Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T22:03:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DeisylaneGarciaDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1828428 bytes, checksum: 6aa0677a22e733d7d8e58da84d8769bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T19:56:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DeisylaneGarciaDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1828428 bytes, checksum: 6aa0677a22e733d7d8e58da84d8769bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T19:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeisylaneGarciaDaSilva_DISSERT.pdf: 1828428 bytes, checksum: 6aa0677a22e733d7d8e58da84d8769bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / As intera??es sociais entre oper?rias em uma col?nia n?o acontecem de forma aleat?ria, uma vez que as oper?rias decidem quantas vezes v?o interagir e com quem v?o interagir. As taxas de intera??es na col?nia s?o reguladas pela densidade de indiv?duos que ela cont?m e atrav?s das quais pode haver rapidez na transfer?ncia de informa??o, provocando mudan?as na din?mica de rede social. A fim de analisar o fluxo de informa??o em oper?rias de Dinoponera quadriceps investigamos duas col?nias com base na quantidade de oper?rias e larvas no ninho, n?mero de intera??es individuais, n?mero de sa?das, ?for?a? e ?alcance? de cada intera??o, al?m do fluxo de informa??o em diferentes hor?rios. O estudo foi realizado no Laborat?rio de Biologia Comportamental da UFRN. Foram observadas duas col?nias com diferentes densidades de oper?rias por 16h/col?nia, totalizando 8h/dia atrav?s de grava??o com c?mera digital. As col?nias de D. quadriceps n?o apresentaram correla??o entre o n?mero total de intera??es com o n?mero total de oper?rias e nem com as sa?das do ninho. As taxas de intera??es per capita apresentaram padr?o semelhante para as duas col?nias, sendo maiores no hor?rio com disponibilidade de alimento. A col?nia com menor densidade de oper?rias apresentou mais intera??es por individuo, principalmente no dia e hor?rio com alimento, e estas intera??es obtiveram maior ?for?a? e ?alcance?. A din?mica de redes sociais tamb?m apresentou padr?o semelhante entre as col?nias, apresentando maiores fluxos de informa??o no hor?rio com alimento. Com base no exposto conclu?mos que as oper?rias de D. quadriceps regulam a atividade de forrageamento atrav?s de autoestimula??o, como tamb?m suas taxas de contato, aumentando o n?mero de intera??es em dia e hor?rio com alimento na col?nia, modificando o fluxo de informa??o e aumentando a dissemina??o da informa??o. / Social interactions between workers in a colony do not happen randomly, since workers decide how often they will interact and who they will interact with. Interactions rate in the colony are regulated by the density of individuals it contains and through which can quickly transfer information in the colony, causing changes in network dynamics. In order to analyze the flow of information among workers of Dinoponera quadriceps we investigated two colonies based on the number of workers and larvae in the nest, number of individual interactions, number of outputs, 'strength' and 'reach of each interaction, and also the information flow at different times. The study was conducted in the Behavioral Biology Laboratory at UFRN. Two colonies with different densities of workers were observed for 16h/colony, totaling 8 hours/day by recording using a digital camera. Colonies of D. quadriceps showed no correlation between the total number of interactions with the total number of workers nor to the number of nest exits. The per capita rates of interactions showed a similar pattern in both colonies, being higher during the food availability periods. The colony with lower density of workers had more interactions per individual, especially on the day and period with food, and these interactions got stronger and greater range. The dynamics of social networks also showed a similar pattern among colonies, with greater flow of information during the feeding time. Based on these results we conclude that workers of D. quadriceps regulate foraging activity through self-stimulation, as well as with their contact rates by increasing the number of interactions when food was offered to the colony, changing the flow of information and increasing dissemination of information.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-03T14:08:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoBessaFerreira_DISSERT.pdf: 1022631 bytes, checksum: 5d0c50081a1425a8187b2f41fb6f3637 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-10T12:30:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoBessaFerreira_DISSERT.pdf: 1022631 bytes, checksum: 5d0c50081a1425a8187b2f41fb6f3637 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T12:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoBessaFerreira_DISSERT.pdf: 1022631 bytes, checksum: 5d0c50081a1425a8187b2f41fb6f3637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Considerar o bem-estar de animais em cativeiro ? primordial para cuidar da sa?de f?sica e psicol?gica dos indiv?duos. No entanto, apesar de v?rios indicadores dispon?veis (ex. comportamentais, bioqu?micos e fisiol?gicos), a integra??o de resultados ainda gera d?vidas sobre o real estado de bemestar de um indiv?duo. Neste trabalho testamos a hip?tese de que a incongru?ncia entre os