O presente estudo teve como objetivos primeiramente classificar indivíduos em diferentes padrões por meio de inteligência artificial, caracterizando-os com base na composição corporal, aptidão física, assimetria do córtex pré frontal (CPF), perfil comportamental relacionado ao exercício e respostas psicofisiológicas antes, durante e depois de um teste incremental máximo (TIM), após realizadas essas classificações, comparar entre esses mesmos padrões suas respectivas respostas motivacionais, afetivas, de ativação e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) antes, durante e depois de um TIM, avaliando hierarquicamente o quanto suas características (composição corporal, aptidão física, perfil comportamental e assimetria do CPF) influenciaram nas respostas de cada momento. Participaram do estudo 76 sujeitos de ambos os sexos com idade de 20 a 29 anos, realizando uma única visita laboratorial, cuja mesma consistiu em uma avaliação física, avaliação do perfil comportamental relacionado ao exercício por meio de questionários, coleta de eletroencefalograma (EEG) e a realização de um TIM na esteira. Os participantes foram posteriormente alocados em grupos por seus respectivos padrões de similaridades definidos por análise de Self-Organized Maps (SOM), e na sequência foram comparadas as respostas psicofisiológicas de afeto, PSE e ativação entre os grupos durante 8 momentos (antes, durante e após) do TIM, juntamente do poder de influência de 29 covariáveis em cada momento. Foram identificados 4 padrões (grupos) pelo SOM, sendo que o Grupo 1 (G1) possuía melhor composição corporal, aptidão física, e um perfil comportamental de maior afinidade ao exercício, enquanto os demais apresentaram características gradativamente opostas, consequentemente, esses grupos também diferiram nas respostas psicofisiológicas mediante o exercício, sendo que, o G1 apresentou maior motivação (f = 1.999, p < .05), afeto (f = 3.459, p < .05) e menor PSE (f = 3.030, p = .05) comparado aos outros grupos. Todas as respostas psicofisiológicas foram influenciadas pelas covariáveis, porém, a hierarquia de qual covariável influencia mais ou menos muda a cada momento do TIM. Concluindo, pôde-se identificar 4 padrões de indivíduos cujos mesmos diferem nas respectivas respostas psicofisiológicas nos períodos antes, durante e depois de um TIM. Entretanto, apesar das respostas psicofisiológicas mediante ao TIM sofrerem influências pelas variáveis de composição corporal, aptidão física, perfil comportamental e assimetria do CPF, a ordem hierárquica do poder de influência dessas mesmas variáveis diferem a cada momento do teste / The aim of the present study was to classify individuals into different patterns using artificial intelligence, characterizing them based on body composition, physical fitness, prefrontal cortex (CPF) asymmetry, exercise-related behavioral profile, and psychophysiological responses before, during and after a maximal incremental test (TIM), after performing these classifications, the aim was to compare between these same patterns their respective motivational, affective and arousal responses and rating perceived effort (PSE) before, during and after a TIM, evaluating hierarchically how much their respective characteristics (body composition, physical fitness, exercise-related behavioral profile, and CPF asymmetry) influenced the responses in each TIM moment. The sample composed by 76 subjects of both sexes, aged 20 to 29 years, performed a single laboratory visit which consisted of body composition measurements, evaluation of exercise-related behavioral profile through questionnaires, rest electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement and performing a TIM on the treadmill. Participants were later allocated into groups by their respective patterns of similarities defined by the Self Organized Maps (SOM) analysis, and the psychophysiological responses of motivation, affect, PSE and arousal between groups were compared in 8 moments (before, during and after) of TIM, together with the power of influence of 29 covariates at each moment. Four patterns (groups) were identified by SOM, and Group 1 (G1) had better body composition, physical fitness, and exercise-related behavioral profile with greater affinity to exercise, while other groups presented characteristics gradually opposite, consequently, these groups also differed in psychophysiological responses to exercise, being that G1 showed greater motivation (f = 1.999, p < .05) , afect (f = 3.459, p < .05) and lower PSE (f = 3.030, p = .05) compared to other groups. All the psychophysiological responses were influenced by the covariates, however, the hierarchy of which covariate influences more or less these responses changes at each moment of the TIM. In conclusion, it was possible to identify 4 patterns of individuals whose differ in their respective psychophysiological responses before, during and after a TIM. However, although psychophysiological responses to TIM be influenced by variables of body composition, physical fitness, exercise-related behavioral profile and CPF asymmetry, the hierarchical order of influence power of these same variables differ at each moment of test

