Doctor of philosophy (PhD) / Abstract As one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world, Australia has a high proportion of minority communities. However, its ageing population, particularly within these ethnic minorities, faces a range of barriers or difficulties in gaining access to and using health and aged care services. This study aims to identify the acculturation factors that affect the health status of Iranian-born elderly immigrants to Australia and their utilisation of health and community aged care services. The results of this study will be of value to Iranian elders, their families, and Australian aged health care service providers. The findings could also contribute towards enriched multicultural policy and improved social fairness, access to services, and equity for the aged from different ethnic backgrounds. 302 Iranian migrants aged 65 years who had lived in the Sydney Metropolitan area for at least six months were surveyed via a written questionnaire, face-to-face interviews, and telephone interviews. The results were analysed using SPSS and then compared to the findings from a 1999 survey of NSW elderly. The results indicate that Iranian migrants suffer higher levels of psychological distress and are more limited in their physical functioning than the general population of older Australians. They are in greater need of assistance with activities of daily living, have a lower sense of wellbeing, and are far less likely to utilise aged care services. Iranian migrant who do not speak English at home experience these disadvantages to an even greater extent English language proficiency was the only acculturation factor found to affect whether Iranian elderly utilised health and community aged care services, while ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADL) was the only health variable associated with their utilisation of community supportive aged care services. This variable did not predict the use of community aged care services in the broader sample of NSW respondents. Since limited proficiency in English placed elderly Iranian migrants at greater health risk and impeded their access to necessary assistance, the findings suggest that they would clearly benefit from English classes and from access to health and community care services and information regarding these services in the Farsi language.

Aggression has many faces in sport. For this reason, it is a complex but fascinating field for studying the nature of aggression. All athletes have to control and channel aggression constructively into skill in their sport in order to sustain optimal performance. The purpose of this research was to study aggression in sport and determine whether aggressive energies can constructively be expressed in the rules of the game and channelled into a powerful and inspiring performance by the athlete. In sport, any type of aggression can transmute into a destructive force that can debilitate and nullify performance. Through this study, the researcher wanted to determine if the participation in Martial Arts can reduce aggression and whether progression in belt rank (beginner, intermediate and advanced) in Martial Arts could cause a gradual decrease in the aggressive behaviour of young adolescents. The researcher also wanted to determine if participation in Martial Arts, other than other types of sports activities (for example, hockey) and those 16 participants absent from any sporting activity, may serve as a deterrent to aggressiveness. A secondary aim was to determine if Martial Arts could be used as a coping strategy for young adolescents to improve their overall mental wellbeing. The core focus of this study is to determine if the participation in Martial Arts (specifically Tae Kwon Do) can reduce aggressive tendencies in young adolescents. The researcher chose Tae Kwon Do from the various Martial Arts styles, because Tae Kwon Do has a very broad combination of traditional components or elements of what any Martial Arts program consist of. It also consists of elements that are incorporated within the program that may have the desired outcome on a participant taking part in such a training program. In Martial Arts, the emphasis is on physical fitness, self-confidence and training in mental control. Most combat activities are usually thought of as providing opportunities for the display of competence and masculinity, the development of self-confidence and a release of tension with the sublimation of aggressive impulses. The term “Martial Arts” will be used throughout this study. The researcher decided on a survey method to carry out this study. Standardised questionnaires were used to determine whether progression in belt rank (beginner, intermediate and advanced) in Martial Arts (group1) could cause a gradual decrease in aggressive behaviour among young adolescents. The results of the analysis of differences between the different levels of Martial Arts showed no statistically significant differences between the levels on all the aggression sub-scales. The personal growth scores, obtained from the responses to the psychological wellbeing questionnaire, were significantly lower for the beginner group than for the other two groups (intermediate and advanced). The results on the psychological wellbeing sub-scales indicated that the personal growth and self-acceptance scores of the Martial Arts group were significantly higher than those of the other two groups (hockey and non-participation). The group that did not participated in any sporting activity, had the lowest scores. Also to be determined was whether Martial Arts could be used as a coping strategy to improve the overall mental health of these adolescents. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y la satisfacción marital en adultos de la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana, del mismo modo, en el Perú, se ha encontrado poca evidencia científica sobre la relación de las variables de estudio. Para este trabajo se utilizó un diseño descriptivo correlacional, se evaluó en total 193 personas que se encontraban casados o conviviendo, de los cuales 50.3% fueron mujeres y 49.7% varones. Las edades de la muestra fluctuaron entre los 20 y 50 años. Se utilizó la escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) (Domínguez, 2014) y Satisfacción Marital (ESM) de Pick y Andrade (Vera, 2010); se halló que ambos instrumentos cuentan con validez y confiabilidad. Se concluye que ambas variables correlacionaron de manera significativa y positiva, se identificó qué Vínculos sociales y Autorrealización presentaron una correlación moderada con la Satisfacción Marital; no obstante, la correlación de Autonomía con Satisfacción Marital fue baja. Se interpreta entonces que a mayor percepción de satisfacción marital se tiene una asociación positiva con los vínculos sociales, y la autorrealización. / The objective of the present investigation was to study the relationship between psychological well-being and marital satisfaction in adults in the city of Metropolitan Lima. In the same way, in Peru, little scientific evidence has been found on the relationship between both variables. A correlational descriptive design was used, and a total of 193 people who were married or living together were evaluated, 50.3% were women and 49.7% were men. The ages of the students were 20 to 50 years. We used the scale of Psychological Wellbeing for Adults (BIEPS-A) (Dominguez, 2014) and Marital Satisfaction (ESM) of Pick and Andrade (Vera, 2010). It was found that both instruments have validity and reliability. We conclude that the variables correlated significantly and positively, identified as Social Links and Self-realization presented a moderate correlation with Marital Satisfaction; nevertheless, the correlation of Autonomy with Marital Satisfaction was low. It is interpreted  that a greater perception of satisfaction has a positive association with social bonds, and self-realization. / Tesis

Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ studie där syftet var att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat påverkar samt predicerar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbolsspelare. I studien deltog 95 ungdomsfotbollsspelare, antingen tillhörande en SEF certifierad akademi eller ett ungdomslag vars representationslag tillhör någon av de fyra högsta divisionerna i Sverige. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av digitala enkäter som skickades ut till ansvariga i sju olika fotbollsföreningar där deltagarna var i åldrarna mellan 16 och 19 år (M=16.97, SD=2.6). De enkla regressionsanalyserna visade att tränarbeteendet tävlings-/matchstrategier indikerade på störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande och var den typ av tränarbeteende som predicerade mest psykologiskt välbefinnande. Fortsättningsvis indikerar resultatet på en positiv effekt mellan uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande, och en negativ effekt mellan resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat skulle sannolikt kunna anses vara användbart för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande och i förlängningen utveckling för ungdomsfotbollsspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftorienterat motivationsklimat. / The present study is a quantitative study aimed at examining how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect and predict the psychological well-being of youth soccer players. The study included 95 youth soccer players, either belonging to a SEF-certified academy or a youth team whose representative team belongs to one of the four highest divisions in Sweden. Data collection was conducted using digital surveys sent to responsible parties in seven different soccer associations where the participants were between 16 and 19 years old (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The simple regression analyses showed that coach behavior of competition/match strategies indicated the greatest positive effect on psychological well-being and was the type of coaching behavior that predicted the most psychological well-being. Furthermore, the results indicate a positive effect between task-oriented motivational climate and psychological well-being, and a negative effect between result-oriented motivational climate. The study's results could likely be considered useful for facilitating psychological well-being and, in turn, development for youth soccer players through appropriate coaching behaviors and task-oriented motivational climate.

Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ studie där syftet var att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat påverkar samt predicerar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbolsspelare. I studien deltog 95 ungdomsfotbollsspelare, antingen tillhörande en SEF certifierad akademi eller ett ungdomslag vars representationslag tillhör någon av de fyra högsta divisionerna i Sverige. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av digitala enkäter som skickades ut till ansvariga i sju olika fotbollsföreningar där deltagarna var i åldrarna mellan 16 och 19 år (M=16.97, SD=2.6). De enkla regressionsanalyserna visade att tränarbeteendet tävlings-/matchstrategier indikerade på störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande och var den typ av tränarbeteende som predicerade mest psykologiskt välbefinnande. Fortsättningsvis indikerar resultatet på en positiv effekt mellan uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande, och en negativ effekt mellan resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat skulle sannolikt kunna anses vara användbart för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande och i förlängningen utveckling för ungdomsfotbollsspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftorienterat motivationsklimat. / The present study is a quantitative study aimed at examining how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect and predict the psychological well-being of youth soccer players. The study included 95 youth soccer players, either belonging to a SEF-certified academy or a youth team whose representative team belongs to one of the four highest divisions in Sweden. Data collection was conducted using digital surveys sent to responsible parties in seven different soccer associations where the participants were between 16 and 19 years old (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The simple regression analyses showed that coach behavior of competition/match strategies indicated the greatest positive effect on psychological well-being and was the type of coaching behavior that predicted the most psychological well-being. Furthermore, the results indicate a positive effect between task-oriented motivational climate and psychological well-being, and a negative effect between result-oriented motivational climate. The study's results could likely be considered useful for facilitating psychological well-being and, in turn, development for youth soccer players through appropriate coaching behaviors and task-oriented motivational climate.

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Aging is an unstoppable phenomenon which starts fromconception to last until death. During person’s life goes through certain changes suchas biological, psychological, sociological, and environmental. From all periods of life, Old age is one of important part of person’s life when psychological and sociologicalrelations drifts. It can be defined by three ways (1) chronology, (2) shift in socialstatus, and (3) change in capacity. In a nutshell, aging is a dynamic process that leadsto physical and mental shifts. The change cannot be stopped or reversed, but it may bedelayed by aiding older people in continuing to live their existing lifestyles. AIM: For Nordic countries, aging population is the most pressing challenge incontemporary period. The aim is to assess the psychological wellbeing of old agepeople staying in care home or institution care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: By using scooping methodology and old age peopleage limit 65 to 84 yrs took data from secondary validated sources in which explainabout good and very good health countries such as Sweden and Norway and Finlandwith lower percentage of good health in both genders and also how decrease mortalityrate increase the dependency ratio in these countries. CONCLUSION: In Nordic countries, Government provide numerous facilities fortheir residents such as home care, institution care for their well being. But even aftergood care, old people suffer from psychological problems such as loneliness, depression and suicide. The conclusion of this study include some interventions whichcan improve their mental as social health such lifelong learning participation , activeaging policies to stay active at their own capacity, identify the vulnerable groups anduse compensatory strategies to stay active and participate in social activities.This ideais not only explain the individual's right and responsibility to remain active, but alsothe government's responsibility to create an age-friendly social system andcommunity environment. Moreover, I focus on quality of health care provided toresidents and also on emotional well being of old people.