indicadores de bem-estar ocorre porque os animais, dentro da mesma popula??o, diferem na maneira como se comportam e reagem face aos est?mulos. Usamos como modelo macacos-pregos cativos aos cuidados do CETAS de Natal/RN e Cabedelo/PB e do zool?gico de Jo?o Pessoa/PB. No primeiro capitulo, revisamos diversos conceitos e metodologias do estudo da personalidade animal. No segundo capitulo, definimos os eixos do perfil comportamental (GNB - Comportamento Normativo de G?nero) e de enfrentamento ao estresse (BPIS - Comportamentos Potencialmente Indicativos de Estresse), e o perfil fisiol?gico (Metab?litos Fecais de Glicocortic?ides - MFG) dos animais em condi??o de estresse cr?nico de cativeiro. No terceiro capitulo, analisamos se os diferentes tipos comportamentais reagem a um estresse agudo de mudan?a de recinto. Nossos resultados principais foram: Individuos que locomovem mais exibem BPIS mais r?pidos (ex. giro de cabe?a), enquanto indiv?duos mais inativos exibem BPIS mais estacionarias (ex. autoenganchar). Em ambos os extremos do eixo atividadeinatividade, os animais mostram sinais fisiol?gicos de baixo grau de bem-estar. Animais mais soci?veis s?o mais resilientes, tanto a n?vel fisiol?gico quanto a n?vel comportamental aos estresses do cativeiro. Ap?s um estresse agudo, os indiv?duos que pontuam positivamente nos eixos Sociabilidade e Explora?ao exibem melhor adapta??o ao ambiente novo. Nossos resultados corroboram modelos indicando a exist?ncia de diferentes perfis comportamentais que reagem de forma diferente ao estresse e que apresentam perfis fisiol?gicos. O padr?o encontrado assemelha-se ao descrito em outros trabalhos para outras esp?cies e podem lan?ar luz sobre a evolu??o e plasticidade comportamental no reino animal. / Considering the welfare of animals in captivity is findamental to take care of the physical and psychological health of individuals. However, despite several indicators available (eg, behavioral, biochemical and physiological), the integration of results still raises doubts about the actual state of well-being of an individual. In this paper we test the hypothesis that the incongruity between well-being indicators occurs because the animals within the same population differ in the way they behave and react to the stimuli. We used, as model, captive capuchin-monkey under the care of CETAS de Natal / RN and Cabedelo / PB and the zoo of Jo?o Pessoa / PB. In the first chapter, we review several concepts and methodologies of the study of the animal personality. In the second chapter, we define the axes of the behavioral profile (GNB - Gender Normative Behavior) and stress coping (BPIS - Behaviors Potentially Indicative of Stress), and the physiological profile (Metabolites of Fecal Glucocorticoids - MFG) of animals in chronic stress of captivity. In the third chapter, we analyze whether the different behavioral types react to an acute stress of change of enclosure. Our main results were: Individuals who move more exhibit faster BPIS (eg head twirl), while more inactive individuals exhibit more stationary BPIS (eg crouching). At both ends of the activityinactivity axis, the animals show physiological signs of low welfare. More sociable animals are more resilient, both physiologically and behaviorally level to captivity stress. After an acute stress, the individuals that score positively in the Sociability and Exploration axes exhibit better adaptation to the new environment. Our results corroborate models indicating the existence of different behavioral profiles that react differently to stress and that present physiological profiles. The pattern found resembles that described in other works for other species and may shed light on behavioral evolution and plasticity of the animal kingdom.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:05:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-18T13:26:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T13:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaJensenDidonet_TESE.pdf: 2583824 bytes, checksum: 051c963d447673a358cc7bee29ee8629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / A depress?o reduz a qualidade de vida do indiv?duo, compromete a funcionalidade profissional e social e ? considerada a principal causa para incapacidade em termos de anos perdidos no curso da doen?a. Apesar da severidade relatada, ainda n?o h? uma compreens?o clara dos substratos neurais alterados na depress?o, por isso o estudo de modelos animais que investiguem a etiologia deste transtorno torna-se extremamente necess?rio. Este trabalho buscou comparar altera??es bioqu?micas no soro, c?rtex pr?frontal (CPF) e hipocampo de camundongos submetidos a dois modelos animais de depress?o: desamparo aprendido e administra??o do lipopolissacar?deo de E.Coli (LPS). O teste de desamparo aprendido resultou em m?dia 70 % de animais desamparados, verificado pela falha em escapar aos choques 24 h e 48 h ap?s a sess?o de indu??o do desamparo. Os 30 % restantes foram considerados resilientes. Os animais desamparados apresentaram mais dano oxidativo no CPF e soro, quando comparados aos animais controles. N?o houve diferen?a entre desamparados e resilientes, por?m, foi observada correla??o positiva entre o dano oxidativo no soro e CPF e o comportamento desamparado. A concentra??o das citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias IL-1?, TNF?, IL-6 e