We examine 102 share lockup agreements following IPOs on the Swedish stock market and whether any abnormal returns exist in the days surrounding the expiration of lockup agreements. We also test three potential explanatory variables based on previous research, the length of the lockup agreement, the type of pre-IPO ownership for the firm (if it is backed by private equity or not), and if the lockup has multiple expiration dates (staggered lockup) or only one. Our results are unable to prove that there are abnormal returns surrounding the expiration lockups, and our variables fail to provide any explanation for the cumulative abnormal return (CAR). One variable that could prove interesting in future research is the change of free float, which we add in a robustness test and find a significant increase in explanatory power.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze whether initial public offerings had an impact on rival firms. Theory: The efficient market hypothesis model, Information asymmetry and the signal theory. Method: A quantitative approach in the methodology has been undertaken where an event study was constructed in order to measure cumulative average abnormal return. The empirical data used in the study consists of 243 rival firms that had an initial public offering occurring in their industry. Two hypotheses have been tested using the simple t-test. Results: A compilation of the abnormal return of rival firms was made which showed no clear patterns of an impact taking place. When testing the two hypotheses both were rejected which showed that no significant impact took place. Analysis: According to previous research and theories an impact on the rival firms should have shown but the different sample might be the reason of our results being different. Conclusion: Due to the two hypotheses being rejected the event study finds no significant evidence of an abnormal return occurring in connection to the initial public offering of a rival firm. / Syfte: Studiens syfte var att kartlägga om börsintroduktioner hade någon påverkan på konkurrerande företag. Teori: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen, Signalteori och asymmetrisk information. Metod: Studien använde en kvantitativ typ som övergripande forskningsdesign. En deduktiv ansats användes där teorier låg som grund till skapandet av hypoteser. Tillvägagångssättet var med en eventstudie som lämpar sig bra för stora mängder data. Studien använde aktiekurser från 243 konkurrerande företag. Resultat: En sammanställning gjordes av konkurrerande företags abnormala avkastning vilket inte visade något tydligt mönster för att påverkan finns. Vid test av hypoteser förkastades både hypoteserna vilket gav resultatet att ingen påverkan fanns. Analys: Enligt tidigare forskning och teorier borde en påverkan kunna utläsas. Skillnaden på urval kan vara en anledning att tidigare studier fått andra resultat. Slutsats: Den kumulativa genomsnittliga abnormala avkastningen gjorde rörelser vid de olika mätdagarna något mönster går inte att urskilja och den insamlade data som användes visade inget signifikant resultat vid hypotestest.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze differences between IPOs with integer (e.g. $20,00) and non-integer (e.g. $20,32) offer prices on the post-decimalization US market. Research on IPOs suggests that there are viable differences between, and valuable information within, integer and non-integer prices. However, proposed effects on the information content of prices as a result of decimalization on US markets in 2001 motivates more up-to-date research on the subject. Our findings show that, while integer IPOs have higher initial return, uncertainty and offer price levels, there is no proof of different information content conveyed within integer and non-integer prices on the post-decimalization market. Consequently, suggesting that neither integer or non-integer prices provide valuable information to market participants, and in extension that decimalization may have influenced the IPO market. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera skillnader mellan börsnoteringar med teckningskurser formulerade i heltal (t.ex. $20,00) och icke-heltal (t.ex. $20,32) efter decimaliseringen på den amerikanska marknaden. Tidigare studier har funnit stor skillnad mellan, och värdefull information inom, heltals- och icke-heltalskurser. Efter decimaliseringen på den amerikanska marknaden 2001 har studier dock funnit att prisers informationsinnehåll kan ha förändrats, vilket motiverar mer aktuell forskning inom ämnet. Våra resultat visar att även om börsnoteringar med heltals-kurser har högre initial avkastning, osäkerhet och teckningskursnivå, finns det inga tecken på att det är någon skillnad i informationsinnehåll mellan heltals- och icke-heltalskurser på den amerikanska marknaden efter decimaliseringen. Våra resultat antyder att det inte finns någon värdefull information för marknadsaktörer i huruvida en börsnoterings teckningskurs är formulerad i heltal eller icke-heltal, och i förlängningen att decimaliseringen kan ha påverkat marknaden för börsnoteringar.

