<p>This study addresses differential diagnosis and treatment in psychiatry based on sex differences. It attempts to explain why women are diagnosed and treated differently from men, and to investigate the nature of psychiatric practice, in this regard.</p> <p>For the investigation, the thesis is in three parts. First, an analysis of the data on diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, so called. Secondly, and analysis of three theories which attempt to account for the phenomenon of psychiatric social control, i.e . the medical model of mental illness, labelling theory and feminism. Finally, a theoretical framework is presented which attempts to avoid the inadequacies of the other theoretical approaches to the problem.</p> <p>The fundamental argument in the thesis is that psychiatry acts to suppress those not directly involved in wage labour. It acts to redefine the social problems generated by capital as the indivudal problems of its victims.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

Bakgrund: Patienter med psykiatriska diagnoser och deras närstående upplever att den somatiska vården inte lever upp till deras förväntningar och att vårdpersonal har bristande kompetens vad gällande bedömning och bemötande. Patienter upplever sig misstrodda när de presenterar sina symtom vilket leder till känslor som skuld och skam. Psykisk sjukdom ökar i världen och sjukvården har ännu inte lyckats möta vårdbehovet för denna patientgrupp. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med psykiatriska diagnoser i den somatiska vården. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes för att få kunskap inom detta område. Författarna valde ut tio vetenskapliga artiklar, som alla var av kvalitativ design och svarade till det specifika syftet. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom: Den första var Sjuksköterskors upplevelser i praktiken med underkategori Upplevelser av patienter där författarna presenterade hur sjuksköterskor uttryckte att de saknade färdigheter, fokuserade på patienters fysiska symtom och upplevde patienter som oförutsägbara och tidskrävande vilket ledde till känslor som frustration och rädsla. Den andra kategorin, Sjuksköterskors upplevda arbetsmiljö beskrev hur den fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön hindrade sjuksköterskor från att tillgodose patienternas vårdbehov. Den tredje kategorin var Sjuksköterskors upplevda kompetens med underkategori Erfarenheter av att vårda. Sjuksköterskor upplevde att de saknade adekvat utbildning vilket hade en direkt inverkan på upplevelsen av att vårda. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visade en upplevd kunskapsbrist hos sjuksköterskan och en arbetsmiljö som hindrade vårdandet. Detta diskuterades utifrån bakgrund, resultat och Phil Barkers omvårdnadsteori. / Background: Patients with psychiatric diagnoses and their families feel that somatic care does not live up to their expectations and that health professionals lack competence in the assessment and treatment for these diagnosis. Patients feel disbelieved when they present their symptoms, which leads to feelings of guilt and shame. Mental illness is increasing worldwide and the healthcare providers have not managed to meet the increased need for care. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses experiences of caring for patients with psychiatric diagnosis in a somatic care setting. Method: A literature review was conducted to gain a wider knowledge in this area. The authors chose ten scientific articles, all of which were of qualitative design and responded to the specific purpose. Results: Three categories emerged. The first was Nurses experience in practice with the sub-category Experiences of patients where the authors presented how nurses expressed that they lacked skills, focused on the patients physical symptoms and experienced patient´s as unpredictable and time consuming, which led to feelings of frustration and fear. The second category, Nurses experience of their work environment described how the physical and the psychosocial environment prevented nurses from meeting the patients care needs. The third category was Nurses experienced competence with the subcategory Experiences of nursing. Nurses felt that they lacked adequate education, which had a direct impact on the experience of caring for patients with psychiatric diagnosis. Discussion: The literature reviews result showed a perceived lack of knowledge for nurses and a work environment that hinder patient care. This was discussed on the basis of the background, result and Phil Barker´s nursing theory.