antiinflamat?ria IL-10 no CPF e hipocampo dos animais submetidos ao desamparo e controles n?o foi diferente entre os grupos, por?m houve correla??o positiva entre a citocina IL-6 no hipocampo e o comportamento desamparado dos animais. A atividade da enzima indolamina 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa nos animais submetidos ao modelo do desamparo e controles. A administra??o sist?mica de LPS (0,8 mg/kg i.p.) induziu um comportamento doentio nos animais, caracterizado por diminui??o da ingest?o de ?gua e comida, perda de peso e altera??o da temperatura retal 6 h ap?s a inje??o. Em 24 h o estado doentio diminuiu, por?m, os animais que receberam LPS apresentaram imobilidade aumentada no teste de suspens?o pela cauda em compara??o aos animais que receberam salina. Foi observado mais dano oxidativo no soro, CPF e hipocampo do grupo LPS em compara??o aos grupos salina e controle. As citocinas IL-?, TNF? no soro, CPF e hipocampo n?o apresentaram nenhuma altera??o, indicando que a inflama??o induzida pela administra??o de LPS foi transit?ria. A citocina IL-6 mostrou-se elevada no CPF do grupo que recebeu LPS em compara??o ao grupo salina, correlacionada positivamente com o comportamento do tipo depressivo dos animais. Os n?veis de IL-10 no hipocampo correlacionaram-se negativamente com o comportamento do tipo depressivo e a atividade da IDO foi aumentada no CPF e diminu?da no hipocampo do grupo LPS. Os resultados apresentados corroboram a hip?tese da ativa??o do sistema imune no evento depressivo e consequente dano oxidativo, verificado em dois modelos animais de depress?o. A ativa??o da IDO variou entre as ?reas analisadas em cada modelo animal. / Major depression has a great impact on an individual?s quality of life and it is considered the leading cause of burden in terms of years lost due to disability. However, despite the severity of depression, the pathophysiology of the disease is still elusive. In this regard, the use of animal models plays an important role in research for the etiology of depression. This work compared biochemical alterations occurring on serum, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus in two animal models of depression: learned helplessness and administration of lipopolyssaccharide from E.Coli (LPS). Learned helplessness protocol used in this work resulted in 70 % of helpless mice, assessed by the inability to escape from electroshocks given 24 h or 48 h after the helpless-induction session. The other 30 % of mice were considered resilient. Helpless animals showed more oxidative damage in PFC and serum when compared to controls. No difference was seen between helpless and resilient groups, but there was a positive correlation between the oxidative damage on serum and PFC and helpless behavior. There was no difference in the concentration of IL-1?, TNF?, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines on PFC and hippocampus of the animals exposed to the learned helplessness test, but there was a significant positive correlation between IL-6 concentration and depressive-like behavior on hippocampus. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme activity was not altered on learned helplessness model. Systemic administration of LPS (0,8 mg/kg) induced sickness behavior on animals characterized by decreased food and water intake, bodyweight loss and altered body temperature 6 h after administration. Sickness behavior is over after 24 h, but LPS-treated mice displayed higher immobility time in the tail suspension test when compared to saline. There was more oxidative damage in serum, PFC and hippocampus of LPS group when compared to saline and controls. No differences on IL-1? and TNF? concentration on serum, PFC and hippocampus of the animals were detected, suggesting a transient nature of the LPS-induced inflammation. LPS-treated group displayed higher concentrations of IL-6 on PFC when compared to saline group, and IL-6 concentration positively correlated to depressive-like behavior. IL-10 concentrations on hippocampus were negatively correlated to depressive-like behavior and IDO activity was increased on PFC and decreased on hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Data presented here corroborate for the hypothesis of immune activation during depressive episodes, then resulting in oxidative damage assessed in two animal models of depression. IDO activity behaved with some specificity in each animal model depending on the brain or systemic area.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:05:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 YwllianeDaSilvaRodriguesMeurer_TESE.pdf: 1373910 bytes, checksum: d491e059868659b49cc5906532ddf376 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-18T14:01:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 YwllianeDaSilvaRodriguesMeurer_TESE.pdf: 1373910 bytes, checksum: d491e059868659b49cc5906532ddf376 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T14:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YwllianeDaSilvaRodriguesMeurer_TESE.pdf: 1373910 bytes, checksum: d491e059868659b49cc5906532ddf376 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Inibidores seletivos de recapta??o de serotonina (ISRS) s?o amplamente utilizados no tratamento de depress?o e ansiedade em v?rios est?gios da vida do indiv?duo, inclusive durante a gravidez ou lacta??o. Nessa circunst?ncia, com