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Reciprocitet : etiska normer och praktiskt samarbeteTullberg, Jan January 2002 (has links)
Vilken bör vara den centrala sociala normen? Reciprocitet - ömsesidiga relationer till bådas fördel - jämförs med två andra alternativ: altruism och integritet. Altruism - från självuppoffring i nya testamentet och i mycken ideologi till agentneutralitet i modern filosofi - är den etik som oftast förespråkas. Integritetsetik drivs av mer fåtaliga förespråkare som en övergripande filosofi, men har ett omfattande stöd vad gäller individuella liberala rättigheter. Författaren penetrerar argumenten för och mot dessa tre alternativ. • Backas en etik upp med incitament blir den inte altruistisk - men kan en etik få tillräcklig effekt utan incitament?• Vore det bättre att förespråka en mindre ambitiös, men mer realistisk moral?• Finns det något tankemässigt fel i etisk egoism?• Altruistisk etik kanske inte skall ses som riktlinjer för eget handlande, utan försök att få andra att vara oegennyttiga och själv bli förmånstagare?• Kan en irrationell etik paradoxalt nog prestera rationella resultat?Den empiriska delen av denna avhandling undersöker sambandet mellan etiska åsikter och faktiskt beteende. Med ekonomiska spel som hjälpmedel penetreras korrelationen mellan försökspersonernas etiska uppfattningar och deras agerande i tre olika spel; ultimatumspel, diktatorspel och ultimatumspel med förhandling. Etiska ställningstaganden i skilda frågor visar sig vara korrelerade enligt den modell som kopplar ihop olika specifika åsikter till mönster. Försökspersoner klassas först i de tre etiska grupperna och sedan undersöks om det finns signifikanta skillnader i beteendet mellan grupperna. Det visar sig vara fallet, så ett första konstaterande är att etik inte endast är retorik. Den reciproka gruppen ställer signifikant högre krav för att delta i ett samarbete. När ett spelbeslut är en fråga om generositet finns signifikanta positiva samband med altruistiska värderingar. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002</p>
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En studie om hur redovisningsprinciper förklarar företags tillämpning av IAS 38 : Är redovisning av Forskning och Utveckling jämförbart mellan företag i IT-branschen? / A study of how accounting principles explain companies’ accounting for Research and Development : Is the accounting for R&D comparable between companies in the IT-industry?Bark, Mimmi, Liljekvist, Carin January 2011 (has links)
Bakgrund och problem: Ett tolkningsutrymme har identifierats i IAS 38 gällande kriterierna som behandlar aktivering av FoU. Detta kan innebära ett problem då det finns risk för variation mellan företag i tolkning och tillämpning av kriterierna. Det kan i sin tur påverka jämförbarheten mellan företagen i redovisningen av FoU. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ett informationsasymmetriproblem studera jämförbarheten mellan företag i redovisning av FoU. Vi ämnar kartlägga tillämpningen av kriterierna i IAS 38 med avseende på variation mellan företag. En eventuell variation ämnar vi förklara utifrån hur företag förhåller sig till försiktighets- och matchningsprincipen. Metod: Metodvalet är en kvalitativ undersökning med djupgående intervjuer med fem företag i IT-branschen. Under intervjuerna har vi behandlat beslutsprocessen för aktivering av FoU samt deras inställning till avvägningsproblematiken mellan försiktighets- och matchningsprincipen. För att utreda studiens syfte har vi använt oss av en analysmodell som illustrerar konflikten mellan försiktighets- och matchningsprincipen med hjälp av en skala. Företagens placering på skalan gällande redovisningen av FoU har utgjort grunden för analysen. Empiri och slutsats: Utifrån det empiriska underlaget har vi funnit att företagens unika förutsättningar såsom FoU-projektens utformning, kännedom om produktefterfrågan samt projektredovisningssystem påverkar hur företagen tillämpar kriterierna i IAS 38. Företagens unika förutsättningar har lett till att företagen har ett principbeslut gällande aktivering av FoU. På så sätt påverkar principbeslutet tillämpningen av kriterierna. Att företagens tillämpning av försiktighets- och matchningsprincipen kan förklara principbeslutet har vi sett tendenser på. De är dock svaga och därför kan vi inte med säkerhet dra slutsatsen att redovisningsprinciper har en påverkan på tillämpningen