Bakgrund: Att leva som diagnostiserad med ett psykiatriskt tillstånd kan innebära flertalet utmaningar. Personer med psykiatriska tillstånd kan dagligen uppleva sig utsatta för fördomar, bevisligen inte enbart i sin vardag i samhället utan även inom vårdkontexten. Somatisk samsjuklighet är ett reellt problem som drabbar en stor del av de personer som diagnostiserats med psykiatriska tillstånd. Vårdpersonal beskrev upplevelser av rädsla och osäkerhet i möten med personer med psykiatriska tillstånd och de belyste bristande kunskaper kring hur de bör bemöta personer med psykiatriska tillstånd. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa de erfarenheter personer med psykiatriska tillstånd beskrivit i kontakt med somatisk vård. Metod: Studien som utförts var en litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg. Genom sökningar med hjälp av databaser såsom Cinahl Complete och PubMed har författarna funnit studier som i litteraturöversikten analyserats och tematiserats. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat identifierade ett huvudtema: Psykiatriska patienters erfarenheter av somatisk vård och två underteman: Vårdpersonalens bemötande och Bemötandets betydelse för patienters upplevelser av delaktighet. Diskussion: Litteraturöversiktens resultat diskuterades i förhållande till utvalda budord från tidvattenmodellen. Resonemang fördes kring vikten av bemötande och delaktighet. / Background: Living with a psychiatric diagnosis may entail numerous challenges for the individual. People diagnosed with mental illness can daily experience a vulnerability to prejudice, not only in their everyday life in society but also within the healthcare context. Comorbidity is a substantial problem among a considerable part of the population with psychiatric diagnosis. Healthcare staff has described experiences of fear and uncertainty when dealing with people with psychiatric diagnosis, they enlightened a lack of knowledge when it comes to properly responding to the needs of people with a psychiatric diagnosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences people with mental illness describe in contact with somatic healthcare. Method: The authors carried out a literature review. Through searches in databases such as Cinahl Complete and PubMed they have found articles that were analyzed and divided into themes. Result: The result of the literature review identified one main theme: Psychiatric patients’ experiences of somatic care and two subthemes: Healthcare staffs’ treatment and the treatments effect on patient participation. Discussion: The results found in the literature review were discussed in relation to chosen commitments from the tidal model. Reasoning arguments concerning treatment and ways to promote patient participation were held and discussed.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o percurso histórico da classificação psiquiátrica Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Os deslizamentos taxonômicos desde sua primeira forma, o Autismo Precoce, nas cinco versões de um dos principais sistemas de classificação psiquiátricas utilizados no Brasil, o Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM), trouxeram impactos socioeconômicos, éticos e políticos que merecem ser observados com cautela. Essa nova forma de diagnosticar o autismo não se mostrou nada sutil, uma vez que se trata de uma categoria nosográfica muito abrangente e que trouxe consigo uma epidemia de diagnósticos de TEA. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foram utilizadas as pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Na discussão final, propomos, com base na investigação realizada, um olhar crítico para a comodificação da psicopatologia denominada TEA / The purpose of this research is to investigate the historical path of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) psychiatric classification. The nomenclature changes since its initial form, Autism Infantile, contained in the five versions of one of the main psychiatric classification systems used in Brazil, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) have generated socio-economic, ethical and political impacts that need be carefully analyzed. This new method of diagnosing autism has proven to be not subtle at all, since it pertains to a very comprehensive nosographic category and which gave rise to an epidemic of ASD diagnoses. In order to meet such purpose, we used bibliographic and documentary researches. In the final discussion we propose, from the investigation conducted, a critical analysis on the commodification of the psychopathology referred to as ASD

Dorothy Smith (1987) says investigations often begin with ‘a feeling of uneasiness’. Smith’s insistence of the importance of starting with women’s standpoint, to redress the way in which women’s lives have been negated or neglected in research, informs the methodological premise of this inquiry. The unease that prompted this project emerged in conversations I had with women diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder whilst working as a practitioner at a women’s health centre. The frequency with which the discourses of biomedicine figured in these women’s narrated experiences engendered a collective commitment to make problematic ‘living with a label’. Loosely connected as mental health service recipients, the women I researched with are often positioned as ‘subject’ to an objective medical gaze. Disrupting dichotomies that these women are accustomed to in clinical settings, and destabilising notions of neutral and detached research, our investigations were contingent, reflexive and relational. Recognising that all were intrinsic to the knowledge production processes, this project was cast in the feminist ‘with’, rather than the ‘on’. Together we explored how women read and respond to a psychiatric diagnosis in their daily lives, to generate understandings that can be used by the women who joined this project. This included close consideration of social relations shaping the lived actualities these women described, and their agency in sustaining and unsettling these. / Acknowledging these women’s capacity to have expertise not only as reporters, but as theorists too, experience and analysis were conflated in our explorations of ‘living with a label’. Congruent with feminist philosophy, our methodology had a praxis orientation as well, ‘to produce different knowledge and to produce knowledge differently’ as Patti Lather (2001) suggests. The attendant opportunities to research the process of researching and contemplate how we might participate in change-oriented activities were thus integral to this project. Our experience of researching together, and allowing the ‘researched’ room to know and act, produced possibilities, and also created conundrums, perhaps less frequently encountered in more conventional research – all of which gave rise to celebration!