o feto in utero ou em amamenta??o, o mesmo ser? exposto a influ?ncia da hiperestimula??o seroton?rgica capaz de desorganizar o desenvolvimento morfofuncional do SNC. A modula??o do circuito seroton?rgico no c?rebro em desenvolvimento pode alterar a organiza??o e forma??o de diferentes redes neurais espec?ficas e repercutir na express?o comportamental do indiv?duo. Neste sentido, utilizamos o ISRS ? fluoxetina (dose: 10mg/kg)? no per?odo de desenvolvimento PND7PND21, para investigar poss?veis altera??es persistentes na neuroqu?mica e no comportamento de ratos machos e f?meas durante as idades p?snascimento de 45 (PND45) e 90 dias (PND90). Outros tr?s grupos experimentais foram utilizados como controle da administra??o farmacol?gica, s?o eles: Naive (animais n?omanipulados), Sham (animais residentes nas gaiolas de tratamento sem manipula??o) e Veh (animais residentes nas gaiolas de tratamento que recebiam inje??o de ?gua destilada). Nosso trabalho re?ne um conjunto de dados comportamentais complementares e tamb?m in?ditos relacionados a avalia??o do comportamento mnem?nico, da ansiedade e tipodepressivo nos animais nessas diferentes idades e em ambos os sexos. Aqui observamos aumento na ansiedade (avaliada no teste de campo aberto), altera??es de mem?ria de curto prazo (atrav?s dos paradigmas de reconhecimento de objetos e alterna??o espont?nea), bem como manifesta??o do comportamento tipodepressivo (usando os testes de prefer?ncia de sacarose e nata??o for?ada) na prole em idade de 45 dias. Enquanto que na idade adulta (PND90) foi observada (atrav?s dos paradigmas comportamentais usados na avalia??o da prole juvenil) redu??o nos n?veis de ansiedade, manuten??o das altera??es de mem?ria de curto prazo, bem como atenua??o do perfil tipodepressivo. Em ambas idades foram observadas redu??o no n?mero de neur?nios parvalbuminapositivos, contudo somente animais em idade PND45 tratados com fluoxetina apresentaram redu??o significativa e ainda quando comparados com os grupos Naive e Sham, mas n?o ao grupo Veh. Por isso, mais estudos s?o necess?rios para investigar os efeitos persistentes da serotonina sobre a matura??o, prolifera??o e migra??o de interneur?nios para as regi?es corticais. Os animais expostos ao ISRS apresentam maior tra?o de altera??es nos comportamentos de ansiedade e tipodepressivo. Nosso trabalho exp?e altera??es mnem?nicas decorrentes da exposi??o previa a fluoxetina, sugerindo altera??es persistentes no circuito corticol?mbico. Estes achados sugerem que a modula??o do circuito seroton?rgico durante per?odos cr?ticos do desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central pode alterar a organiza??o dos diferentes circuitos neuroqu?micos e induzir altera??es comportamentais, as quais podem repercutir para o surgimento de dist?rbios neuropsiqui?tricos. / Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed to treat depression, anxiety and other disorders. The developmental exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) results in persistent behavioural impairment into adulthood. In this way, serotonergic overexpression in early life may lead to structural and functional changes in brain circuits that control cognitive and emotional behaviour. Here, we addressed the question of how postnatal (PND7PND21) exposure to fluoxetine affects memory, anxietyand depressionlike behaviours, as well as neurochemical markers of interneurons and serotonergic cells in brain areas related to these behaviours in juvenile (PND45) and adult (PND90) female and male rats. In a first stage, we analysed both female and male rat?s performances in several behavioural tasks and investigated the expression of serotonin (5HT) in the dorsal and median nucleus of raphe, and parvalbumin (PV) in PFCm and hippocampus at PND45. We found that earlylife exposure to fluoxetine increased anxietyand depressionlike behaviours (more in female compared to male animals), and induced a working memory impairment only in the juvenile male. Afterwards, we performed behavioural and neurochemical analysis of male and female adult rats (PND90), where we found that fluoxetine affects only anxietyrelated male behaviour. Also, the memory impairment (more in male than female) and depressivelike profile (both sexes) remained in adult age. Moreover, the exposure to fluoxetine affect PV immunoreactivity in the hippocampus in any sex at PND45 and PND90; however, adult animals appear to recover neurochemical deficits observed at the juvenile age. The results revealed developmental fluoxetine effects on juvenile behaviour that can have implications for affective disorders and mnemonic processes. These results revealed persistent changes a sex and agemanner related to developmental exposure to fluoxetine, where serotonergic modulation induce differential profile of anxietyand depressionlike behaviour and mnemonic impairment on female and male rats at juvenile and adult age. Also, suggest a sexdependent compensatory mechanism, which it is possibly related to serotonergic sinalisation. Circuits may involve subcortical and cortical information processing, including subcortical limbic and possible (pre)frontal areas. Thus, our findings suggest that serotonergic modulation during critical periods of SNC development may alter the organisation of excitatoryinhibitory circuit and induce behavioural changes, which may have repercussions for