Repetitive and monotonous work is frequently associated with neck and shoulder pain and negative psychosocial factors inducing stress reactions. The present thesis concerns the relations between psychophysiological and subjective stress reactions, muscle activity measured by surface electromyography (SEMG) in the trapezius muscle, and neck and shoulder pain in women performing repetitive and monotonous work. In Study I cardiovascular and subjective stress reactions were investigated during computer work in a laboratory setting. The findings indicated that heart rate variability is a more sensitive and selective measure of mental stress compared with blood pressure recordings. Study II explored the relations between stress reactions and muscle activity during supermarket work. The results showed that perceived negative stress reactions may have a specific influence on muscle activity in the neck and shoulder region, which can be of importance for work-related musculoskeletal disorders in repetitive and monotonous work. In Study III the association between SEMG activity patterns and neck and shoulder pain was investigated during cash register work. It was found that pain-afflicted women had a different muscle activation pattern (more static, more co-contraction, less muscle rest) compared with pain-free women. Study IV was a follow-up study evaluating the introduction of job rotation among female cashiers. The results indicated positive effects on diastolic blood pressure, muscle activity, and partly on neck and shoulder pain, although perceived stress was unchanged. It was concluded that job rotation seems to have a limited effect on chronic neck and shoulder pain, but may be an effective preventive measure. The empirical findings are particularly relevant for women who, compared with men, more often perform repetitive and monotonous work and are also more often affected by neck and shoulder pain.

Les troubles du sommeil en général et les cauchemars en particulier sont souvent associés aux troubles psychopathologiques et physiques. Ils font partie des plus importantes et fréquentes plaintes rapportées par les patients souffrant de trouble stress post-traumatique et leurs liens avec la sévérité de ce dernier se précisent de plus en plus. L’objectif général de notre thèse est d’apporter des précisions sur les aspects cliniques, psychopathologiques et psychophysiologiques concernant les cauchemars dans le contexte particulier et spécifique du trouble stress post-traumatique, et de préciser les apports thérapeutiques d’un traitement centré sur les cauchemars à travers une étude de cas. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de procéder à des évaluations psychopathologiques au moyen d’auto-questionnaires (IES-R, HAD, PSQI, PSQI-A, NDQ et DES), d’entretiens structurés (MINI et CAPS) et d’enregistrements psychophysiologiques sur un échantillon de 21 patients souffrant de cauchemars dans un contexte de TSPT, hospitalisés dans une unité de soins spécialisés en psychotraumatologie et une évaluation d’un suivi thérapeutique d'un patient reçu dans un centre de soin spécialisé à Paris. Les principaux résultats de notre recherche montrent que la sévérité du TSPT est très fortement et positivement associée à la sévérité des cauchemars post-traumatiques et soulignent que la détresse liée aux cauchemars explique mieux la sévérité du TSPT que la fréquence des cauchemars. Nos résultats ont également permis de vérifier ce qui a été rapporté dans la littérature scientifique, à savoir la présence d’importantes comorbidités. En revanche, pour ce qui est des évaluations psychophysiologiques du sommeil, aucun élément pertinent ne ressort de l’analyse des enregistrements polysomnographiques, et aucun des paramètres étudiés n’a été corrélé ni avec la fréquence des cauchemars, ni avec la détresse liée aux cauchemars. Enfin, l’étude de cas a permis d’évaluer les bénéfices thérapeutiques attendus d’un nouveau traitement psychothérapeutique centré sur les cauchemars, dont les résultats montrent une réduction significative de la sévérité des cauchemars, accompagnée d’une réduction de la sévérité du TSPT ainsi qu’une amélioration proportionnelle de la qualité du sommeil. En conclusion, les résultats de notre recherche convergent avec ceux retrouvés dans des études antérieures et soulignent l’importance clinique et psychopathologiques des cauchemars et leur implication dans la sévérité du trouble stress post-traumatique. / Sleep disorders in general and nightmares in particular are often associated with psychopathological and physical disorders. They are among the largest and the most frequent complaints reported by patients with PTSD and their links with the severity are now more specified. The overall objectives of this thesis are to shed light on the clinical, psychopathological and psychophysiological aspects of nightmares in the specific context of PTSD, and also to clarify the therapeutic contributions of nightmares centered treatment through a case study. In order to achieve these objectives, a sample of 21 patients suffering from posttraumatic nightmares and hospitalized in a specialized psychotraumatology unit of care were assessed using self-administered questionnaires (IES-R, HAD, PSQI, PSQI-A, NDQ and DES), structured interviews (MINI and the CAPS) and psychophysiological recordings. In parallel, another patient coming from a specialized psychotraumatology center in Paris was carefully monitored in regards of his therapeutic evolution while receiving the Imagery Rehearsal Therapy program on an individual basis. The main results of this research show that the severity of PTSD is strongly and positively associated with the severity of post-traumatic nightmares and that the distress related to nightmares better explains the severity of PTSD that the frequency of nightmares does. The results also confirmed what has been reported in the scientific literature, namely the presence of significant comorbidities. However and in terms of psychophysiological assessments of sleep, no significant results were found in the analysis of polysomnographic recordings, and none of the studied parameters were correlated with the frequency and/or the distress related to nightmares. Finally, the case study was successfully used to evaluate the expected therapeutic benefits of a relatively new psychotherapeutic treatment focusing on nightmares and the results show a significant reduction in the severity of nightmares, accompanied by a reduction in the severity of PTSD and a proportional improvement in sleep quality. In conclusion, the results of this research are consistent with those found in previous studies and underscore the clinical and psychopathological importance nightmares and their involvement in the severity of PTSD