No description available.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o percurso histórico da classificação psiquiátrica Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Os deslizamentos taxonômicos desde sua primeira forma, o Autismo Precoce, nas cinco versões de um dos principais sistemas de classificação psiquiátricas utilizados no Brasil, o Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM), trouxeram impactos socioeconômicos, éticos e políticos que merecem ser observados com cautela. Essa nova forma de diagnosticar o autismo não se mostrou nada sutil, uma vez que se trata de uma categoria nosográfica muito abrangente e que trouxe consigo uma epidemia de diagnósticos de TEA. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foram utilizadas as pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Na discussão final, propomos, com base na investigação realizada, um olhar crítico para a comodificação da psicopatologia denominada TEA / The purpose of this research is to investigate the historical path of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) psychiatric classification. The nomenclature changes since its initial form, Autism Infantile, contained in the five versions of one of the main psychiatric classification systems used in Brazil, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) have generated socio-economic, ethical and political impacts that need be carefully analyzed. This new method of diagnosing autism has proven to be not subtle at all, since it pertains to a very comprehensive nosographic category and which gave rise to an epidemic of ASD diagnoses. In order to meet such purpose, we used bibliographic and documentary researches. In the final discussion we propose, from the investigation conducted, a critical analysis on the commodification of the psychopathology referred to as ASD

No description available.

Bakgrund: Trots stora framgångar inom den psykiatriska vårdvetenskapen fortsätter psykiatriska sjukdomar att växa fram utbrett över hela världen. Genom coping kan en individ hantera de inre och yttre krav som ställs och överskrider individens personliga resurser. Psykiatriska diagnoser kan för en oerfaren sjuksköterska upplevas som främmande eller otäckt. Detta kan bero på bristande förståelse och kunskap kring psykiatriska diagnoser varför det är viktigt att öka kunskapen inom området. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva vilka copingstrategier personer med psykiatrisk diagnos använder. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie, artikelsökningen genomfördes i databaserna Medline via Pubmed samt PsycINFO vilket medförde totalt tretton artiklar som inkluderas i resultatdelen. Resultatet baseras på tolv kvalitativa artiklar och en kvalitativ och kvantitativ artikel. Huvudresultat: Resultatet består av tre huvudteman, problemfokuserad, känslofokuserad och meningsbaserad coping. Dessa copingstrategier gav upphov till mening, känslor av säkerhet och sinnesro, tillhörighet, glädje och skapade verktyg för att få en förbättrad förståelse för sina känslor och minimerad stress hos personer med en psykiatrisk diagnos. Resultaten visade att flest personer använde sig av problemfokuserade copingstrategier som inriktade sig på att aktivt sträva efter att förändra eller hantera det underliggande problemet. Slutsats: Studiens syfte var att beskriva vilka copingstrategier som personer med psykiatrisk diagnos använde. Resultaten visade att personer med psykiatrisk diagnos använde sig av olika kombinationer av copingstrategier i olika situationer utifrån olika behov. Att hantera sin situation med hjälp av rutiner, yttre stöd, medicinsk behandling, kontroll och förståelse av känslor, samt livssyn och tro framkom i resultatet som väsentliga faktorer. Att ha förståelse för att personer använder sig av individuella copingstrategier kan hjälpa sjuksköterskan att uppmuntra till nya hälsofrämjande copingstrategier.