The spread of Community-based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) programs can be attributed to the failure of top-down approaches and the development of more equitable governance strategies. A CBNRM approach seeks to fulfill dual objectives by balancing environmental conservation goals and local livelihood opportunities. This thesis analyzes how the implementation of CBNRM programs at Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) influences the available livelihood opportunities for local communities. Data was gathered through document analysis and online qualitative interviews and questionnaires with MSDR's staff, directly involved with these programs. The study found that trust, empowerment, and engagement are crucial for the effective implementation of these programs. By including local knowledge, promoting community participation and organization, providing continuous training, and having an ongoing evaluation and adaptation approach when managing resources, MSDR balances conservation goals with local development. Additionally, results indicate that the existing challenges are related to the efficacy of policy and legislative frameworks at the local and national levels, which complicates the work of implementing organizations. The findings suggest that a participatory approach to conservation can lead to positive outcomes, highlighting the importance of sustainable development within protected areas. These results have implications for future CBNRM projects and deepen our understanding of the intrinsic relationship between nature conservation and local livelihoods.

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Several studies in the field of outdoor recreation management and planning have used computer simulation modeling to demonstrate its utility as a tool to help managers monitor encounters and similar visitor use-related indicators of quality. However, previous applications of computer simulation modeling to outdoor recreation planning and management have generally done little to assess the reliability, or precision, of model estimates. The purpose of this research is to explore several questions concerning the reliability of computer simulation model estimates for monitoring wilderness solitude-related indicators of quality. In particular, can reliable estimates of solitude-related indicators be generated for low use recreation environments, such as backcountry and wilderness areas? Is there a spatial component to questions about the reliability of computer simulation estimates for low use visitor landscapes? The research presented in this thesis examines the reliability of computer simulation estimates of wilderness solitude indicators that account for the timing and location of hiking and camping encounters in the backcountry of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This study was designed to model visitor use and inter-group encounters in the Cosby and Big Creek areas of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which are located within the park's proposed wilderness area. Two primary types of information about visitor use in the study area were collected to construct the computer simulation model in this study. First, information was gathered about the amount of visitation to the study area; second, information was collected about visitors' travel routes within the study area. Three alternative methods were used to estimate the number of replications needed to obtain desired levels of precision for the visitor-based and spatially based computer simulation model outputs. The results suggest that computer simulation models of visitor use can generate precise estimates for a small to moderate number of visitor-based and spatially-based outputs. However, there are constraints to generating precise estimates of use-related outputs as the number of outputs estimated simultaneously becomes large. This challenge is particularly pronounced in cases where at least some of the outputs are derived for low use attractions, trails, or camping locations. / Master of Science

Offshore wind farm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly alongside increasing spatial pressures on marine ecosystems and social and economic activities. A need for increased protection of habitats, species and ecological processes that support environmental and economic benefits is being met by designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Mitigation and spatial planning solutions are required to enable protection of vital ecological habitats, features and processes and support sustainable economic development. A potential solution is to co-locate OWFs and MPAs. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine if evidence on the environmental effects of existing OWFs and associated effects on fishing activity (as an existing resource use) benefits MPA goals. Through a systematic review and meta-analyses of existing data, knowledge of OWF effects on species abundance and economic effects on fishing were identified as key evidence gaps. The ecological evidence need was approached through a case study of ecological effects of North Hoyle OWF, North Wales, UK, using existing pre and post-construction monitoring data, as well as primary baited remote underwater video data, collected 5 years later (8 years post-construction). Results suggested habitat and species recovered to a stable state that showed some community differences to pre-construction conditions. The presence of OWF monopiles is likely to have increased existing heterogeneity of substratum and increased opportunities for scavenging species. Species benefitting and disadvantaged by habitat provided within the OWF reflected meta-analyses trends. Extended baseline monitoring to provide confident identification of natural levels of variation in sediment and fauna was lacking. Analysis of fishing activity and landings before and after OWF construction in three UK case study regions approached effects on resource users. Fishing activity in the three case study areas showed broad scale similarity to national trends. Small-scale activity patterns indicated greater reductions in mobile (towed) fishing gear effort near to operating OWFs than in static gear activity (using pots or static nets). Semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen in each region revealed loss of ground and disruption as negative effects from OWFs, in addition to existing pressures. Benefits including habitat creation and species augmentation, as well as reduction of cumulative lost ground, were identified by fishermen from co-location of MPAs and OWFs. Ecological effects of OWFs suggested benefits from habitat creation, species augmentation and potential for protection of sandbank habitats between monopiles. Mitigation requirements were identified to maximise these potential benefits to an MPA network.