av kriterierna. Resultatet från denna studie tyder på att redovisningen av FoU mellan företag inte är jämförbar på grund av variation i principbesluten. / Background and problem: We have identified a room for discretion and interpretation in IAS 38 regarding the criteria for capitalization of R&D expenses. This can be a problem if there is a risk for variation in interpretation and use of the criteria, which can in turn affect the comparability between companies in the accounting for R&D. Aim: The aim with this study is to analyze the comparability between companies in the accounting for R&D from an information asymmetry perspective. We intend to illustrate the use of the criteria in IAS 38 regarding variation between companies. Our purpose is to use the prudence and matching principle to explain a possible variation. Method: The choice of method is a qualitative research through deep interviews with five companies in the IT-industry. During the interviews we have treated the decision-making process for capitalization of R&D and the companies’ attitude to the trade off between prudence and matching principle. In the study we have used an analysis model that illustrate the conflict between the prudence and matching principle as a scale. The companies’ placement on the scale regarding their accounting for R&D makes the foundation for our analysis. Result and conclusion: From our empirical results we have found that the companies’ unique conditions, like the structure of R&D-projects, knowledge of the product demand and project accounting system affect the usage of the criteria in IAS 38. The different conditions in all the companies have resulted in different policy decisions regarding capitalization. Therefore the policy decision affects the usage of the criteria. We have only seen weak trends that the prudence and matching principle can explain the policy decision in the companies. Therefore we cannot for certainty conclude that accounting principles affect the usage of the criteria in IAS 38. The results indicate that the accounting for R&D is not comparable because of the variation in policy decision.
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Reciprocitet : etiska normer och praktiskt samarbete /Tullberg, Jan, January 2002 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögsk., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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A noção de prudência na Suma de teologia (IIª-IIª, Q. 47-51) de Tomás de Aquino / The notion of prudence in the Sum of Theology (II-IIª, Q. 47-51) by Thomas AquinasOliveira, Eloi Maia de [UNESP] 31 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Não recebi financiamento / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar o conjunto de questões da Suma de teologia que concernem ao tratamento da prudência, recorrendo quando necessário a outros textos de Tomás de Aquino. Nosso objetivo específico é desenvolver uma investigação que envolve a filosofa moral de Tomás e, para isso, será necessário entendermos a o papel da alma humana e suas ações. A noção de hábito e, consequentemente, a noção de virtude e suas distinções perpassarão nosso trabalho a fim de nos determos em particular da virtude da prudência considerada em si mesma e suas partes. Nossa linha de trabalho será a de compreender o papel da prudência na ação moral do agente, de acordo com Tomás, e como tal virtude beneficia determinada ação, dispondo dos meios necessários para a realização do bem moral em consonância com as demais virtudes cardeais e intelectuais. / The present work has as main objective to analyze the set of questions of the Summa theologiae that concern the treatment of prudence, relying on other Aquinas’ texts when needed. Our specific objective is to develop an investigation that involves the moral philosophy of Aquinas and, therefore, it will be necessary to understand the role of the human soul and its actions. The notion of habit and consequently the notion of virtue and its distinctions will run through our work in order to dwell particularly on the virtue of prudence considered in itself and its parts. Our working line will be to understand the role of prudence in the moral action of the agent according to Aquinas, and how such virtue benefits a certain action having the necessary means for the fulfillment of moral good in consonance with other cardinal and intellectual virtues.