the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-08-01T13:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoRodriguesAmorim_DISSERT.pdf: 1875129 bytes, checksum: 59df4759f100ee4855427e495c7bf6b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-07T13:37:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoRodriguesAmorim_DISSERT.pdf: 1875129 bytes, checksum: 59df4759f100ee4855427e495c7bf6b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T13:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoRodriguesAmorim_DISSERT.pdf: 1875129 bytes, checksum: 59df4759f100ee4855427e495c7bf6b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Bebidas alco?licas s?o popularmente consumidas em diversas culturas humanas. Por?m, o consumo alco?lico excessivo e a longo prazo pode promover danos sociais, f?sicos e psicol?gicos de dif?cil revers?o. De fato, o ?lcool exerce diferentes efeitos no organismo. Baixas concentra??es promovem euforia, relaxamento, e al?vio do estresse/ansiedade (efeito ansiol?tico), e a abstin?ncia, ap?s doses m?dias cr?nicas, aumentam o estresse/ansiedade (efeito ansiog?nico), podendo interferir na aprendizagem. No entanto, h? poucas informa??es sobre como essa droga altera aspectos cognitivos e psicol?gicos em situa??es de estresse/ansiedade que envolvam aprendizagem. O que demanda investiga??es aprofundadas com a proposi??o de modelos animais para uso translacional. Diante disso, caracter?sticas como: f?cil manuten??o e reprodu??o em laborat?rio, homologia gen?tica superior a 70% ? do genoma humano, e facilidade na administra??o de f?rmacos, tornam o peixe paulistinha (Danio rerio) um modelo ideal em pesquisas translacionais que envolvam drogas de abuso. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho buscou investigar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos alco?licos (cr?nico e agudo) no desdobramento da resposta de ansiedade e na aprendizagem associativa aversiva do peixe paulistinha. Para isso, foram testados os efeitos do ?lcool na aprendizagem associativa aversiva do paulistinha (artigo 1) e os efeitos do ?lcool e do enriquecimento ambiental (EE) na impossibilidade do peixe evitar um estressor (artigo 2). Os resultados indicaram que comportamentos tipo-ansiosos em paulistinha s?o alterados por mudan?as nas concentra??es alco?licas, no regime de exposi??o ou no ambiente. ?lcool agudo aumenta ansiedade e potencializa a percep??o em rela??o ao eletrochoque. J? o EE promove efeito ansiol?tico e diminui a percep??o do eletrochoque. Por fim, sugerimos que esse trabalho serve de base para pesquisas neurofisiol?gicas gen?ticas e comportamentais sobre os efeitos da intera??o entre drogas de abuso e ambiente. / Alcoholic beverages are popularly consumed in various human cultures. However, excessive and long-term alcohol consumption can promote social, physical and psychological damages that are difficult to reverse. In fact, alcohol has different effects on the body. Low concentrations promote euphoria, relaxation, and stress/anxiety relief (anxiolytic effect), and abstinence after chronic medial doses increases stress / anxiety (anxiety) and may interfere with learning. However, there is little information on how this drug alters cognitive and psychological aspects in stress/anxiety situations involving learning. Therefore, in-depth investigations are required with the proposition of translational animal models. As a result, characteristics such as: easy maintenance and reproduction in the laboratory, genetic homology up to 70% to that of the human genome, and ease of administration of drugs, make zebrafish (Danio rerio) an ideal model in translational research involving drugs of abuse. In this sense, the present study sought to investigate the effect of different alcoholic treatments (chronic and acute) in the unfolding of the anxiety response and in the aversive associative learning of zebrafish.For this, the effects of alcohol in the aversive associative learning of zebrafish (manuscript 1) and the effects of alcohol and environmental enrichment (EE) on the impossibility of the fish to avoid a stressor were tested (manuscript 2). The results indicated that anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish are altered by changes in alcoholic concentrations, in the exposure regime or in the environment. Acute alcohol increases anxiety and potentiates the electroshock perception. While EE promotes anxiolytic effect and decreases the perception of electroshock. Finally, we suggest that this work serves as a basis for genetic and behavioral neurophysiological research regarding the effects of the interaction between drugs of abuse and environment.