就地保育被認為是保育生物多樣性的重點工作之一，而設置保護區是最常見的就地保育做法。本文的研究重點在於如何提昇保護區規劃的效率，內容可分為兩大部份。第一部份為回顧用於保護網絡規劃的保護區選擇問題理論相關研究，將研究演進方向分為保育目標、保育成本與限制條件、演算法、空間配置及有效棲地四類進行探討。第二部份為兩個個案分析。個案一為台灣保護網絡規劃研究，利用三種不同的規劃方式來尋找不同水準保育經費限制下，能使保育目標（受保護物種數）極大化的保護區組合。結果發現以OSL演算法配合互補性原則的規劃方式最佳，無論在何種保育目標水準之下其成本均是最低的。個案二為陽明山國家公園北部保護網絡規劃研究，比較考慮保護區以外土地使用類型對保育的貢獻與否，對物種存活率總和－保育成本間的關係的影響。結果發現在保育水準（物種存活率總和）很低時，兩者達到相同的保育水準所需的成本相差很多。比較保護所有棲地和將所有棲地作為農地兩種情況，假設農地對物種保育有所貢獻時，保護所有棲地能使物種存活率總和提高約1.1；若假設農地對物種保育沒有貢獻，則保護區棲地能使物種存活率總和提高約5.2。

La surexploitation des ressources halieutiques a conduit à une crise majeure du secteur de la pêche professionnelle. Dans ce contexte, les pêcheries artisanales, et notamment les pêcheries aux petits métiers côtiers, apparaissent comme des modes d'exploitation potentiellement durables des ressources côtières. La diversité des engins utilisés et des espèces ciblées rend néanmoins complexe le suivi de cette composante importante de la pêche professionnelle. L'activité de pêche artisanale reste ainsi très peu évaluée en Méditerranée, et notamment à l'échelle d'une Aire Marine Protégée (AMP). Les AMP sont pourtant de plus en plus utilisées comme des outils de gestion de ces pêcheries, les effets des différentes mesures de gestion mises en place étant à même de bénéficier aux pêcheurs professionnels. A l'heure où le nombre d'AMP se multiplie, il apparaît alors nécessaire pour les gestionnaires comme pour les scientifiques de disposer d'indicateurs permettant de suivre l'activité de pêche professionnelle sur le territoire d'une AMP, et d'évaluer les effets de la gestion sur cette activité. Un protocole d'enquête pour le suivi de la pêche artisanale aux petits métiers côtiers a ainsi été mis en place entre juillet 2009 et juin 2010 au sein du Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), AMP méditerranéenne française comprenant deux réserves marines d'âge et de taille différents. Les données récoltées ont permis d'identifier sept métiers principaux pratiqués par les pêcheurs du PMCB, et de les caractériser par un groupe d'espèces cibles, un engin, un territoire et une période de pêche. L'effort de pêche et les captures ont alors pu être estimés à partir de ces métiers. / The overexploitation of fishery resources has led to a major fisheries crisis. In this context, artisanal fisheries, and in particular small-scale coastal fisheries, appear as relevant alternatives for a sustainable use of coastal resources. But the diversity of fishing gears and targeted species diversity make it difficult to assess this important component of the commercial fishery. Hence, the activity of small-scale artisanal fishing remains poorly known in the Mediterranean Sea and few studies focus on an assessment of this activity at the scale of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). MPAs are yet more and more used as management tools for these fisheries, as protection effects and targeted access regulations may benefit to commercial fishers. As many MPAs are going to be established in the short term, it seems necessary for managers and for scientists, to have indicators to monitor the artisanal small-scale coastal fishing activity within an MPA, and to estimate the effects of MPA management on this activity. A field protocol was defined and implemented between July 2009 and June 2010 within the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue (PMCB), a French Mediterranean MPA including two marine reserves of different age and size. The collected data allowed identifying seven main métiers within the PMCB, and characterizing them by group of target species, type of gear, fishing grounds and fishing periods. Fishing effort and catch were estimated. In the Côte Bleue area, 3 512 fishing trips and 4645 fishing operations were performed by 30 active boats during the studied period, for a total of 10 300 km of immersed nets.