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La cryptique chez Montaigne / Crypsis in Montaigne's EssaysKnop, Déborah 08 December 2012 (has links)
« A sauts et à gambades » : de cette formule des Essais, la critique a souvent conclu au décousu de leur écriture. Notre travail montre qu'il n'en est rien dans de nombreux chapitres des Essais, en s'appuyant sur l'idée de « cryptique » chez Ramus (Dialectique, 1555) et Canaye (L'Organe, 1589) et sur le concept rhétorique de ductus ou progression du discours : l'écrivain-dux déjoue réticences ou hostilité de son lecteur, sa repugnantia. La première partie précise, à partir des grands traités rhétoriques, dont Quintilien traduit par Gedoyn (1718), ce que recouvrent les notions de propositum, d'oratio, de sermo, de contentio, de digressio, de delectare et de repugnantia ; et, dans le domaine de la dialectique, de syllogisme et de preuve, ce qui permet d'exhumer la structure profonde de l'argumentation. La seconde partie définit la notion d'insinuatio et son pendant dialectique, la « méthode de prudence », dont Ramus donne les préceptes détaillés. Nous en tirons de nombreux outils en vue de l'analyse des textes littéraires. Nous examinons la notion de dissimulatio en rhétorique, notamment la dissimulatio artis, apanage de Socrate, lequel est si important pour Montaigne. La dernière partie expose différentes formes de ductus dans les Essais, pour séduire le lecteur et le mener sur la voie d'un progrès moral. Ce but suppose une rhétorique extrêmement sensible à ce qui « répugne » à son auditoire, comme à ce qui le « passionne ». Le cheminement ressemble de près à la méthode antique de l'exercice spirituel, qui impliquait une certaine familiarité entre auteur et lecteur, un retour sur soi concomitant et symétrique du maître et du disciple. / “A sauts et à gambades”: from this expression in the Essays, critics often came to the conclusion of a rambling speech. Our work shows that this is not the case in many chapters, by referring to the “cryptical method” in the writings of Ramus (Dialectique, 1555) and Canaye (L'Organe, 1589) and to the rhetorical concept of ductus or progression of speech in which the dux-writer circumvents his reader's opposition or hostility, or repugnantia. The first part, which is based on major rhetorical theories, including those of Quintilian translated by Gedoyn (1718), defines the notions of propositum, oratio, sermo, contentio, digressio, delectare and repugnantia ; and, in the field of dialectics, syllogism and proof. It provides a means of digging out the deep structure of arguments. The second part defines the notion of insinuatio and its counterpart in dialectics, the “method of prudence”, on which Ramus gives detailed precepts. These give us many tools for the purpose of literary text analysis. We look into the notion of dissimulatio in rhetorics, including the dissimulatio artis, specific to Socrates – Socrates is an important figure for Montaigne. The last part outlines various forms of ductus in the Essays, so as to lure the reader and lead him on the path to moral progress. This goal requires the rhetoric to be finely attuned to what the reader is averse to, or what he is passionate about. The whole closely resembles the ancient method of spiritual exercise, which involved some familiarity between the writer and the reader, a concurrent and symmetric introspection from the master and his disciple.
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Ethica Nicomachea: uma leitura particularista.Cruz, Arthur Piranema da 15 July 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-07-15 / This work seeks to sustain the particularistic view of Aristotle‟s Nicomachean Ethics as opposed to universal readings. The analysis of the passages on the method of practical philosophy, about virtue as mean and about prudence as perceptive ability of the virtuous man will show that Aristotle‟s Ethics is actually particularistic. Although you can not defend an extreme particularism, because the record of universalizations and generalizations also find shelter, yet there is a distinct particularistic base that gives priority to the perception of what is relevant in every situation. / Este trabalho busca sustentar a visão particularista da Ethica Nicomachea de Aristóteles em contraposição às leituras universalistas. A análise das passagens sobre o método da filosofia prática, sobre a virtude como mediedade e sobre a prudência como capacidade perceptiva do homem virtuoso mostrará que a ética de Aristóteles é efetivamente particularista. Embora não seja possível defender um particularismo extremo, pois o registro das universalizações e generalizações também encontram guarida, ainda assim se verifica a nítida base particularista que dá prioridade à percepção do que é relevante em cada situação.
