A criação de Unidades de Conservação pode ser considerada como uma das principais formas de se buscar a conservação da biodiversidade. A legislação brasileira institui dois grupos principais de unidades de conservação (UC): Proteção Integral e Uso Sustentável. Os Parques Nacionais e Estaduais fazem parte do primeiro grupo, no qual a presença de moradores no interior de Parques é proibida, embora a maioria das UC dessa categoria situadas no Bioma Mata Atlântica contava com ocupações anteriores à sua definição. De acordo com a legislação federal, os Parques devem ser de posse e domínio públicos, ou seja, as áreas particulares incluídas em seus limites devem ser desapropriadas. Populações específicas, culturalmente diferenciadas, e que possuem formas próprias de organização social, como os caiçaras e remanescentes de quilombos, entram neste cenário de maneira especial. Tais grupos ocupam e utilizam territórios e recursos naturais tradicionalmente, além de possuírem cultura, dinâmica social e formas de gestão do ambiente diferenciadas. Sendo assim, passa a ser necessário compreender como se dá a permanência dessas populações dentro das UC de proteção integral, enquanto ocorre a definição do futuro de tais comunidades. A partir das ações do poder público, pressupondo a existência de relação de causalidade para a emergência das controvérsias no território, analisamos os conflitos de uso do território e dos recursos naturais no bairro do Cambury, inserido dentro do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina. A apreensão das \"lógicas de ação\" dos atores e a investigação dos processos que os põem em relação, formando \"redes sócio-técnicas\", fundamentaram-se, respectivamente, em referenciais teóricos como as \"Economias de Grandeza\" e a \"Sociologia da Inovação\". Além disso, foi usado o conceito de resiliência sócio-ecológica de maneira a complementar a análise. Foi realizada uma avaliação ex-post das ações do poder público, baseada na metodologia contida no \"Petit guide de l\'évaluation des politiques publiques\", desenvolvido pelo \"Conseil Scientifique de L´Evaluation\" na França. Os resultados das análises quantitativas e qualitativas foram cruzados para a elaboração de um quadro temporal compreendendo os períodos a serem determinados, suas respectivas características, eventos marcantes, atuação dos atores-chave, atribuindo-lhes os fatores causais, como auxílio à compreensão da evolução organizacional da área de estudo. Os resultados primeiramente indicam a emergência de conflitos, provocados pelo poder público, e que inicialmente trouxeram desestabilização dos modos de vida tradicionais e inseriram outros atores no território, cujas lógicas de ação eram bastante distintas daquelas exibidas pelos moradores tradicionais. A gestão do território se deu de forma truncada, ora ocorrendo de forma impositiva, ora sendo feita a partir de acordos e negociações. A evolução organizacional da área de estudo aponta que o processo de definição do território tradicional vem se desenvolvendo por um longo tempo. A construção da Rodovia e a criação do PESM provocaram inúmeras modificações sobre o sistema social, econômico e político do lugar, e a formação do Quilombo e do PUT contribuíram para a mitigação dos conflitos e a construção de uma nova coletividade. As análises demonstram que as políticas participativas (Criação do Quilombo; e estabelecimento do Plano de Uso Tradicional) foram mais eficazes e pertinentes do que aquelas consideradas como \"verticais descendentes\", nas quais os sujeitos sociais foram pouco ou nada consultados (como por exemplo, a implantação da Rodovia BR-101 e a criação dos parques no local, especialmente o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar). Apesar de todas as dificuldades relatadas pelos atores entrevistados, em alguns momentos observados eles foram capazes de se organizar e convergir para cenas de concertação, a partir das traduções ocorridas dentro das redes sócio-técnicas. Isso significa que quanto mais eles conseguiram se organizar e dialogar, tanto mais eles avançaram na construção de acordos rumo à estabilização dos conflitos e a uma gestão integrada do território, de modo a buscar melhor qualidade de vida para os moradores, conciliada com a conservação do ambiente e dos aspectos culturais. / The establishment of protected areas (PAs) has been considered one of the main tools to achieve the conservation of biodiversity. The Brazilian legislation establishes two main groups of PAs: Whole Protection and Sustainable Use. The National and State Parks take part of the first group, in which the presence of inhabitants inside the PA is forbidden; however, this statement did not consider the fact that most of whole protection PAs situated within the Atlantic Rainforest Biome presented some kind of occupation in the date they were created. According to the federal legislation, Parks must be of public domain (e.g., private properties included within the PA domains must be expropriated and people relocated to other places). Specific populations, culturally differentiated, which have their own forms of social organization, as the \"caiçaras\" and the remaining inhabitants from the Quilombos, have a very unique participation in this scenario. Such groups occupy and use the land and the natural resources in a traditional way, presenting differentiated cultures, social dynamics and forms of managing the environment. Thus, it is necessary to comprehend how these populations remain within whole protection PAs, while their future is defined. Considering the actions from the Public Power and the existence of a causality relationship to the emergence of controversies in this territory, we analyzed the conflicts of use of land and natural resources in the Cambury district, which is inserted within the Serra do Mar State Park and the Serra da Bocaina National Park. The comprehension of the rationale of action of the actors and the investigation of the processes that put the actors in relationship, forming sociotechnical nets, were based on some theoretical referentials, as the \"Greatness Economies\" and the Innovation Sociology. Moreover, we used the concept of Socioecological Resilience, in order to complement the analysis. The actions emanated by the public power were also evaluated by the approach proposed in the \"Petit guide de l\'évaluation des politiques publiques\", which was developed by the \"Conseil Scientifique de L´Evaluation\" of France. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyzes were integrated to the elaboration of a temporal framework containing the relevant periods, with their main characteristics, remarkable events, role of key actors, attributing the causal factors to such elements, in order to search a comprehension of the organizational evolution of the study area. The results firstly indicated that the emergence of conflicts was mainly caused by the public power, which brought destabilization to the traditional ways of life and inserted new actors into the territory, which rationales of action were quite distinct from those exhibited by the traditional population. The land management occurred in a truncated way, sometimes by an imposing form, and sometimes being made from agreements and negotiation. The organizational evolution of the study area has been developing from a long time. The inauguration of a federal highway (BR-101) and the creation of the PAs caused several modifications in the social, economic and political local systems, whereas the definition of the Quilombo and the establishment of the Traditional Use Plan contributed to mitigate the conflicts and to the construction of a new collectivity. The analyzes showed that the participative policies (Quilombo Creation; establishment of the Traditional Use Plan) were more effective and pertinent than those considered as \"vertical descending\", in which the social subjects were low listened or even ignored (for example, the implementation of the BR-101 and the establishment of the State and National parks, especially the Serra do Mar State Park). Despite all difficulties that were reported by the interviewees, we found that in some moments they were capable of organizing themselves and converge to \"concertation\" scenes, from translations occurred within the sociotechnical net. The more the actors could get together, organized and dialogue, the more they advanced towards the construction of agreements to pacify the conflicts and effectively could make an integrated management in the area, in order to search better quality of life to the inhabitants, conciliated to the conservation of the environment and cultural aspects.

A criação de Unidades de Conservação pode ser considerada como uma das principais formas de se buscar a conservação da biodiversidade. A legislação brasileira institui dois grupos principais de unidades de conservação (UC): Proteção Integral e Uso Sustentável. Os Parques Nacionais e Estaduais fazem parte do primeiro grupo, no qual a presença de moradores no interior de Parques é proibida, embora a maioria das UC dessa categoria situadas no Bioma Mata Atlântica contava com ocupações anteriores à sua definição. De acordo com a legislação federal, os Parques devem ser de posse e domínio públicos, ou seja, as áreas particulares incluídas em seus limites devem ser desapropriadas. Populações específicas, culturalmente diferenciadas, e que possuem formas próprias de organização social, como os caiçaras e remanescentes de quilombos, entram neste cenário de maneira especial. Tais grupos ocupam e utilizam territórios e recursos naturais tradicionalmente, além de possuírem cultura, dinâmica social e formas de gestão do ambiente diferenciadas. Sendo assim, passa a ser necessário compreender como se dá a permanência dessas populações dentro das UC de proteção integral, enquanto ocorre a definição do futuro de tais comunidades. A partir das ações do poder público, pressupondo a existência de relação de causalidade para a emergência das controvérsias no território, analisamos os conflitos de uso do território e dos recursos naturais no bairro do Cambury, inserido dentro do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina. A apreensão das \"lógicas de ação\" dos atores e a investigação dos processos que os põem em relação, formando \"redes sócio-técnicas\", fundamentaram-se, respectivamente, em referenciais teóricos como as \"Economias de Grandeza\" e a \"Sociologia da Inovação\". Além disso, foi usado o conceito de resiliência sócio-ecológica de maneira a complementar a análise. Foi realizada uma avaliação ex-post das ações do poder público, baseada na metodologia contida no \"Petit guide de l\'évaluation des politiques publiques\", desenvolvido pelo \"Conseil Scientifique de L´Evaluation\" na França. Os resultados das análises quantitativas e qualitativas foram cruzados para a elaboração de um quadro temporal compreendendo os períodos a serem determinados, suas respectivas características, eventos marcantes, atuação dos atores-chave, atribuindo-lhes os fatores causais, como auxílio à compreensão da evolução organizacional da área de estudo. Os resultados primeiramente indicam a emergência de conflitos, provocados pelo poder público, e que inicialmente trouxeram desestabilização dos modos de vida tradicionais e inseriram outros atores no território, cujas lógicas de ação eram bastante distintas daquelas exibidas pelos moradores tradicionais. A gestão do território se deu de forma truncada, ora ocorrendo de forma impositiva, ora sendo feita a partir de acordos