Данная работа посвящена исследованию речевых нарушений. Основное содержание работы составляет подсчет и интерпретация ошибок у детей с речевыми расстройствами в возрасте 5–6 лет. В ходе работы были исследованы причины возникновения нарушений речи, была рассмотрена нозология, проведен корреляционный анализ. Для выявления статистически важных различий был использован U-критерий Манна – Уитни. Ввиду недостаточной изученности данного феномена проведенные исследования могут быть в дальнейшем использованы для организации диагностической и коррекционной работы. Полученные результаты могут заинтересовать дефектологов, логопедов, психиатров, неврологов, коррекционных педагогов. / Данная работа посвящена исследованию речевых нарушений. Основное содержание работы составляет подсчет и интерпретация ошибок у детей с речевыми расстройствами в возрасте 5–6 лет. В ходе работы были исследованы причины возникновения нарушений речи, была рассмотрена нозология, проведен корреляционный анализ. Для выявления статистически важных различий был использован U-критерий Манна – Уитни. Ввиду недостаточной изученности данного феномена проведенные исследования могут быть в дальнейшем использованы для организации диагностической и коррекционной работы. Полученные результаты могут заинтересовать дефектологов, логопедов, психиатров, неврологов, коррекционных педагогов.

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Nous avons développé un jeu sérieux afin d’enseigner aux utilisateurs à dessiner des diagrammes de Lewis. Nous l’avons augmenté d’un environnement pouvant enregistrer des signaux électroencéphalographiques, les expressions faciales, et la pupille d’un utilisateur. Le but de ce travail est de vérifier si l’environnement peut permettre au jeu de s’adapter en temps réel à l’utilisateur grâce à une détection automatique du besoin d’aide de l’utilisateur ainsi que si l’utilisateur est davantage satisfait de son expérience avec l’adaptation. Les résultats démontrent que le système d’adaptation peut détecter le besoin d’aide grâce à deux modèles d’apprentissage machine entraînés différemment, l’un généralisé et l’autre personalisé, avec des performances respectives de 53.4% et 67.5% par rapport à un niveau de chance de 33.3%. / We developed a serious game in order to teach users how to draw Lewis diagrams. We integrated an environment able to record in electroencephalographic signals, facial expressions, and pupil diameters to the serious game. The goal of this work is to determine whether such an environment enabled the serious game to detect in real-time whether or not the user needs help and adapt itself accordingly, and if the experience is more enjoyable for the users if the game tries to adapt itself. Results show that two approaches were promising in order to detect the level of help needed, both training a machine learning models but one using a general data set and the other a personalized (to the user) data set, with their respective performances being 53.4% and 67.5% compared to a chance baseline of 33.3%.