Att göra en rättvis prissättning av aktier vid en börsintroduktion kan vara svårt och det är i företagens, emissionsinstitutens och investerarnas intresse att detta sker. Rådande informationsasymmetri leder ofta till att aktier underprissätts för att locka investerare att delta vid en börsintroduktion. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka skillnader i aktiekursens utveckling den första handelsdagen på de officiella och de inofficiella börslistorna för att se om varierande krav på informationsutgivning och marknadsvärde har en påverkande faktor. De officiella börslistorna som undersöks är Nasdaq Small, Mid och Large Cap, medan de inofficiella börslistorna är First North och Spotlight. Undersökningens resultat visar att företagens marknadsvärde inte har en betydande påverkan på aktiekursutvecklingen den första handelsdagen då samtliga börslistor på Nasdaq hade en liknande utveckling samt andel underprissatta aktier. Detta trots att kravet på marknadsvärde för att noteras på dessa börslistor skiljer sig markant. De olika börslistornas krav gällande informationsutgivning har visat sig ha en betydande påverkan på aktiekursutvecklingen. Resultatet visar även att inofficiella börslistor har en större spridning av aktiekursutvecklingar där det förekom mycket höga under- och överprissättningar. Detta innebär att investerare som deltar vid en börsintroduktion på First North och Spotlight tar högre risk samt har möjlighet till högre avkastning. / Pricing shares for an upcoming IPO can be difficult and it is in the companies’, theInvestment Bank’s and investor’s interest that the shares are fairly priced. The current information asymmetry often results in companies underpricing their shares to attract investors to participate in an upcoming IPO. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the difference in share performance on the first trading day between different stock lists on the Swedish IPO market. This is done in order to see if the different listing requirements, such as information publishing and market capitalization, are important factors for the underpricing of shares. The different stock lists that have been analyzed are Small, Mid and Large Capfrom Nasdaq OMX Stockholm which are all official stock lists, as well as the Multilateral Trading Facilities (MTF) First North and Spotlight. The result of this study shows that market capitalization doesn’t affect the pricing of shares for upcoming IPOs. This because there was minor differences between the different official stock lists Small, Mid and Large Cap, eventhough the required market capitalization to get listed are very different. The different requirements regarding information publishing however, have shown leads to more inaccurately priced shares. The result shows that MTFs’ such as First North and Spotlight experience a wider range of pricing where the average under- and overpricing är very high.This means a higher risk for the investor, but also the potential for higher returns.

Denna studie presenterar ett branschspecifikt perspektiv som tillägg till forskningen angående faktorer som påverkar underprissättning i börsintroduktioner. Mätningarna har ämnat att undersöka om det föreligger branscher som har avvikande förstadagsavkastning i förhållande till genomsnittet för samtliga branscher. Studien ämnade också att undersöka om avkastningsvariationerna för börsintroduktioner kan förklaras av att bolag tillhör olika branscher. Det underliggande argumentet för hypoteserna byggs från tidigare forskning som stödjer att bolag inom olika branscher står inför olika förutsättningar vilket kan påverka värderingen inför en börsintroduktion. Som tillägg i studiens huvudsakliga forskningsproblem har även en nyare typ av mätning tillämpats för en djupare analys av börsintroduktioner. Denna mätning ger indikationer till investerare om vilken del av börsintroduktioner som genererar mest avkastning. Studiens mätningar visade att det inte rådde signifikanta avkastningsavvikelser för någon bransch i förhållande till genomsnittsavkastningen för samtliga branscher. Mätningarna kunde inte heller påvisa att variationer i förstadagsavkastning förklaras av att bolag tillhör olika branscher då förklaringsgraden för dessa variabler var låga. Däremot påvisades signifikanta skillnader i genomsnittliga avkastningar mellan specifika branscher i samband med studiens regression. Detta indikerar att ytterligare undersökningar borde göras i syfte att undersöka genomsnittliga förstadagsavkastningar mellan specifika branscher. / This paper adds an industry-specific perspective to the research concerning factors that affect underpricing in Initial Public Offerings. The measurements are intended to investigate whether there are industries that have deviating initial returns in relation to the average for all industries. The study also intends to examine whether the return variations for Initial Public Offerings can be explained by the fact that companies belong to different industries. The underlying argument for the hypotheses is built from previous research that supports that companies in different industries are faced with different conditions when they are to be valued for their Initial Public Offerings. In addition to the study's main research problems, a more recent type of measurement has also been applied for a deeper analysis of IPOs. The more recent type of measurement gives indications to investors over which time around an Initial Public Offerings the most money is earned. The study's measurements showed no significant return deviations for any industry in relation to the average return for all industries. Nor could it be demonstrated that variations in the first day return are explained with that companies belong to different industries since the degree of explanation for these variables were low. However, significant differences were found in average returns between specific industries in connection with the study's regression. This indicates that further investigations should be carried out to examining the average first day yield between specific industries.