e negociações. A evolução organizacional da área de estudo aponta que o processo de definição do território tradicional vem se desenvolvendo por um longo tempo. A construção da Rodovia e a criação do PESM provocaram inúmeras modificações sobre o sistema social, econômico e político do lugar, e a formação do Quilombo e do PUT contribuíram para a mitigação dos conflitos e a construção de uma nova coletividade. As análises demonstram que as políticas participativas (Criação do Quilombo; e estabelecimento do Plano de Uso Tradicional) foram mais eficazes e pertinentes do que aquelas consideradas como \"verticais descendentes\", nas quais os sujeitos sociais foram pouco ou nada consultados (como por exemplo, a implantação da Rodovia BR-101 e a criação dos parques no local, especialmente o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar). Apesar de todas as dificuldades relatadas pelos atores entrevistados, em alguns momentos observados eles foram capazes de se organizar e convergir para cenas de concertação, a partir das traduções ocorridas dentro das redes sócio-técnicas. Isso significa que quanto mais eles conseguiram se organizar e dialogar, tanto mais eles avançaram na construção de acordos rumo à estabilização dos conflitos e a uma gestão integrada do território, de modo a buscar melhor qualidade de vida para os moradores, conciliada com a conservação do ambiente e dos aspectos culturais. / The establishment of protected areas (PAs) has been considered one of the main tools to achieve the conservation of biodiversity. The Brazilian legislation establishes two main groups of PAs: Whole Protection and Sustainable Use. The National and State Parks take part of the first group, in which the presence of inhabitants inside the PA is forbidden; however, this statement did not consider the fact that most of whole protection PAs situated within the Atlantic Rainforest Biome presented some kind of occupation in the date they were created. According to the federal legislation, Parks must be of public domain (e.g., private properties included within the PA domains must be expropriated and people relocated to other places). Specific populations, culturally differentiated, which have their own forms of social organization, as the \"caiçaras\" and the remaining inhabitants from the Quilombos, have a very unique participation in this scenario. Such groups occupy and use the land and the natural resources in a traditional way, presenting differentiated cultures, social dynamics and forms of managing the environment. Thus, it is necessary to comprehend how these populations remain within whole protection PAs, while their future is defined. Considering the actions from the Public Power and the existence of a causality relationship to the emergence of controversies in this territory, we analyzed the conflicts of use of land and natural resources in the Cambury district, which is inserted within the Serra do Mar State Park and the Serra da Bocaina National Park. The comprehension of the rationale of action of the actors and the investigation of the processes that put the actors in relationship, forming sociotechnical nets, were based on some theoretical referentials, as the \"Greatness Economies\" and the Innovation Sociology. Moreover, we used the concept of Socioecological Resilience, in order to complement the analysis. The actions emanated by the public power were also evaluated by the approach proposed in the \"Petit guide de l\'évaluation des politiques publiques\", which was developed by the \"Conseil Scientifique de L´Evaluation\" of France. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyzes were integrated to the elaboration of a temporal framework containing the relevant periods, with their main characteristics, remarkable events, role of key actors, attributing the causal factors to such elements, in order to search a comprehension of the organizational evolution of the study area. The results firstly indicated that the emergence of conflicts was mainly caused by the public power, which brought destabilization to the traditional ways of life and inserted new actors into the territory, which rationales of action were quite distinct from those exhibited by the traditional population. The land management occurred in a truncated way, sometimes by an imposing form, and sometimes being made from agreements and negotiation. The organizational evolution of the study area has been developing from a long time. The inauguration of a federal highway (BR-101) and the creation of the PAs caused several modifications in the social, economic and political local systems, whereas the definition of the Quilombo and the establishment of the Traditional Use Plan contributed to mitigate the conflicts and to the construction of a new collectivity. The analyzes showed that the participative policies (Quilombo Creation; establishment of the Traditional Use Plan) were more effective and pertinent than those considered as \"vertical descending\", in which the social subjects were low listened or even ignored (for example, the implementation of the BR-101 and the establishment of the State and National parks, especially the Serra do Mar State Park). Despite all difficulties that were reported by the interviewees, we found that in some moments they were capable of organizing themselves and converge to \"concertation\" scenes, from translations occurred within the sociotechnical net. The more the actors could get together, organized and dialogue, the more they advanced towards the construction of agreements to pacify the conflicts and effectively could make an integrated management in the area, in order to search better quality of life to the inhabitants, conciliated to the conservation of the environment and cultural aspects.

The Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus) fishery in Florida is closed during the spawning season (March-July) except for a two-day recreational `miniseason' for sport divers in July, several days prior to the opening of the commercial fishing season. In Monroe County, recreational fishers, who possess a valid Saltwater Fishing License with crawfish stamp, are allowed to harvest six lobsters per day, each with a minimum carapace length of 76.2 mm (3.0 inches). During these two days, approximately 50,000 people attempt to catch lobster, and the number of boats visiting the reef has been estimated to be up to 900 times higher than during the regular lobster season. I quantified incidences of benthic damage that occurred during the August 2011 miniseason, as well as substrate type and benthos affected. Study sites at Eastern, Western, and Middle Sambos, each characterized by spur and groove reefs, represented different levels of protection within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The Eastern Sambos is a research only area, the Western Sambos permits recreational SCUBA diving but does not allow harvest of marine resources, and the Middle Sambos allows both recreational diving and lobster harvesting. The "Impact Site", the Middle Sambos, allows lobster harvesting, and "Control Sites", The Eastern and Western Sambos, were off limits to lobster harvesting. All sites were assessed three times before and three times after the miniseason at four locations within each of the three reef areas. Research divers conducted 30-minute, random-swim surveys cataloging incidences and magnitudes of benthic damage and counting legal-sized Spiny Lobster observed on reefs. Data were collected and analyzed using analysis of variance following the `Before-After, Control-Impact, Paired-Series' (BACIPS) design. I found an increase in the incidences of benthic damage at the Impact sites in the three surveys conducted after the miniseason, while no significant change occurred in Control sites. This suggests that detectable benthic damage associated with lobstering activity occurred during the miniseason, at least partly as a consequence of diver impacts while searching for and capturing Spiny Lobster. In addition to SCUBA gear, divers typically also bring gloves, a three-foot (92 cm) tickle stick, a hand net, a lobster gauge, and a lobster bag, all of which make buoyancy control more challenging. By actively searching for and attempting to capture Spiny Lobster, which are cryptic and maintain close proximity to the reef, lobster-seeking divers damage the benthos at higher rates than divers engaged in non-consumptive recreational activities.

Le suivi des populations animales et végétales nous a amené à constater une perte importante de la diversité biologique. Les objectifs de la Convention sur la diversité biologique à atteindre pour 2010 sous-tendent la poursuite détaillée de ce suivi à l’échelle mondiale (CBD 2000). Cependant, il est difficile d’avoir une perception d’ensemble de la biodiversité d’un territoire, car les écosystèmes sont des entités dynamiques et évolutives, dans l’espace et dans le temps. Le choix d’un indicateur relevant de l’ensemble des ces caractéristiques devient donc primordial, bien qu’il s’agisse d’une tâche laborieuse. Ce projet propose d’utiliser la bioacoustique comme indicateur environnemental pour faire le suivi des espèces animales en milieu tropical. Afin de faire un suivi à une échelle régionale de la biodiversité, et ce, dans l’un des biomes les plus menacés de la planète, soit celui de la Mata Atlântica brésilienne, ce projet de recherche a comme objectif général de démontrer qu’il est possible d’associer la biophonie (événements sonores), à des événements biologiques (la richesse spécifique animale) en quantifiant des événements sonores (à l’aide des chants produits par les oiseaux, les insectes chanteurs de même que par les anoures) et en tentant de les associer aux fluctuations de la biodiversité. En plus de répondre à cet objectif général, trois objectifs spécifiques ont été définis : 1) comparer la biophonie et l’anthropophonie de milieux soumis à différents niveaux d’anthropisation ou de conservation afin d’évaluer l’impact anthropique sur le milieu, 2) évaluer la variabilité spatiale de la biodiversité, de même que 3) sa variabilité temporelle. Les résultats ont démontré que la biophonie est représentative de la biodiversité d’un milieu, et ce, même dans des conditions de biodiversité maximale puisqu’il existe une très forte relation entre les deux variables. De plus, les résultats révèlent une différence significative dans le ratio anthropophonie/biophonie de milieux soumis à différents niveaux de protection du territoire. La différenciation d’indices de puissance relative (dB/kHz) nous indique également l’importance de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la biodiversité, et par conséquent, l’importance de faire le suivi des espèces dans divers milieux et à diverses périodes afin d’obtenir une vision adéquate de la biodiversité régionale. / Recent monitoring of plant and animal populations has led us to observe a significant loss of global biodiversity. The objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity for 2010 are to encourage environmental monitoring worldwide (CBD 2000). However, it is difficult to have an adequate portrait of the overall biodiversity of an area, because ecosystems are dynamic and evolving in both space and time. The choice of an indicator is therefore essential. This project proposes to use bioacoustics as an environmental indicator to monitor the animal biodiversity in tropical areas, in one of the most threatened biomes on the planet, the Mata Atlantica in Brazil. Our aim is to demonstrate that it is possible to relate biophony (sound events) to biological events (punctual animal species richness), i.e. to quantify songs produced by birds, insects and anurans singers and associate them to changes in biodiversity. In addressing this overall goal, three specific objectives were put forward: 1) compare the biophony and anthropophony of different landscapes, subjected to different levels of human occupation and conservation, in order to assess the human impact on the environment, 2) assess the spatial variability of biodiversity, as well as 3) its temporal variability. Results showed that biophony is representative of the biodiversity of an area, even under conditions of maximum biodiversity such as found in Brazil because there is a very strong positive relationship between these two variables. In addition, the results show a significant difference in the ratio anthropophony/biophony in environments subject to different human impacts. Disparate indices of relative power (dB / kHz) also reveal the importance of spatial and temporal variability of biodiversity, and therefore the importance of monitoring biophony in different environments and at different times to obtain an adequate portrait of a region’s biodiversity.