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Ensino do direito e filosofia : a prudência e a hermenêutica jurídicas, aprendidas com o estudo de caso de identidade crítica, como fundamentos da formação para a justiça como prática social / Law teaching education and philosophy : prudence and legal hermeneutics, studied by case method on a critical identity, aiming justice to the foundations to law education as a social practiceFernandes, André Gonçalves, 1974- 24 August 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estuda a formação do profissional de Direito e os fins da formação da Escola de Direito. Descreve os antecedentes pedagógicos no ensino do Direito desde a Grécia até a Idade Moderna e desde a fundação dos cursos jurídicos no Brasil até os dias atuais. Desenvolve os pressupostos para uma educação entendida como um processo de evolução, inserção e encontro, lastreada na natureza espiritual do homem, na dimensão prática e fenomenológica da tarefa pedagógica propriamente dita e na essência ético-virtuosa do agir humano. Analisa os fundamentos e formas institucionais e políticas da formação na área do Direito e questiona suas contradições e reducionismos. Apresenta uma reflexão crítica sobre a prática do ensino do direito e destaca o conceito aristotélico-tomista de prudência, no contexto histórico, filosófico e jurídico, como principal excelência do profissional do Direito na tarefa de discernir e assinalar as coisas no âmbito da distribuição da justiça. Avoca a prudência jurídica como fundamento epistemológico do Direito, entendido este como o justo concreto ¿ o dar a cada um o seu ¿ matizado, quando necessário, pela equidade. Analisa a potencialidade formadora da Hermenêutica Jurídica clássica em diálogo com Hermenêutica Gadameriana, no seio pedagógico do método do Estudo do Caso, nos moldes da experiência pedagógica da Universidade de Harvard (case method), enfocado em sua natureza crítica e didática, como bases de uma proposta de formação ético-social do aluno no campo do Direito. Estuda as relações entre a tradição filosófica, o pensamento moderno e o Direito, apontando questionamentos epistemológicos e pedagógicos nos parâmetros constatados na prática do ensino jurídico atual, de base fortemente positivista, com indicações teóricas e metodológicas para as Diretrizes Curriculares da Formação Superior no campo do Direito. Apresenta desafios sociais e jurídicos para a mesma área e para o campo temático da Educação, com vistas aos fundamentos para uma formação da justiça como prática social / Abstract: Studies the law professional's graduation and law school's purposes. Describes the pedagogical backgrounds on law teaching education since Greece until Modern Age and from the foundation of legal courses in Brazil until nowadays. Develops the assumptions to an education known as a process of evolution, insertion and meeting, backed by men's spiritual nature, by the practical and phenomenological dimension of pedagogical duties and by the ethical and virtuous essence of human acts. Analyses the institutional fundaments and forms and also the politics of Law education and question its contradictions and reductionism. Presents a critical reflexion about the practice of Law education and highlights the Aristotelian-Thomistic concept of prudence, on historical, philosophical and legal context, as the main excellence on the Law professional on their duty to discern and point out the subjects on justice's distribution scope. Takes on the law prudence as an epistemological foundation of law, known as the concrete fairness ¿ giving each one what is theirs - variegated, when necessary, by equity. Analyses the classic Legal Hermeneutics forming potentiality dealing with Gadamerian Hermeneutics within the pedagogical method of Case Study, modeled by Harvard's pedagogical experience (case method), focused on its critical and didactic nature as a base to an ethical and social education on Law field. Studies the relationships between the philosophical tradition, the modern thinking and the Law, pointing epistemological and pedagogical questioning on parameters observed on actual law education, endowed with strong positivist base, with theoretical and methodological indications to Law field's Higher Education Curriculum Guidelines. Presents social and juridical challenges to the same field and to education's thematic field, aiming justice to the foundations to law education as a social practice / Mestrado / Filosofia e História da Educação / Mestre em Educação