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Eduardo Costa e Silva.pdf: 304575 bytes, checksum: 09df8ddf3c7d01fa9e7bda58c6cabe5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / This paper analyzes the vigorous expansion of the stock market in Brazil in recent years. Along with a substantial increase in liquidity and the strong rise in value of shares traded, there has been a renewed trend for companies to go public and obtain funding for investment through IPOs, with a significant increase in foreign and institutional investors' shares of the trades made on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa). The relevance of this process poses the relations between financial development and economic growth, especially the growth in private sources of financing for corporate investment, which has characteristically been insufficient in Brazil's history of financial development. In addition to characterizing the process now underway, the paper points to its main determinants: in terms of macroeconomic factors, the strong inflow of funds improved Brazil's foreign currency reserves, control of inflation and lower interest rates; in terms of institutional factors, the improved stock market regulatory framework was reflected in the reform of laws governing the capital market and the work of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission, with acceptance of corporate governance concepts for special listing segments on Bovespa as standards to be followed by issuers . This set of changes on several levels shows that there has been a turning point after which the stock market has started to play a key role in financing investment, and therefore in the economic development of Brazil. The consolidation of this process depends on preserving the advances obtained, continuously improving financial system institutions, and correcting any deficiencies identified / A dissertação analisa a vigorosa expansão do mercado de ações no Brasil nos últimos anos. O expressivo incremento da liquidez e a forte valorização dos papéis negociados foram acompanhados pela retomada dos processos de abertura de capital das empresas e a obtenção de recursos para investimento em ofertas públicas primárias, com aumento significativo da participação dos investidores estrangeiros e institucionais nos negócios realizados na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo Bovespa. A relevância deste processo está ligada às relações entre desenvolvimento financeiro e crescimento econômico, em especial a ampliação das fontes de financiamento privadas para o investimento das empresas, caracterizadas como insuficientes no desenvolvimento financeiro do Brasil. Além de caracterizar o processo em andamento, o trabalho aponta seus principais determinantes: pelo lado dos fatores macroeconômicos, a forte entrada de recursos externos, a melhoria da posição cambial do país, o controle do processo inflacionário e a redução das taxas de juros; pelo lado dos fatores institucionais, o aperfeiçoamento do marco regulatório do mercado de ações, refletido na reforma das leis que regem o mercado de capitais e na atuação da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, e na aceitação dos conceitos de governança corporativa dos segmentos especiais de listagem da Bovespa como padrões a serem seguidos pelos emissores de ativos. Este conjunto de mudanças em diversos planos indica ocorrência de um ponto de inflexão a partir do qual o mercado de ações passou a ocupar posição de destaque no financiamento dos investimentos e, por extensão, no desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil. A consolidação deste processo depende da preservação dos avanços obtidos, do aperfeiçoamento contínuo das instituições do sistema financeiro e da correção de deficiências identificadas

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / Este estudo teve como pressuposto investigar a ocorrência da teoria de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas brasileiras. Equity market timing, ou janela de oportunidades de mercado, pode ser definido como o momento apropriado para a emissão de ações, que ocorre quando o quociente entre o valor de mercado e o valor contábil das empresas – market-to-book ratio (MB) − é alto, indicando que a firma está sobrevalorizada e que, respectivamente, seu custo de capital está baixo. Baker e Wurgler (2002) foram os expoentes dessa teoria e desenvolveram um modelo para testar a existência e a persistência de equity market timing na formação da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas americanas. Ao aplicarem o modelo no mercado norte-americano, nele constataram a existência de market timing, bem como sua persistência por cerca de uma década, a contar da data da oferta pública inicial de ações (IPO) das respectivas empresas, comprovando que as empresas norte-americanas se / This study examines the implications of the theory of equity market timing on the capital structure in the Brazilian public companies. Equity market timing, or windows of opportunities, can be defined as the right moment to issue equity when the market value is high, relative to book value, indicating that the firm is overvalued and the cost of capital is low. Baker and Wurgler (2002) developed a model to test the equity market timing theory in the American capital market. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that market timing has large and persistent effects on capital structure. Furthermore, they found out that the impacts persist for a decade after the IPO of the firms, proving that companies in United States take advantage of the windows of opportunities to form their capital structures. Assuming the Baker and Wurgler’s propositions, the equity market timing theory was tested in Brazilian capital market for a group of companies that went public between 1997 and 2007. Both market and book lever