Although major whaling practices have ceased, increasing human involvement and influence in the world’s marine ecosystems continue to adversely effect global whale populations. It is a major concern throughout Antarctic waters, where endangered Oceania Humpback Whales (Megaptera novarangliae) annually feed. This study analyzes the extent to which a proposed marine protected area within the Ross Sea may indirectly harm the last remaining endangered population of Humpbacks. Using current satellite tracks of southern Humpback migrations, this model maps the effects of displaced Toothfish fisheries, and suggests further conservations efforts, based on New Zealand’s Precautionary Approach, to protect these vulnerable whales.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 2199947 bytes, checksum: 8ba3e7a1521421b1c9156bceb1c13fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study was conducted among three coastal communities: Aritingui, Taberaba and Tavares, located on the right of the estuary of Mamanguape River (EMR) in Paraíba, and incorporated in the Environmental Protection Area of the namesake river. Its main objective is to study the local ecological knowledge and use of wildlife resources by fishermen and collectors of these communities. This work had its theoretical and methodological focus in Ethnoecology. The sampling was intentionally non-random, where the respondents were previously defined according to the dedication and frequency in fishing activities. The fieldwork took place between the months of October 2008 and November 2009. Free unstructured interviews and direct observations were conducted with the purpose of studying aspects of the interaction between the target communities and the mangrove-estuary complex. From the free unstructured interviews, structured interviews were conducted to collect data on the exploration, utilization and conservation of resources from the mangrove-estuary of Mamanguape River. The data were analyzed using the model of unity of the various individual skills seeking to juxtapose ethnoecological to scientific knowledge. In developing the mental maps, one key informant was chosen in each community and each was asked to design, with reference to their community, the estuary with the main collection of fishery resources. The oral map was obtained from tours guided by key informants along the EMR and was to appoint the main sampling sites. Fishermen cited 13 folk generic species: 6 species of fish, 5 crustacean species and 2 species of mollusks. The species of fish most often cited was Bathygobius soporator, of crustacean was Cardisoma guanhumi and of mollusk was Crassostrea sp., which are used for consumption, with marketing only of the surplus. Fishermen perceive the spatial distribution of wildlife resources and categorize them in etnohabitats ( mangrove fish , Camboa fish ), microhabitats ( fish of strain , fish of hole and fish of lodge ) and vertical distribution ( ground fish and water flower fish ). They also showed a wide knowledge of the trophic and reproductive behavior of the most explored species. From the mental and oral maps, accurate spatial perception related to fishing sites and grooming was registered. The fishermen in the Aritingui, Taberaba and Tavares communities show detailed ethnobiological knowledge, consistent with Western science. The knowledge that these fishermen hold on the distribution of resources and its ecology, and environmental perception, is a tool valuable enough to be embedded in socio-economic plans as well as in management, conservation and sustainable use of wildlife studies. / Este estudo foi realizado junto a três comunidades ribeirinhas: Aritingui, Taberaba e Tavares, localizadas na margem direita do estuário do rio Mamanguape-PB, e inseridas na Área de Proteção Ambiental do rio homônimo e teve como principal objetivo estudar o conhecimento ecológico local e o uso dos recursos faunísticos por pescadores e catadores destas comunidades. Este trabalho teve seu enfoque teórico-metodológico fundamentado na Etnoecologia. A amostragem foi não-aleatória intencional, onde foram pré-definidos os entrevistados, em função da dedicação e freqüência na atividade pesqueira. Os trabalhos de campo ocorreram entre os meses de outubro de 2008 e novembro de 2009. Foram realizadas entrevistas livres não estruturadas e observações diretas, com a finalidade de se conhecer aspectos da interação entre as comunidades-alvo e o complexo estuário-manguezal. A partir das entrevistas livres não estruturadas, foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas, visando obter dados sobre a exploração, utilização e conservação dos recursos provenientes do complexo estuário-manguezal do Rio Mamanguape. Os dados foram analisados