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Raisonnement en présence d'incohérence : de la compilation de bases de croyances stratifiées à l'inférence à partir de bases de croyances partiellement pré-ordonnées / Reasoning under inconsistency : from the compilation of stratified belief bases to reasoningfrom partially preordered belief basesYahi-mechouche, Safa 04 December 2009 (has links)
Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse aux approches basées sur la restauration de la cohérence à partir de bases de croyances stratifiées ainsi qu'à partir de bases de croyances partiellement préordonnées (BCPP). Dans le premier cas, nous nous attaquons aux problèmes de complexité en proposant trois nouvelles approches de compilation que nous qualifions de flexibles en étant paramétrées par n'importe quel langage cible de compilation. La première concerne l'inférence possibiliste et s'adapte facilement à l'inférence linéaire. La seconde approche se rapporte à l'inférence lexicographique et se base sur la notion de contraintes de cardinalité Booléennes. Nous introduisons aussi une nouvelle compilation pour l'inférence MSP (pour Minimum de Specificity Principle). En ce qui concerne le raisonnement à partir de BCPPs qui offrent plus de flexibilité dans de nombreuses situations, notre première contribution consiste en l'introduction d'une extension de l'inférence lexicographique classique qui revêt un vif intérêt. La seconde contribution dans ce même cadre, est l'étude comparative des différentes relations d'inférence à partir de BCPPs relativement à la complexité, les propriétés logiques et la prudence. Une dernière contribution est l'application du raisonnement en présence d'incohérence dans le cadre de la détection d'intrusions coopérative. En effet, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de corrélation d'alertes. Cette approche se base sur le raisonnement à partir de BCPPs exprimées en logiques de description qui sont bien adaptées à la représentation des informations structurées tout en garantissant la décidabilité du raisonnement. / In this thesis, we are interested in coherence based approaches from both stratified belief bases and partially preordered belief bases (PPBB). In the first case, we tackle the complexity problems by proposing three new compilation approaches. The first one is about the possibilistic inference and applies easily to linear inference. The second approach is relative to lexicographic inference and is based on Boolean cardinality constraints. We also introduce a novel compilation approach for MSP entailment (MSP for Minimum Specificity Principle). As to reasoning from PPBBs which offer much more flexibility in many situations, our first contribution consists in extending the lexicographic inference which has interesting properties. The second contribution is a comparative study of the different inference relations from PPBBs with respect to three key dimensions, namely the complexity, the logical properties and the cautiousness. The last contribution is the application of reasoning under inconsistency in the case of intrusion detection. More precisely, we propose a new correlation approach. This latter is based on reasoning from PPBBs expressed in description logics, which are suitable to represent structured informations by ensuring the decidability of reasoning.