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-09-04T21:45:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscillaValessaDeCastroAndrade_DISSERT.pdf: 1841839 bytes, checksum: 3fb757eaa049425550138768d7d96f9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-12T19:30:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscillaValessaDeCastroAndrade_DISSERT.pdf: 1841839 bytes, checksum: 3fb757eaa049425550138768d7d96f9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T19:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscillaValessaDeCastroAndrade_DISSERT.pdf: 1841839 bytes, checksum: 3fb757eaa049425550138768d7d96f9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / De acordo com as mudan?as ambientais, os indiv?duos apresentam diferentes estrat?gias para lidar com os variados est?mulos externos. Os diferentes comportamentos compreendem os diferentes fen?tipos que comp?em uma popula??o. Essas diferen?as podem ser explicadas por altera??es end?genas, como a secre??o hormonal. Por exemplo, os horm?nios modulam comportamentos reprodutivos e processos cognitivos. Com o objetivo de caracterizar as diferen?as individuais em uma popula??o, o presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a rela??o entre os perfis comportamental e hormonal em um grupo de machos lutando peixes, Betta splendens. Um grupo de 86 machos foi observado para constru??o de ninho de bolha, exposi??es agon?sticas em competi??es coespec?ficas e desempenho em um protocolo de aprendizagem espacial. Depois disso, mediram-se os n?veis plasm?ticos de cortisol e testosterona. Um procedimento estat?stico inovador e elegante foi aplicado ao conjunto de dados para separar animais em grupos relacionados ao seu comportamento de constru??o de ninhos (teste de m?dias de k) e depois mostrar quais os par?metros comportamentais e fisiol?gicos que melhor explicam os perfis dos grupos (Random Forest and Classification Tree). Nossos resultados apontam para tr?s perfis distintos: construtores de ninhos (ninhos de 30,74 ? 9,84 cm?), intermedi?rios (ninhos de 13,57 ? 4,23 cm?) e n?o-construtores (ninhos de 2,17 ? 2,25 cm?). Estes grupos apresentaram diferen?as nos comportamentos agon?stico e de aprendizagem, bem como nos n?veis hormonais. O cortisol foi o principal preditor apontado pelo teste Random Forest para a separa??o de indiv?duos nos diferentes grupos: construtores de ninhos e intermedi?rios apresentaram n?veis mais baixos de cortisol, enquanto os n?o-construtores apresentaram os maiores valores de cortisol basal. O segundo mais importante preditor foi o desempenho de aprendizagem, que separou os animais intermedi?rios dos construtores de ninhos (aqueles que aprenderam mais r?pido), seguidos pelos n?veis basais de testosterona e comportamentos agon?sticos. Enquanto os n?veis de testosterona n?o foram significativos para explicar as diferen?as comportamentais, parece estar relacionado com o perfil de constru??o. Nosso achado mostra que diferentes perfis investem de forma diferente na reprodu??o e que o cortisol influencia negativamente o comportamento e a aprendizagem do nidifica??o. Em resumo, nossos dados sugerem que diferentes perfis em uma popula??o s?o determinados por respostas hormonais e comportamentais, e essas diferen?as conferem flexibilidade ? popula??o, permitindo a presen?a de animais que investem mais na reprodu??o enquanto outros mostram defesa e agress?o como a dominante caracter?stica expressa. / According to environmental changes, the individuals show different strategies to coping with the varied external stimuli. The different responders comprise the different phenotypes that compose a population. These differences can be explained by endogenous changes, such as hormonal secretion. For instance, hormones modulate reproductive behaviors and cognitive processes. In order to characterize individual differences in a population, the present study aimed to testing the relationship between behavioral and hormonal profiles in a group of males Fighting fish, Betta splendens. A group of 86 males were observed for bubble nest construction, agonistic displays in conspecific contests and performance in a spatial learning protocol. After that, cortisol and testosterone plasma levels were measured. An innovative and stylish statistical procedure was applied to the data set in order to separate animal in groups related to its nest building behavior (k-means test) and then shown which behavioral and physiological parameters better explain the groups? profiles (Random forest and Classification tree). Our results point to three distinct profiles: nest builders (nests of 30.74 ? 9.84 cm?), intermediates (nests of 13.57 ? 4.23 cm?) and non-builders (nests of 2.17 ? 2.25 cm?). These groups presented marked different in agonistic and learning behavior, as well as hormone levels. Cortisol was the main predictor prepared by the Random Forest test for the separation of individuals in the different groups: nest builders and intermediates showed lower levels of cortisol while non-builders presented the highest basal cortisol values. The second most important predictor was learning performance, that separated animals from the intermediate from the nest builders (faster learners), followed by basal testosterone levels and agonistic behavior displays. While the testosterone levels were not significant to explain behavioral differences, it seems to be related to the construction profile. Our finding shows that different profiles invest differently in reproduction and that cortisol negatively influences nesting behavior and learning. In summary, our data suggest that different profiles in a population are determined by both hormonal and behavioral responses, and these differences confer flexibility to the population, allowing the presence of animals that invest the most in reproduction while other show defense and aggression as the dominant feature expressed.