição sonora, cigarro e bebida. Nas relações de trabalho, o processo é satisfatório com as colegas e clientes, no entanto conflituoso com a gerência, fator desencadeante de vivências de sofrimento, uma vez que prevalece o controle e imposição hierárquica sobre as trabalhadoras. Atualmente, as relações de trabalho pautam-se na exigência de um ser humano que busca seu bem-estar para melhor partilhar do bem-estar social como ator e não apenas como espectador. Para as prostitutas, as vivências de prazer sustentadas pelo reconhecimento entre elas e alguns clientes, a possibilidade de realizar o sonho de "sair dessa vida", de ajudar a família e voltar a estudar, compensavam as vivências de sofrimento advindas da "saudade de casa", o cansaço e desgaste natural das "noitadas", além da discriminação e preconceito da sociedade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Ribeiro de Castro.pdf: 7305584 bytes, checksum: 222d07677886b78dddb9ea0c78cb0423 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / The study that I present it argues the tactics of survival adopted by the slaves and the prostitutes who had inhabited in the urban spaces of the Court of Rio de Janeiro, in the understood period enters 1845 the 1890. Some of these tactics are underlying in the theses of the College of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, defended in century XIX. As objective generality, the study it proposes to evaluate main social determinatives of century XIX that they justify the tactics of resistance adopted by the slaves and the resident prostitutes in the urban spaces of the Court of Rio de Janeiro. Moreover, it is investigated from the studies of Foucault (1972), the genealogy of the present power in the medical speeches - theses and projects -, that they deal with the ways of being and constituting slaves and prostitutes in the urban spaces of the Court of Rio de Janeiro, enters the years of 1845 the 1890. The investigated questions are: 1) How the tactics of resistance adopted by the slaves and the prostitutes opened breaches for new forms of life of these women? 2) The medical prescriptions of hygienical norms for slaves and prostitutes occurred in result of the imperial elite to need more salubrious a public and private service, or because some doctors were vain of the necessity of if extending doctor-hygienical cares e, later, sanitary to all the inhabitants of the urban areas of the Court, independently of the sex and the social condition? The interstice between years 1845-1890 was chosen by identifying here the sprouting of the first curricular reforms of the Colleges of Medicine of Brazil - FMRJ and FMBA, first doctors formed in ground Brazilian, beyond the ascension and of the decline of the social organization, economic politics and of the Imperial State. The studies of Possenti (2008) and, mainly, of Certeau (2008) evidence tactics and ways of survival adopted by the slaves and prostitutes capable to confer to these women the condition of historical citizens. The results of this thesis indicate that the subjectivities present in the works, practical of leisure, the sexual relation, the types of clothes, the places of housing, feeding and in the forms of contraction of unions have been primordial so that these women occupied spaces and developed tasks until then understood as exclusive for the masculine sex. This way, such tactics had contributed of some form so that some slaves and prostitutes became responsible direct for its proper sustenance, as well as the one of its familiar ones / O estudo que ora apresento discute as táticas de sobrevivência adotadas pelas escravas e pelas prostitutas que residiram nos espaços urbanos da Corte do Rio de Janeiro, no período compreendido entre 1845 a 1890. Algumas dessas táticas estão subjacentes nas teses da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, defendidas no século XIX. Como objetivo geral, o estudo propõe avaliar os principais determinantes sociais do século XIX que justificam as táticas de resistência adotadas pelas escravas e pelas prostitutas residentes nos espaços urbanos da Corte do Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, investiga-se a partir dos estudos de Foucault (1972), a genealogia do poder presente nos discursos médicos - teses e projetos -, que tratam dos modos de ser e constituírem escravas e prostitutas nos espaços urbanos da Corte do Rio de Janeiro, entre os anos de 1845 a 1890. As questões investigadas são: 1) De que maneira as táticas de resistência adotadas pelas escravas e pelas prostitutas abriam brechas para novas formas de vida dessas mulheres? 2) As prescrições médicas de normas higiênicas para escravas e prostitutas ocorriam em decorrência de a elite imperial necessitar de um serviço público e privado mais salubre, ou porque alguns médicos estavam convencidos da necessidade de se estenderem os cuidados médicos-higiênicos e, posteriormente, sanitários a todos os moradores das áreas urbanas da Corte, independentemente do sexo e da condição social? O interstício entre os anos 1845-1890 foi escolhido por identificar aqui o surgimento das primeiras reformas curriculares das Faculdades de Medicina do Brasil - FMRJ e FMBA, primeiros médicos formados em solo Brasileiro, além da ascensão e do declínio da organização social, política e econômica do Estado Imperial. Os estudos de Possenti (2008) e, principalmente, de Certeau (2008) evidenciam táticas e modos de sobrevivência adotados pelas escravas e prostitutas capazes de conferir a essas mulheres a condição de sujeitos históricos. Os resultados desta tese indicam que as subjetividades presentes nos trabalhos, nas práticas de lazer, na relação sexual, nos tipos de vestimentas, locais de moradia, alimentação e nas formas de contração de uniões tenham sido primordiais para que essas mulheres ocupassem espaços e desenvolvessem tarefas até então entendidas como exclusivas para o sexo masculino. Outrossim, tais táticas contribuíram de alguma forma para que algumas escravas e prostitutas tornassem responsáveis diretas pelo seu próprio sustento, bem como o de seus familiares