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En kvalitativ studie om kreditgivning, redovisning och förtroende / A qualitative study of credit granting, accounting and trustGiagouris, Pavlos, Martinsson, Julia January 2021 (has links)
Bakgrund: Kreditgivare är en av företagets viktigaste intressenter och de använder redovisning som informationskälla. Vilken information de grundar sitt beslut i och hur de använder redovisning har dock ändrats de senaste decennierna. Likaså har redovisningen i sig utvecklats då den för större företag blivit mindre konservativ. Konservatism i redovisning är ett sätt att hantera osäkerhet på vilket studier visar att kreditgivare föredrar. För att redovisningen ska vara användbar krävs att det finns förtroende för den. Förtroende har visat sig vara viktigt i affärsrelationer men är tämligen outforskat både i relation till kreditgivning och till redovisning. Detta förenas och studien ser närmare på dels redovisningens roll vid kreditgivning till större företag och hur kreditgivare påverkas av mindre konservativ redovisning, dels förtroendets roll vid kreditgivning. Syfte: Syftet är att öka förståelsen för vilka faktorer som påverkar ett kreditbeslut. Detta uppnås genom att undersöka både vilken betydelse hårda faktorer såsom redovisningsinformation har vid kreditgivning och mjuka faktorer såsom förtroende. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ ansats då tidigare forskning efterfrågar det. Sex intervjuer har genomförts med sju respondenter som vardera arbetat mellan 15-35 år med kreditgivning till företag. Detaljerade beskrivningar har återgetts från intervjuerna som sedan analyserats utifrån studiens analysmodell och huvudbegrepp. Slutsats: Studien visar att redovisningen har en central roll vid kreditgivning till större företag då deras årsredovisningar är så pass transparenta och informationsrika idag. Kassaflödesanalysen är det mest relevanta då företagets återbetalningsförmåga är det primära. Studien visar att kreditgivare främst baserar beslutet på bokslutsutlåning vilket visar vilken central roll redovisningen har. Kreditgivarna påverkas inte i märkbar utsträckning av att redovisningen för större företag blivit mindre konservativ då de alltid gör egna justeringar, bedömningar och analyser. De anpassar sig utefter vad de får och tillämpar alltid egna försiktighetsåtgärder vilket innebär att huruvida företaget redovisat konservativt eller ej inte är det avgörande. Vidare visar studien att förtroendet för företagetoch dess ledning samt redovisningen spelar en avgörande roll och är fundamentalt vid kreditgivning. Ärlighet och kompetens värderas högre än företagets välvilja. / Background: Creditors are one of a firm’s most important stakeholder and accounting is one of their source to information. The information on which they base their credit decision and how they use accounting has changed during the past decades. Likewise, the report itself has developed as it for larger firms become less conservative. Conservatism in accounting is a way of dealing with uncertainty, which studies show that creditors prefer. In order for accounting to be useful, trust must exist. Trust has proven to be important in business relationships but is rather unexplored both in relation to credit granting and to accounting. This is combined and the study examines partly the role of accounting in credit granting to large firms and how less conservative accounting affects creditors, partly the role of trust in credit granting. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the factors that influence a credit decision. This is achieved by examining both the importance of hard factors such as accounting information in credit granting, as well as soft factors such as trust. Method: The study has been based on a qualitative approach as previous research demands it. Six interviews were conducted with seven respondents who each have worked between 15-35 years with credit granting to companies. Detailed descriptions have been reproduced from the interviews, which has been analysed based on the study’s analysis model and main concepts. Conclusion: The study shows that accounting has a central role in credit granting to large firms as their annual reports are so transparent and rich in information today. The cash flow analysis is the most relevant as the firm’s repayment capacity is primary. The study shows that creditors mainly base their decision on financial statement lending, which shows the central role of accounting. Creditors are not significantly affected by the fact that accounting for large firms has become less conservative as they always make their own adjustments and always apply their own precautionary principle, which means that whetherthe firm has reported conservatively or not is not decisive. Furthermore, the study shows that trust in the firm and its management as well as the accounting plays a crucial role and is fundamental in credit granting. Honesty and competence are valued higher than the firm’s benevolence.
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Vers un cadre délibératif pour les comités d'éthique hospitaliers : la nécessité de la dimension prudentielleLévesque, Jacques-François 08 May 2021 (has links)
Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec et Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke / Le but de la thèse est de proposer un modèle de cadre délibératif à l'usage des comités d'éthique hospitaliers. Ce modèle délibératif doit tenir compte de la normativité de l'éthique médicale. La thèse a quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre traite de l'évolution historique des comités d'éthique hospitaliers depuis leur création aux États-Unis jusqu'à leur implantation au Québec. Des études successives ont démontré le manque de cadre délibératif au sein des comités d'éthique hospitaliers du Québec. À la recherche de modèles, quelques auteurs ont souligné l'à-propos de la théorie délibérative de Jürgen Habermas. Nous avons certaines difficultés à croire que cette théorie délibérative est appropriée pour les comités d'éthique hospitaliers.
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