segundo o modelo de união das diversas competências individuais buscando justapor o conhecimento etnoecológico ao conhecimento científico. Para a elaboração dos mapas mentais, foi escolhido um informante-chave de cada comunidade, e a cada um deles foi pedido que desenhasse, tendo como referência a sua comunidade, o estuário com os principais pontos de coleta dos recursos pesqueiros. O mapa oral foi obtido a partir de turnês guiadas pelos informantes-chaves ao longo do ERM e consistiu em nomear e georreferenciar os principais locais de coleta. Os pescadores citaram 13 genéricos folk, sendo 6 espécies de peixe, 5 espécies de crustáceos e 2 espécies de moluscos. A espécie de peixe mais citada foi Bathygobius soporator, a de crustáceo foi Cardisoma guanhumi e a de molusco foi Crassostrea sp., sendo estes recursos utilizados para consumo, com a comercialização apenas do excedente. Os pescadores percebem a distribuição espacial dos recursos faunísticos e os categorizam segundo etnohabitats ( peixes de mangue , peixes de camboa ), microhabitats ( peixes de cepa , peixes de buraco e peixes de loca ) e distribuição vertical ( peixes de chão e peixes da flor d água ). Também demonstraram amplo conhecimento sobre o comportamento trófico e reprodutivo das espécies mais exploradas. A partir dos mapas mentais e do mapa oral, ficou registrado a apurada percepção espacial relacionada aos sítios de pesca e catação. Os pescadores das comunidades de Aritingui, Taberaba e Tavares possuem conhecimento etnobiológico detalhado e coerente com a ciência ocidental. O conhecimento que estes pescadores detêm sobre a distribuição dos recursos e sua ecologia, além de sua percepção ambiental, constitui-se em uma ferramenta valiosa que é suficiente para ser incorporada tanto em planos de desenvolvimento sócio-econômicos quanto em estudos de manejo, conservação e utilização sustentável da fauna local.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O estudo foi desenvolvido na Ãrea de ProteÃÃo Ambiental (APA) de Balbino, Unidade de ConservaÃÃo de Uso SustentÃvel que compreende uma Ãrea geogrÃfica 250 ha, localizada no litoral do municÃpio de Cascavel. Contextualizaram-se as condiÃÃes do municÃpio e caracterizou-se o contexto socioambiental da comunidade de Balbino. Assim, com base na anÃlise da dinÃmica da APA e dos aspectos que interferem em suas paisagens, foram propostos alguns subsÃdios que propiciassem o ordenamento territorial de acordo com os recursos naturais e econÃmicos disponÃveis na Ãrea, apresentando o zoneamento ambiental como principal subsÃdio. O estudo foi fundamentado na Teoria GeossistÃmica, o que possibilitou uma anÃlise integrada dos elementos ambientais, biolÃgicos e sociais da Ãrea. Para o levantamento de dados, teve-se a contribuiÃÃo de informaÃÃes adquiridas em trabalhos de campo, das entrevistas com lideranÃas local e com os moradores e de oficinas direcionadas a crianÃas e a adolescentes. Com os dados obtidos, realizou-se o diagnÃstico socioambiental da Ãrea de estudo, em que se verificaram as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo das paisagens, as problemÃticas e as potencialidades. Dessa maneira, direcionaram-se propostas de uso tanto para o contexto social como o ambiental da APA de Balbino. Espera-se que a pesquisa contribua para o gerenciamento da APA e a realizaÃÃo do zoneamento ambiental pelos ÃrgÃos pÃblicos ambientais / This study was developed in the Environmental Protected Area (EPA) of Balbino, Unit of Sustainable Conservation, which has a geographical area of 250 ha, located at municipality of Cascavel coast It was contextualized all the conditions of the town and the context was characterized socio environmental of the Balbinosâs community Thus, based on the dynamics analysis of EPA, and the aspects that interfere in the landscapes ,some subsidizes have been proposed that enable the land management according to the economics and natural resources available in that area, presenting the environmental zoning as the main subsidize. This study was based on Geosystemic Theory making possible an integrated analysis of the environmental elements, biological and social in that area. To collect data, information contribution was made by the fieldwork, interviews with residents and local leaderships and workshops for children and teenagers. From the survey, a socio environmental diagnostic was prepared including the land use and occupation of the landscapes, with problems and such as problems and potentialities. Thus, some proposals were made to social environmental context to EPA of Balbino. In this way ,intends to understand the contributions of this survey to management of EPA and realization of zoning environmental through the environmental public organizations.

Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais de nível organizacional para o Parque Estadual de Intervales-SP, que visa compartilhar suas informações geográficas com a sociedade em geral. Nos processos de elaboração da IDE são discutidas questões como interoperabilidade, padronização, metadados, especificação de serviços geográficos e o relacionamento dos nós das Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais que vão permitir a disseminação da informação geográfica de fácil acesso a usuários externos. Os procedimentos, benefícios e limitações são listados e problematizados de forma que demonstrem as etapas necessárias na elaboração da Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais de nível organizacional para uma Unidade de Conservação. Conclui-se que uma Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais depende de variáveis administrativas, culturais, técnicas e financeiras, o que leva a uma proposta de implementação por estágios. Também são elaboradas críticas aos recursos existentes e sugestões para melhorias e estudos futuros. / This paper presents a proposal about Spatial Data Infrastructure in organizational level to the Parque Estadual de Intervales-SP, in order to promote the sharing of geographic information with the society. In the elaboration process of the SDI are discussed issues such as interoperability, standardization, metadata, specifying geographic services and relationship of the Spatial Data Infrastructure nodes that will enable the dissemination of geographic information easily and accessible to external users. The process steps, benefits and limitations are listed and discussed in order to demonstrate the necessary steps to prepare the Spatial Data Infrastructure in organizational level to a protected area. As results we observe a spatial data infrastructure that depends of others variables like management, culture, technical and financial company aspects, which leads to a proposal of implementation in stages, as well as discussions about the capabilities and suggestions for improvements and future studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica_Vanessa_Juliao_do_Nascimento.pdf: 2025842 bytes, checksum: 918c0b90997d330b106b0c5fc9e6eceb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-28 / The new Brazilian Forest Code innovated when considering that the farm are size define the Environmental Protectected Areas (EPA) and the percentage of legal reserves, and not the width of the water bodies, as defined by the old law. This dissertation evaluated the impacto f change in Forest áreas in the Sanga Baitaca watershed, located in the municipality of Marechal Candido Rondon-PR, where small farms predominate. There were evaluated 36 properties, located around Sanga Baitaca. Of these, 48,08% were smaller than one fiscal module, 21,15% had between one and two fiscal modules. None of them had more than two fiscal modules. The data obtained show that the legally protected área decreased from 32,87% the total area sampled in the watershed for 2,32%, with the aplication of the new law. The largest reduction occurred in the legal reserves áreas, where the previous legislation provited a protection of 20% of the área of the watersed and this protection was completely eliminated, because all farms are smaller than four fiscal modules and none of them need to have legal reserves / O novo Código Florestal Brasileiro inovou ao considerar que o tamanho da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APP) e a porcentagem de reserva legal sejam proporcionais ao tamanho da propriedade rural e não em relação à largura dos corpos de água aos quais protegem, como definia a antiga lei. Esta dissertação avaliou o impacto da alteração da legislação florestal na microbacia hidrográfica da Sanga Baitaca, situada no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, onde predominam pequenas propriedades rurais. Foram avaliadas 36 propriedades situadas no entorno da Sanga Baitaca. Destas, 48,08% eram menores que um módulo fiscal, 21,15% tinham entre um e dois módulos fiscais e nenhuma tinha mais que dois módulos fiscais. Os dados obtidos mostram que a área protegida por lei passou de um total de 32,87% da área total amostrada da microbacia para 2,32%. A maior redução ocorreu na área de reserva legal, em que a legislação anterior previa uma proteção de 20% da área total da microbacia e agora esta proteção foi totalmente eliminada, pois como todas as propriedades são menores que quatro módulos fiscais, nenhuma delas precisa ter reserva legal

En Méditerranée, un Hotspot de biodiversité, des Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) ont été instaurées dès les années 1960 pour protéger la biodiversité marine pour des raisons éthiques, culturelles et fonctionnelles, du fait de la contribution au bien-être des individus. Aujourd’hui, la mise en œuvre des AMP s’inscrit dans un environnement institutionnel formalisé à différents échelons : national, méditerranée, européen, et global avec la Convention pour la Diversité Biologique (CDB). Dans ce contexte de gouvernance environnemental prometteur, le constat de la couverture de protection par les AMP demeure pourtant en-dessous des engagements pris par les pays riverains dans les différentes instances évoquées. Peu de moyens sont mis en œuvre et les AMP sont nombreuses à être peu effectives. Face à ce constat décevant les gestionnaires des AMP de Méditerranée ainsi que leurs partenaires se mobilisent pour le renforcement de la lutte contre la dégradation des biens communs que représente la biodiversité marine et côtière. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à cet effort en éclairant les éléments favorables à l’effectivité et l’efficacité des AMP. Les AMP, dont la finalité est la protection de la biodiversité, établissent des règles d’usages liés à la biodiversité marine et côtière et mettent en œuvre des activités spécifiques au sein d’un espace clairement défini. Ceci entraîne à la fois des contraintes et des opportunités pour la trajectoire de développement durable notamment celle du territoire écologiquement et socio-économiquement liée à l’AMP. Cette thèse vise à montrer que les AMP sont des dispositifs institutionnels qui s’inscrivent dans des systèmes socio-écologiques. Dans ce contexte, outre les mécanismes de résilience des écosystèmes, la capacité des AMP à générer des bénéfices pour le développement durable des territoires repose notamment, d’une part sur la capacité des parties prenantes à s’adapter au changement de règles, à faire face aux contraintes et à saisir les opportunités ; et, d’autre part, sur la capacité des AMP à s’appuyer sur des réseaux sociaux denses pour favoriser la conformité des comportements et donc l’effectivité de l’AMP. La première partie, centrée sur l’approche institutionnelle, permet de considérer les AMP au sein de leur système socio-écologique. Elle s’ouvre avec le premier chapitre qui définit le rôle attribué aux AMP à travers la construction de cet outil depuis le début du XXème siècle en s’appuyant sur la construction aux différents échelons imbriqués de notions cadre, telle que la biodiversité, le développement durable et la gouvernance du milieu marin. Le deuxième chapitre fait le bilan de la situation actuelle des AMP en Méditerranée face à leurs objectifs d’effectivité et d’efficacité. Une typologie réalisée à partir des AMP méditerranéennes est proposée afin de contribuer à la définition de stratégies différenciées pour renforcer des AMP existantes et à venir dans le bassin. Le troisième chapitre, qui clôt la Partie 1, analyse les AMP en tant que dispositifs institutionnels. Il éclaire la nature des effets et des enjeux liés à la création d’AMP, et discute la concrétisation de facteurs clés pour faciliter la réussite des AMP. La deuxième partie, centrée sur l’intégration des AMP dans le développement durable des territoires, s’ouvre avec le quatrième chapitre qui analyse la formation des bénéfices et des coûts générés par les AMP de Méditerranée sur le capital naturel, le capital humain et le capital social (et indirectement sur le capital physique) disponibles sur le territoire. Le dernier chapitre montre comment l’évaluation socio-économique des effets des AMP peut renforcer les AMP en dépassant les limites de l’évaluation économique concentrée sur certains bénéfices liés aux services écosystémiques ; par la réalisation de méthodes d’évaluation et des processus complémentaires qui encouragent l’engagement des parties prenantes auprès des AMP. / In the Mediterranean, a biodiversity Hotspot, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were introduced in the 1960s to protect biodiversity for ethical, cultural and functional reasons, as biodiversity contributes to the well-being. Today the AMP implementation is part of a formalized institutional environment at various levels: national, Mediterranean, European, and global with the Convention on Biological Diversity. In this promising context of environmental governance, protection cover by AMP yet remains below the commitments of riparian countries in the various governance bodies mentioned. Few resources are expanded and many MPAs are likely to be low effective. Given this disappointing finding the managers of Mediterranean MPA and their partners are gathering to strengthen efforts against the degradation of our common good that is marine and coastal biodiversity. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to this effort by enlightening elements favorable to the effectiveness and efficiency of MPAs.MPAs are intended to protect biodiversity and therefore establish rules related to the use of marine and coastal biodiversity and implement specific activities within their clearly defined space. This causes both constraints and opportunities for the sustainable development path especially that of territory environmentally and socio-economically connected to the MPA. This thesis aims to show that MPAs are institutional arrangements that are part of a social-ecological system. In this context, besides the mechanisms of ecosystem resilience, MPAs ability to generate benefits for the sustainable development of territories is based on the one hand on the ability of stakeholders to adapt to the change of rules, address the constraints and seize opportunities, and, on the other hand, on the ability of MPAs to rely on dense social networks to encourage behavior compliance and thus MPA’s effectiveness.The first part adopts an institutional approach that enables to consider MPAs in their socio-ecological system. It opens with the first chapter that defines the role attributed to AMP through the elaboration of this tool since the early twentieth century building on the construction at different levels nested of framework notions such as biodiversity, development sustainability and governance of the marine environment. The second chapter, looks over the current situation of MPAs in the Mediterranean in regard to their objectives of effectiveness and efficiency. A typology of Mediterranean MPAs is proposed to help the definition of differentiated strategies so as to strengthen existing and future MPAs in the basin. The third chapter, which ends the first part, analyzes the MPAs as institutional arrangements that enlighten on the one hand the nature of the effects and stakes related to the establishment of MPAs, and on the other hand, discusses the empirical forms of key success factors to facilitate MPAs.The second part, focusing on the integration of MPAs into the sustainable development of territories, opens with the fourth chapter which analyzes the formation of the benefits and costs generated by the Mediterranean MPAs on natural capital, human capital and social capital (and indirectly on physical capital) available in the territory. The last chapter shows that socio-economic assessment of the effects of MPAs can help strengthen MPAs, by going beyond the limits of economic valuation of particular benefits related to ecosystem services; and implementing complementary assessment methods and processes helping stakeholder engagement towards AMP.