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-09-04T21:45:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SabinneDanielleGalina_DISSERT.pdf: 2435293 bytes, checksum: ec163e02b8bffd3497a463d69f9b4a88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-12T19:54:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SabinneDanielleGalina_DISSERT.pdf: 2435293 bytes, checksum: ec163e02b8bffd3497a463d69f9b4a88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T19:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SabinneDanielleGalina_DISSERT.pdf: 2435293 bytes, checksum: ec163e02b8bffd3497a463d69f9b4a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Em adolescentes, o atraso de fase do sono est? associado ? redu??o na dura??o do sono, ocasionando aumento na sonol?ncia diurna e baixo desempenho acad?mico. O baixo desempenho pode estar relacionado ? redu??o na aten??o, processo cognitivo, cujos componentes apresentam varia??o circadiana, e assim como o ciclo sono-vig?lia (CSV) pode ser modulado por ciclos de luz-escuro. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar a exist?ncia de rela??es entre a intensidade luminosa na sala de aula e o CSV, qualidade de sono, sonol?ncia diurna e aten??o em adolescentes do turno matutino de escolas privadas da capital (C) (Natal: Latitude: 05? 47' 42" Sul, Longitude: 35? 12' 34" Oeste) e do interior (I) (Santa Cruz: Latitude: 6? 13' 46'' Sul, Longitude: 36? 1' 24'' Oeste) do estado do RN. Participaram do estudo 115 adolescentes (C: 56 e I: 59), de ambos os sexos (41 meninos), matriculados no 1? e 2? anos do ensino m?dio. Os alunos responderam aos question?rios: ?A Sa?de e o Sono?, ?ndice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh, as Escalas de Matutinidade e Vespertinidade, e Pedi?trica de Sonol?ncia diurna, al?m de um Di?rio de Sono, que continha a escala de sonol?ncia de Maldonado, este ?ltimo por 10 dias. A aten??o foi avaliada pela Tarefa de Execu??o Cont?nua (TEC), entre 7:30h e 9:30h em hor?rio de aula com aplica??o ?nica. A intensidade luminosa foi registrada durante o hor?rio de intervalo dos alunos. A sala de aula foi subdividida em 6 quadrantes para medi??o, que ocorreu com todas as luzes acesas e tamb?m com as luzes apagadas e um projetor ligado, simulando uma aula com proje??o. De forma geral, a amostra apresentou h?bitos e qualidade ruim de sono, priva??o parcial e irregularidade nos hor?rios de sono entre dias escolares e fins de semana, independentemente do local em que residem, refor?ando a hip?tese de que o hor?rio de in?cio das aulas pela manh? ? um forte desafio temporal para os adolescentes. Os indiv?duos expostos a maior intensidade luminosa dentro de sala apresentaram hor?rio de levantar mais cedo (r=-0,30, p<0,001), maior irregularidade para os hor?rios de deitar (r=0,23, p<0,05) e levantar (r=0,20, p<0,05), e menor tempo na cama durante a semana (r=-0,16, p=0,05); bem como melhor desempenho atencional atrav?s de maior percentagem de acertos (A) e menor de omiss?es (O) para o alerta t?nico (A: r=0,22, p<0,05 e O: r=-0,26, p<0,001) e f?sico (A: r=0,22, p<0,05 e O: r=-0,23, p<0,05), e a aten??o sustentada (A: r=0,17, p=0,06 e O: r=0,26, p<0,001). Neste sentido, a intensidade luminosa em sala de aula pode ser um fator que influencia o sono e componentes da aten??o, tais como o alerta t?nico e f?sico e a aten??o sustentada; visto que aqueles que assistem aulas em salas com maior intensidade luminosa apresentaram modifica??es no padr?o de sono e melhor desempenho atencional. Todavia, estudos adicionais com maior n?mero de escolas nas localidades estudadas s?o necess?rios para confirmar estas evid?ncias.

Le emozioni sono state largamente indagate da discipline differenti che ne hanno evidenziato il ruolo fondamentale nei processi cognitivi, sociali e comportamentali degli individui. Alla luce di queste evidenze, la presente tesi di dottorato si è proposta di indagare, attraverso l’utilizzo di un approccio multimetodologico caratterizzato dall’uso di elettroencefalografia (EEG), spettroscopia funzionale nel vicino infrarosso (fNIRS) e biofeedback, il ruolo e l’influenza delle emozioni in differenti contesti di vita sociale, passando da una prospettiva “intra-soggettiva” ad una “inter-soggettiva”. Nello specifico, il primo studio ha indagato i correlati neurofisiologici impliciti ed espliciti delle risposte emotive caratterizzanti la presa di decisione morale nel singolo individuo. Il secondo studio, attraverso l’utilizzo dell’hyperscanning, ha osservato i correlati neurofisiologici e i meccanismi di sintonizzazione cerebrale e periferica associati alle risposte emotive di individui interagenti durante uno scambio prosociale. Infine, il terzo studio ha investigato i correlati neurofisiologici e i meccanismi di sintonizzazione emotiva sottostanti un’interazione comunicativa non-verbale. In conclusione, i tre studi si sono proposti di osservare, adottando un livello crescente di complessità, da una prospettiva sul singolo individuo ad una diadica, come l’utilizzo di un approccio multimetodologico possa informare sui meccanismi impliciti ed espliciti delle risposte emotive durante differenti situazioni sociali. / Emotions have been extensively investigated by different disciplines, highlighting their fundamental role in individuals’ cognitive, social and behavioral processes. In light of this evidence, the present doctoral thesis aims to investigate, through the use of a multimetodological approach characterized by the use of electroencephalography (EEG), functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), and biofeedback, the