Initial public offering (IPO) underpricing is a costly practice that decreases the IPO proceeds accruing to the issuing firms and can derail a firm's growth objectives. The purpose of this correlational study was to determine the relationship between share retention, underwriter reputation, and IPO underpricing among a population of IPOs issued in Jamaica. The efficient market hypothesis served as the theoretical framework for this study. Archived data for 52 IPOs issued in Jamaica from 1986 to 2018 were collected and Spearman's correlation matrix and heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors regression analysis were applied. The outcomes of this study indicated no significant relationship between share retention and IPO underpricing, α = .1 and α = .05, r = .059, p = .35; however, there was partial acceptance of the alternative hypothesis that underwriter reputation is related to IPO underpricing at α = .1, r = .234, p = .055, but not α = .05. Additionally, underpricing was higher for IPOs supported by the high reputation underwriters, and share retention was a slightly better predictor of IPO underpricing for this group of IPOs, R2 = .02, p = .31 versus R2 = .01, p = .75. Finally, the overall model indicated that the independent variables did not jointly explain IPO underpricing, F(2, 45) = .78, p = .455, R2 = .032. The results of this study might contribute to social change because successful IPOs can increase employment opportunities as well as improve income distribution and socioeconomic indicators for the communities served by IPO firms.

In recent years, the initial public offerings (IPOs) on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) witnessed some level of undersubscriptions. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent to which valuation, pricing, and performance of prior IPOs listed on the GSE contributed to this state of undersubscriptions. The research was informed by the valuation and pricing framework of Roosenboom. The research questions addressed whether IPOs on the GSE were under/overpriced and whether the projected and pre-issue financials were free from forecasting errors and earnings management. A cross-sectional, explanatory research design was employed to examine a dataset of 30 sampled IPOs. The dataset, obtained from IPO prospectuses, trading data, and financial statements, was analyzed using both logistic and multiple regressions. IPO valuation methods, first-day returns (R(1st day)), absolute forecast errors (AFE), and discretionary current accruals (DCA) served as dependent variables and firm characteristics of size, age, profitability, dividends, price-to-value (P/V) ratios, owner-manager, and auditors' reputation served as independent variables. Results revealed that firm characteristics were not significant predictors of the choice of IPO valuation methods, IPOs were underpriced and their R(1st day) were significantly predicted by P/V ratios, the financial projections were over forecasted and their AFE were not predicted by the independent variables, and the pre-IPO financials experienced earnings management and their DCA were significantly explained by the owner-manager variable. This research contributes to positive social change by assisting regulators, investment bankers, corporations, and institutional investors in improving their respective roles in the valuation and pricing of IPOs on the GSE, thus reducing the observed IPO undersubscriptions in the stock market.

When a company sells shares of their business to the public for the first time, it is called an Initial Public Offering, IPO. The IPO is usually conducted by the issuing firm to raise capital for their future growth. Before the IPO the information about the issuing company is often limited and the investment in an IPO is associated with risks. The investors who choose to invest in an IPO are therefore usually compensated with a discount on the shares and often experience a first day positive return. This first day positive return is the definition of underpricing. If the majority of the IPOs are underpriced it should be of interest for an investor to take part of this opportunity and use it as an investment strategy. This thesis investigates if there is a way to predict which IPOs that will generate a positive first day return based on the information in the IPO prospect. / En IPO är det första erbjudandet av företagets aktier till den publika marknaden. En IPO genomförs ofta i samband med att företaget behöver ta in nytt kapital för framtida investeringar. Innan ett företag blir publikt är informationsinsynen begränsad vilket medför en risk för den som vill investera i det initiala erbjudandet. Investerarna som väljer att investera i erbjudandet är ofta kompenserade med en rabatt på aktierna och får då ofta en positiv avkastning på första handelsdagen. Denna initiala avkastning definieras som underprissättningen av erbjudandet. Om en majoritet av börsnoteringarna är underprissatta skulle det vara av stort intresse för investerare att upprepande investera i IPOs och ha detta som investeringsstrategi. Den här uppsatsen undersöker om det går att förutspå vilka IPOs som genererar en positiv avkastning första handelsdagen baserat på den informationen som finns att tillgå i IPO prospektet. / Civilekonom-uppsats