Brazil was once a model country in terms of government support for sex worker rights organizations and its solidarity based approach to HIV prevention. In the early 2010s, however, political setbacks in these areas raised important questions regarding the limits of state sanctioned activism. Using the extended case method approach, I conducted an ethnography of sex worker activism and the complex bureaucratic field in which this advocacy took place. I explored the following questions: What motivates the state to defend sex workers in some contexts and not in others? Why and how do sex worker organizations attract or deflect the state’s attention? What are the most effective and sustainable forms of activism? What can be learned about state and civil society relationships more broadly through the lens of Brazil’s sex worker movement? I conducted field work over a thirty-six month period from November 2011 through October 2014 in three Brazilian cities: Corumbá, Belém and Rio de Janeiro. Research included archival research, participant observation, twenty-one life histories with activists at three sex worker rights organizations and forty-four in-depth interviews with members of government, social service agencies, NGOs, and security officials (i.e. police) who regularly interacted with sex workers. My results suggest that the difficulties sex worker activists faced are related to a broader pattern of how the Brazilian state has historically structured its relationship to prostitution. I argue that state action and inaction in prostitution contexts is purposefully ambiguous and flexible. This allows state actors, through their diverse and non-unified mechanisms, the autonomy to shape the inclusion/exclusion of sex workers into government policies and programs that align with current sexuality politics and neoliberal agendas. I conclude that sex worker activists produced new meanings of prostitution and activism through what I term “puta politics.” By using the body and cultural forms as sites of resistance, they celebrated and made visible what is commonly perceived of as transgressive and/or immoral. In doing so, sex worker activists challenged gender and sexuality norms and disrupted hierarchies and divisions between institutional structures and the street. Such activism permitted several of the organizations at the center of my research to survive, though not unscathed, the deleterious effects of institutionalization and bureaucratization.

Prostitutes have played a significant role in society and literature for many centuries, both as subjects of irresistible desire and repentant shame. Although prostitution plays a role in patriarchy, female prostitutes have often defied the conventions of patriarchal society by supporting themselves outside marriage, outside the reign of religious conviction and, more recently, by seeking to continue their professional work with legal sanction. Other groups of women, such as those active in civic reform interests, have yearned for the reformation of prostitute behaviors, powerfully countering the cry from those who support prostitution and call for their legal right to pursue their profession. As a literary theme, prostitution makes a remarkably consistent showing throughout time, but it was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that the prostitute as a character was portrayed in such a way as to allow prevailing assumptions to disperse. This study discusses the representations of prostitutes in two novels by American authors, Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser, as read through the lens of social science literature existing during the authors' lives. The social science literature noted here spans most of the nineteenth century and was known to maintain a high degree of influence over social scientists of the time. The novels cover a period stretching from 1893 (with the first publication of Maggie) to 1907 (with the second publication of Sister Carrie). This study explores how each author's portrayal of the prostitute character corresponds with the stereotypical assumptions of the day and how the representations differ from those stereotypes. The study also examines portraits taken of the Storyville Prostitutes by a commercial photographer in New Orleans, E. J. Bellocq, in order to exemplify the visual aspects and constructions of prostitution. Due in part to the principles of scientific determinism that influenced writers like Crane and Dreiser, the prostitute was observed and portrayed through a lens presumed to filter out subjective convictions which had so long colored the prostitute in a reddish light. By analyzing three forms of representation--the photograph, the sociological report, and the novel--my thesis shows that accepted ideologies were beginning to change with respect to the ways people viewed prostitutes.