Simulation-based training has gained widespread attention recently as a response to drawbacks associated with traditional training approaches, such as high training costs (instructors, equipment, etc.), high risks (e.g. pilot training), and ethical issues (e.g. medical training), as well as a lack of availability of certain training environments (e.g. space exploration). Apart from their target training domains, many of aspects of simulations differ, such as their degree of physical realism (fidelity), scenarios (e.g. story), and pedagogical aspects (e.g. after-action reviews and collaborative learning). Among those aspects, designers have mostly focused on developing high-fidelity simulations with the expectation of increasing the effectiveness of training. However, some authors suggest that the above belief is a myth as researchers have failed to identify a linear relationship between the (physical) fidelity and training effectiveness of simulations.  Most researchers have therefore evaluated the correspondence between the behaviours of trainees in both real world and simulated contexts, however, the existing methods of simulation validation using behavioural measures have a number of drawbacks, such as the fact that they do not address certain complex phenomena of skills acquisition. Bridging the above knowledge gap, this research reports on empirical investigations using an improved methodology for validating training simulations. This research includes an investigation of the user experience of trainees, with respect to the acceptance of virtual scenarios provoking a similar psychophysiological response as in real world scenarios, and the training potential of simulations with respect to the positive transfer of training from a simulator to real world operational contexts. The most prominent features of the proposed methodology include the use of psychophysiological measures in addition to traditional behavioural measures and the use of natural (quasi-) experiments. Moreover, its conceptual framework was influenced by contemporary theories in cognitive science (e.g. constructivism and embodied cognition). The results of this research have several important theoretical and methodological implications, involving, for example, the dependency of the effectiveness of simulations on the perceived realism of trainees, which is more embodied than has been predicted by previous researchers, and the requirement of several different types/levels of adaptive training experience, depending on the type of trainee. / Träning i simulatorer har på senare år fått ökad uppmärksamhet som en respons på problem och svårigheter förknippade med traditionella träningsansatser, såsom höga kostnader (instruktörer och utrustning, etc.), hög risk (t.ex. träning av piloter), och etiska aspekter (t.ex. träning av kirurger), likaväl som avsaknaden av träningsmöjligheter och miljöer (t.ex. forskning om rymden). Bortsett från vad som specifikt tränas så skiljer sig simuleringar åt i ett flertal olika aspekter såsom fysisk realism (eng. fidelity), scenarier (handling) och pedagogiska aspekter (t.ex. genomgång efter övning och kollaborativt lärande).  Bland dessa aspekter så har designers ofta fokuserat att utveckla simuleringar med hög realism med förväntningen att detta ska göra träningen mer effektiv. Litteraturen antyder dock att denna föreställning inte stämmer och att de flesta simuleringar med hög realism inte har lyckats uppnå denna målsättning. En slutsats är därför att det finns ett behov av metoder som kan validera potentialen hos simuleringar avsedda att stödja träning – redan innan dessa används. Enligt litteraturen så är utbildningspotentialen hos en simulering starkt kopplad till hur väl den psykologiska effekten en simulering har, stämmer överens med en verklig upplevelse. Forskning har emellertid identifierat ett flertal svagheter hos existerande ansatser för att validera simuleringar; de är oftast baserade på prestations- och/eller subjektiva mätningar; de har fokuserat en eller ett fåtal psykologiska aspekter; och de bygger på traditionella teorier. Baserat på resultat från studier av en kör-simulator presenteras och föreslås i denna avhandling ett förbättrat ramverk för utvärdering. De mest centrala egenskaperna hos det föreslagna ramverket inbegriper användandet av psyko-fysiologiska mått tillsammans med mer traditionella mått; det konceptuella ramverket bygger på samtida teoretiska ansatser (tex konstruktivism och kroppslig kognition); samt användandet av fält (kvasi-) experiment. Utöver uppnåendet av uppsatta mål för forskningen så har resultaten ett flertal teoretiska och metodologiska implikationer. Bland dessa återfinns beroendet mellan effektiviteten hos en simulering och den upplevelse av realitet som de tränade har, vilken är mer grundläggande än vad som rapporterats i tidigare forskning, samt kravet på flera och olika typer av anpassning av träningsupplevelse för den tränade för att förhöja potentialen hos träningssimulatorer. / SIDA Funded National e-Learning Centre Project at the University of Colombo School of Computing, Sri Lanka

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Esta investigación analiza las estrategias que los estudiantes de traducción de una universidad peruana emplean para regular sus emociones. Los resultados muestran los generadores de emociones más comunes: la recepción de calificaciones menores a aquellas esperadas, la falta de confianza en sus bagajes conceptuales y temáticos, aspectos de la metodología de la clase y la relación con docentes y compañeros. Los estudiantes inician con el uso de estrategias disfuncionales, como la rumiación y la autoculpa; sin embargo, llegan a usar estrategias funcionales para cumplir con los objetivos del curso, como la refocalización de los planes. / This research analyzes the strategies that translation students of a Peruvian university use to regulate their emotions. The results show the most common scenarios: getting lower grades than expected, the lack of confidence in their conceptual and thematic background, aspects of the course methodology, and their relationships with their professors and classmates. The students’ process starts with the use of maladaptive strategies, such as rumination and self-blame. However, students continue their process and then use adaptive strategies to fulfill their goals, such as refocusing on planning. / Tesis

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