The aim of dissertation is to elaboration model of komplex school excursion for interactive students work with usage natural places of Czech karst. Next point is creating a set of learning excercises in practical application knowledges from natural branches and for confirm keys competenses of students middle schools. An educational potential of a choosen area was evaulated on the bases of aims mentioned earlier, a model of complex school excursion using conservation area Czech karst was developed and tested The excursion takes place in the village Svatý Jan pod Skalouand it uses set of worksheets. - version for season autumn and spring. An evaluation folloving the excursion is done as a form of a student conference. Particular educational aims were applied during the excursion. Evaluation of the worksheets follows and designs of changes of teaching tasks in the worksheets are proposed. Results of dissertation are processed concept of complex school excursion with methodical material and with set of worhsheets version for season spring, autumn, and winter. Based on the evaulation of the komplex school excursion in conservation area Czech karst, results of worksheets and results from the conference, it is possible to deduce, that the addition of excursion as a teaching form is benefitial to students....

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important conservation tools that can support the resilience of marine ecosystems. Many countries, including Canada, have committed to protecting at least 10% of their marine areas under the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Target 11, which includes connectivity as a key aspect. Connectivity, the movement of individuals among habitats, can enhance population stability and resilience within and among MPAs. This thesis aimed to understand regional spatial patterns of marine ecological connectivity, specifically through the mechanism of adult movement, and how these patterns may be affected by climate change. I used the Northern Shelf Bioregion in British Columbia, Canada, as a case study for four objectives: (1) evaluate potential connectivity via adult movement for the entire bioregion, using habitat proxies for distinct ecological communities; (2) assess potential connectivity via adult movement among existing and potential MPAs, using the same habitat proxies; (3) model potential connectivity via adult movement among marine protected areas for two focal species (Metacarcinus magister and Sebastolobus alascanus) and predict how this interconnectedness may shift based on projected ocean temperature changes; and (4) contribute the results of these analyses to the MPA technical team’s ongoing planning process so that connectivity may be considered in the implementation of a new MPA network in the bioregion. This thesis developed an approach to assess and design MPA networks that maximize inferred connectivity within habitat types for adult movement when ecological data are limited. It applied least-cost theory and circuit theory to model MPA suitability and interconnectedness, finding that these are projected to decrease for Sebastolobus alascanus but increase for Metacarcinus magister. I showcased some methods that may be used in MPA design and evaluation, with lessons for other contexts. Importantly, this thesis informed an ongoing MPA planning process, enabling ecological connectivity to be considered in the establishment of a new MPA network in the bioregion. Overall, this work provided examples for incorporating connectivity and climate change into MPA design, highlighting what is possible even when data are limited. / Graduate

The main goal of the thesis is to analyze and compare the degree of protection of the large-scale nature conservation areas in the legal orders of the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and, in the conclusion of the thesis, to answer the question of whether these countries' regulation provides a sufficiently effective protection to these areas. Legal orders of the examined countries are analyzed with regard to the scope and effectiveness of the large-scale nature conservation legal instruments. Administrative instruments are examined and compared, including the degree of proprietary rights restrictions and related compensations of property loss. Furthermore, the conceptual and economic instruments (both positive and negative stimulation) are also examined. The analysis also focuses on the regulation of legal liability in regard to the large-scale nature conservation. Next, the thesis focuses on the institutional framework of the large-scale nature conservation in the examined countries and on the evaluation of the scope of the nature protection authorities' competence. Another point of interest is the degree to which the rights of the relevant subjects (owners, municipalities, environmental NGOs) are affected by the designation of a...