role and influence of emotions in different contexts of social life, passing from an “intra-subjective” to an “inter-subjective” perspective. Specifically, the first study has investigated the implicit and explicit neurophysiological correlates of emotional responses characterizing moral decision-making in single individuals. The second study, through the use of the hyperscanning paradigm, has observed the neurophysiological correlates and the brain and peripheral tuning mechanisms associated with emotional responses of interacting individuals during a prosocial exchange. Finally, the third study has investigated the neurophysiological correlates and emotional synthonization mechanisms underlying a non-verbal communicative interaction. In conclusion, the three studies set out to observe, adopting an increasing level of complexity, from a single individual to a dyadic perspective, how using a multimetodological approach can inform about the implicit and explicit mechanisms of emotional responses during different social situations.

Shame is a self-conscious emotion that characterizes the life of all individuals. It arises when a moral violation occurs and the person is judged negatively by others for a way of being that does not correspond to the standards of society. Although over the years it has been widely treated from a theoretical point of view, there are few attempts in the literature to approach it scientifically by psychologists and neuroscientists. Using an integrated approach, based on neuroimaging, behavioral and neuropsychological investigations, in this thesis we aimed to investigate what are the cognitive mechanisms through which shame operates and what are its neural bases. After an initial theoretical introduction in which a novel model of shame functioning is proposed, two behavioral studies are presented in which an innovative experimental paradigm of shame elicitation has been validated and tested. Subsequently, the single-case of a patient with rare bilateral amygdala damage has been described. Since this region is notoriously crucial for emotional aspects, we tested the possibility that an amygdala injury could also lead to deficits in perception and recognition of shame. Afterward, to investigate if shame had its own specific neural activation map, a meta-analysis on functional studies in the literature that investigated the neural bases of shame and guilt (another self-conscious emotion) has been carried out. Finally, given the heterogeneity of the paradigms included in the meta-analysis, we run an fMRI study using our novel paradigm in order to detect shame neural signal. In general, by combining different methodologies, this work allowed us to approach shame from different perspectives, from simple elicitation and behavioral measurement to its neural basis. This has added a piece of knowledge in the field of affective neuroscience regarding a moral emotion (i.e. shame) that is fundamental to individual well-being within our society.

This doctoral thesis outlines the review and experimental studies conducted during my Ph.D. that aimed to clarify the neurocognitive processes underlying socioemotional behavior in neurotypical and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) individuals, a clinical population with impairments in the socioemotional core. The thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 is concerning the involvement of the hypothalamus in socioemotional behavior. Indeed, despite the large number of studies on the relationship between hypothalamic neuropeptides and social behavior in ASD, only a few studies investigated the association between the hypothalamus and socioemotional response in ASD. Results from this review highlighted anatomical hypothalamic atrophy and functional hypothalamic hypoactivation during face processing and social interaction tasks. The above results from the review highlighted the need to have an appropriate paradigm to investigate hypothalamic involvement in socioemotional behavior. For this reason, in Chapter 2, I performed a systematic review of the neuroimaging studies that used a classical conditioning paradigm to study socioemotional behavior. Results raised the presence of a gap in the literature: indeed, it has been shown that (1) no study used a purely social unconditioned stimulus; (2) the literature mainly focused on conditioning to aversive stimuli, whereas no study focused on conditioning to positive stimuli. Building on this evidence, an EEG study, described in Chapter 3, aimed to investigate whether classical conditioning also underlies the acquisition of socioemotional preference using a novel conditioning paradigm employing more ecological positive and neutral social stimuli. Results show that even with a short period of classical conditioning an increase in valence and attractiveness of positive conditioned stimuli, which was previously neutral may be performed. Then, explorative analysis of the event-related potentials (i.e., the Late Positive Potential, LPP) highlights differences about the LPP elicited by the positive conditioned stimuli concerning neutral conditioned stimuli. Finally, as a side project, Chapter 4 illustrates an investigation that aimed to explore differences in sleep between ASD and neurotypical populations and describe their relationship with the impaired socioemotional characteristics.