Bakgrund: Det är tidigare känt att fysisk aktivitet kan ha en positiv påverkan på hälsan. När det kommer till psykiskt välbefinnande däremot, finns inte så mycket forskning. Vid flera svenska undersökningar uppger många ungdomar ett lågt psykiskt välbefinnande och en låg mängd fysisk aktivitet. Samtidigt spenderar ungdomar en stor del av sin vakna tid stillasittandes.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan mängd fysisk aktivitet och psykiskt välbefinnande, samt mängd stillasittande beteende och psykiskt välbefinnande hos myndiga elever på gymnasiet. Vidare var syftet att ta reda på om det fanns skillnader mellan tjejer och killar gällande fysisk aktivitet och psykiskt välbefinnande.   Metod: En enkät med frågor gällande fysisk aktivitet (Ipaq-SF), psykiskt välbefinnande (WHO-5) och stillasittande beteende (SED-GIH) skickades ut till samtliga gymnasieskolor och ett gymnasieboende i Uppsala kommun. Inklusionskriterierna var myndiga gymnasieelever som identifierade sig som tjej eller kille. Resultatsammanfattning: Fem skolor och ett gymnasieboende distribuerade enkäten. Femtioåtta svar användes i studien (48% tjejer och 52% killar). Sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och psykiskt välbefinnande var svagt (r = 0.314). Sambandet mellan psykiskt välbefinnande och stillasittande var mycket svagt (r = -0.121). Inga signifikanta skillnader mellan könen kunde ses i aktivitetsnivå (p=0.084) eller välbefinnande (p=0.130). Slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar att högre fysisk aktivitet och mindre stillasittande beteende har samband med högre psykiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomar. Inga skillnader mellan könen fanns. Mer forskning kring ämnet behövs för att kunna dra slutsatser. / Background: It is known that physical activity has a positive effect on health. However, when it comes to psychological wellbeing, the research is inadequate. Multiple Swedish surveys report low psychological wellbeing and levels of physical activity in adolescents. Simultaneously, do adolescents spend a large portion of the day sedentarily.  Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between physical activity and psychological wellbeing, as well as the correlation between sedentary behaviour and psychological wellbeing, among gymnasium students over the age of 18. As well as the difference between the genders in terms of physical activity and psychological wellbeing.  Method: A questionnaire about physical activity (Ipaq-SF), psychological well-being (WHO-5) and sedentary behaviour (SED-GIH) was distributed to all gymnasiums and one gymnasium dormitory in Uppsala municipality. The inclusion criteria were gymnasium students over the age of 18 who identified as a girl or boy.  Results: Fifty-eight respondents (48% girls and 52% boys) from five gymnasiums and one dormitory were included. The correlation between physical activity and psychological wellbeing was weak (r = 0.314). The correlation between psychological wellbeing and sedentary behaviour was very weak (r = -0.121). No significant differences between the genders were detected in activity level (p=0.084) or wellbeing (p=0.130).  Conclusion: The result in the study indicates that higher physical activity and less sedentary behaviour have correlations with higher psychological wellbeing in adolescents. No differences between the genders were detected. More research about the subject is needed to draw conclusions.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Considering the growing poverty and unemployment in South Africa, there is clearly an urgent need for development, particularly among the historically disadvantaged communities where the level of inequality is the highest. Sport has been viewed by a number of scholars as a possible vehicle for developing communities. In this regard, involvement in sport and exercise has been linked to psychological wellbeing, capacity building and skills development among adolescents, which leads to the empowerment of individuals. This study investigates the functioning of a Sport Development Academy, which uses canoeing as a mechanism to improve the quality of lives of people living in a rural community in The Valley of a Thousand Hills in Kwa-Zulu Natal. This qualitative investigation targeted a group of seven young men, between the ages of nineteen and twenty-nine years old, who were interviewed in order to examine their lived experiences as a result of participating in the Academy and the extent to which the Academy impacted positively on their lives. The Positive Youth Development Paradigm, Bronfenbrenner’s Eco-Systems Theory and the Athlete-Coach relationship view, was used as a lens through which the research findings were examined. The Athletes in the Academy learnt a number of values and skills such as hard work, determination and respect. They became involved in pro-social behaviors as opposed to anti-social behaviors due to their participation in the sport development programme. This participation resulted in the gaining of social capital which can lead to upward social mobility. The capacity of these athletes has also been improved. These above factors improve the psychological wellbeing of the individuals and equip them with essential values and skills that make them more employable. The research findings suggest that the involvement of the seven young men in the Academy produced a number of positive impacts. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that sport can be used, to a certain extent, as a vehicle through which development can occur. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groeiende armoede en werkloosheid in Suid-Afrika dui dat daar duidelik 'n dringende behoefte vir ontwikkeling, veral onder die voorheen-benadeelde gemeenskappe is waar die vlak van ongelykheid die hoogste is. Sommige navorsers sien sport as 'n moontlike voertuig vir die ontwikkeling van hierdie gemeenskappe. In hierdie verband word betrokkenheid in sport en oefening gekoppel aan sielkundige welstand, kapasiteitsbou en die ontwikkeling van vaardighede onder tieners wat lei tot die bemagtiging van individue. Hierdie studie ondersoek die funksionering van 'n sportakademie wat gebruik maak van die sport kanovaart as 'n meganisme om die gehalte van die lewens van mense te verbeter wat woon in die landelike gemeenskap van die Vallei van 'n Duisend Heuwels in Kwa -Zulu Natal. Hierdie kwalitatiewe ondersoek van 'n groep van sewe jong mans, tussen die ouderdomme van negentien en nege-en-twintig jaar oud, het bestaan uit onderhoude wat gevoer is om hul ondervindinge te ondersoek as 'n gevolg van hul deelname aan die Akademie en die mate waarin dit ‘n positiewe impak op hul lewens gehad het. Die Positiewe Jeugontwikkeling Paradigma, Bronfenbrenner se Ekosisteemtoerie en die atleet - afrigter verhouding is gebruik as 'n lens waardeur die bevindinge ondersoek is. Die atlete in die Akademie het 'n aantal waardes en vaardighede aangeleer soos harde werk, deursettingsvermoë en respek. Hulle het betrokke geraak in pro-sosiale gedrag in teenstelling met anti-sosiale gedrag as gevolg van hul deelname in die ontwikkelingsprogram. Dit het gelei tot die toename van hul sosiale kapitaal wat gelei het tot groter sosiale mobiliteit. Die kapasiteit van hierdie atlete is ook verbeter. Die bogenoemde faktore het gelei tot die verbetering van hul sielkundige welstand en om hulle toe te rus met noodsaaklike waardes en vaardighede om hulle meer geskik te maak vir toekomstige loopbane. Die navorsing dui verder daarop dat die betrokkenheid van die sewe jong mans in die Akademie 'n aantal positiewe invloede tot gevolg het. Die resultate van die navorsing dui dus daarop dat sport tot ‘n sekere mate gebruik kan word as 'n middel waardeur ontwikkeling kan plaasvind.

Research has illustrated the interrelatedness of childhood physical fitness and psychological wellbeing, psychological wellbeing and academic achievement, as well as physical fitness and academic achievement. In this study, we proposed that psychological wellbeing (self-esteem and depression) serves as a mediator between physical fitness and academic achievement during adolescence. In a sample of middle school children (N = 1,530), significant correlations were found between all three variables (p.0001). A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between physical fitness, psychological wellbeing, and academic achievement. The regression analysis reported a significant partial mediation effect. The results of this study supported the proposed hypotheses, including a mechanism of psychological wellbeing partially mediating the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement. The findings of this study support the importance of encouraging activities to promote both physical fitness and psychological wellbeing in schools.

There is evidence of a prospective association between wellbeing and health outcomes including disease risk and longevity. The aim of this thesis was firstly to further explore whether wellbeing is a risk factor for specific chronic physical diseases, and secondly, to identify potential mediators and moderators of the association between wellbeing and disease risk or longevity. Chapter 1 provides an overview of research into associations between wellbeing and physical health. In addition, we outline theoretical models of how the experience of high wellbeing might impact physical health. In chapters 2 and 3, we build on research into wellbeing and chronic physical disease risk. In these chapters, we tested whether the association between wellbeing and disease risk was similar across different types of disease, and, whether different theoretical domains of wellbeing varied in their association with disease risk. We found particularly strong associations - that were not explained by demographic or health behaviour differences - between higher wellbeing and lower risk of arthritis, diabetes or chronic lung disease. In chapter 4, we further explore the association between wellbeing and arthritis risk using mediation analysis. Specifically, we tested whether this association was mediated by inflammatory biomarkers. We found that the biomarker C-reactive protein accounted for a small proportion of the association between wellbeing and a reduced risk of arthritis. The focus of the next two chapters was on potential moderators of the association between wellbeing and mortality risk. In chapter 5, we examined whether the association between higher wellbeing and lower mortality risk varied across individualist and collectivist cultures. We found a significant interaction between individualism and wellbeing such that the association between wellbeing and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease was stronger in more individualistic countries. In chapter 6, we examined how positive affect (a subdomain of wellbeing), interacted with another psychosocial factor, namely subjective stress. Here, we tested Pressman and Cohen's (2005) stress buffering hypothesis that positive affect may be most strongly related with health under stressful conditions. In support of this hypothesis, we found that the association between positive affect and all-cause mortality risk was stronger in people reporting higher stress. In the final chapter, we summarise our findings, discuss the limitations of our approach and make recommendations for future research.