The aim of this thesis is to explain the identity narratives of three different Colombian ‘girl handlers’ in Hong Kong and how these form a nexus to a wider context of human trafficking and organised crime. This investigation takes form in the analysis of their impression management utilising the concepts of front-stage, back-stage, facework, techniques of neutralisation they utilise to justify their behaviour, and their links to organised crime syndicates operating both within and outside of Hong Kong. I also look at the way in which they go about doing their business of ‘girl handling’ in practice. The research was conducted to gain a better understanding of this particular criminal subculture. The context of the aforementioned forms of analysis; and attempts to offer original insight into this criminal group. It is a relatively small operation functioning within the greater scheme of the sex trade and as such, most of the people involved in this trade were interviewed. This investigation was conducted through in-depth interviews of the Colombian ‘girl handlers’ and in-depth interviews with a priest who is familiar with this scene. In addition I have analysed both Colombian court documents which verify certain claims made by the research participants and documents released by the United Nations in relations to a particular case which will be mentioned in the third chapter of this thesis. The empirical findings of this research demonstrate that Colombian girl handlers have to manage different façades to operate in this trade and keep it secret from people they do not trust; this works both ways as they would lose credibility in both their legal and illegal jobs. Another finding is that they utilise various techniques of neutralisation to justify their behaviour and actions in the trade. The last finding illustrates that all three girl handlers have some ties to an organised crime syndicate (if they are not fully affiliated) as they would not be allowed to operate within this field without such connections. Those who do, conform to the ‘outer layers’ or ‘fringes’ of the Colombian cartels. The interviewees therefore could be defined as small cogs working in the “outer layers” of an international machine of crime syndicates far away from Hong Kong. This study therefore allows for the understanding of Colombian ‘girl handlers’ in different forms which make each unique in the way that he conducts his business. / published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

The works of William Shakespeare reflect the society in which he lived, and they can therefore be studied for the light they shed upon certain aspects of this society that may otherwise have been ignored or misrepresented by other surviving documents. This is especially true of prostitution. Women in this shifting English society were marginalized, and the prostitute occupied an especially precarious place since her profession identified her as an outsider, legally and morally. Surviving historical documents address the legality or morality of this institution, but fail to reveal how it was perceived by society as a whole. Shakespeare receives much praise for his keen observations of human behavior, so his plays can be seen as a type of historical document themselves. I am interested in how the characters of prostitutes function in his oeuvre and whether they uphold or subvert the attitudes implied by the other existing documents and scholarship on the topic.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Att arbeta med prostituerade kvinnor är en kvalitativ studie om hur arbetet med prostitution bedrivs och upplevs av socialarbetare. Studiens resultat bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem kvinnliga socialarbetare varav tre från prostitutionsenheten, som är den enda myndigheten i Sverige som arbetar med frågor som rör prostitution, och två från Rose Alliance som är en frivillig organisation som arbetar för sex- och erotikarbetares rättigheter i Sverige. Studiens syfte är även att jämföra om det finns likheter och/eller skillnader i yrkesutövningen beroende på om arbetet bedrivs från en myndighet eller frivillig organisation. I tolkningsramen presenteras olika stressteorier, lagrum och organisationsbeskrivningar som sedan används för att analysera studiens resultat. I studiens resultat framkommer det bland annat att respondenterna upplever sitt arbete som betydelsefullt men att olika typer av stress och dilemman kan förekomma. De slutsatser som framkommit i studien är bland annat att respondenterna på prostitutionsenheten upplever negativ stress i större utsträckning än de på Rose Alliance. En ytterligare slutsats är att det krävs mer resurser för både prostitutionsenheten och Rose Alliance för att förbättra upplevelsen av arbetet såväl som de insatser som erbjuds. / Working with women in prostitution is a qualitative study about how the work is conducted and experienced by social workers. Results of the study is based on semi structured interviews with five female social workers from whom three works at the unit of prostitution, which is the only authority in Sweden who works with questions concerning prostitution, and two from the voluntary organization Rose Alliance who works for sex workes rights in Sweden. The aim of this study is also to compare similarities or/and differences in the professional practice depending on whether the work is performed by social workers from an authority or a voluntary organization. In our interpretive are different theories about stress, sections of the law and organization descriptions presented which is used to analyze the study’s result. The study’s result reveals that the participants experience their work as important, although different kinds of stress and dilemmas are occurring. The conclusion of this study is for example that the participants from the unit of prostitution experience negative stress in greater extent than the participants from Rose Alliance. Another conclusion is that it requires more resources, for the unit of prostitution as well for Rose Alliance, to improve the experience and action that is being offered.