While domestic fascism within the United Kingdom has never critically challenged Parliamentary sovereignty, it has decisively disrupted public order since its roots were established in the inter-war political scene. The violence provoked by Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists (BUF) was one of the stimulating factors behind the enactment of the Public Order Act 1936. This Act significantly strengthened the powers of the police to regulate or proscribe varies forms of political activism. This thesis analyses the legal responses of Parliament, the police and the judiciary to interwar British fascism. In addition, by analysing the legal responses to public disorder from before and after the 1930s, it positions the BUF within their wider historical context which enables this thesis to assess and evaluate consistencies and discrepancies within the application of the law. By enhancing the historical contextualisation of the period with a critical legal lens, the principal forms of fascist propaganda are evaluated, including public processions, public meetings and the wearing of political uniform. It is argued that the application of a historico-legal methodology challenges the perception that the authorities were inherently politically biased. This thesis explores alternative factors which explain why the responses of the legal authorities appeared inconsistent in their approach to the far-Right and the far-Left. In order to critically analyse the police’s decision making process when monitoring political activism, the limitations of public order law and the nature of police discretion itself become fundamental components which offer a more balanced explanation for the appearance of political partiality within the police force.

Ce travail a pour objet d’étudier la confrontation entre deux systèmes juridiques distincts en matière de mariage et de ses effets. Il s’agit de la réception du droit marocain de la famille qui est d’essence religieux par l’ordre juridique français à travers son droit international privé, un ordre juridique laïque. La première partie de cet ouvrage est consacrée à la compréhension du mariage marocain et de ses effets qui est indispensable pour la réception d’institutions étrangères par l’ordre juridique français. Pour y parvenir, il faut saisir l’évolution de l’institution matrimoniale depuis la création du premier Code de la famille marocain, jusqu'à la réforme de ce dernier en 2004. Elle met en évidence l’assimilation par le législateur marocain du mariage et de ses effets dans un Code de la famille moderne tout en gardant son essence religieuse. Cette approche indispensable conduit à comprendre la portée de la réforme du mariage marocain de 2004 et la difficulté que connait son application. Comprendre ses limites permet de saisir la conception de la notion de famille dans le Maroc d’aujourd’hui. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la réception de cette notion à travers le mariage marocain et ses effets par le droit international privé français. L’étude de l’application des règles de droit international privé montre la difficulté qu’a la loi marocaine à s’appliquer sur le territoire français malgré l’existence de la convention franco-marocaine du 10 aout 1981. Le droit marocain se trouve, malgré sa compétence, soit devant une qualification difficile de ses institutions inconnues de l’ordre juridique français et dans ce cas, il est dénaturé. Soit il est face à l’intervention du mécanisme de l’exception de l’ordre public puisque ses institutions et ses règles sont considérés comme choquant les principes fondamentaux du for et par conséquent, il est écarté. En analysant la méthodologie du droit international privé français, un certain relativisme découle dans l’application de ses modalités ce qui envoie à s’interroger sur les limites du respect des valeurs fondamentales du for. Un relativisme qui se débat entre poursuivre le but du droit international privé d’harmoniser deux systèmes. / This work is to study the confrontation between two distinct legal systems relating to marriage and its effects. It is the receipt of the Moroccan family law which is of religious essence by the legal order french through its international law private, a legal secular. The first part of this book is devoted to understanding Moroccan marriage and its effects which is indispensable for the reception of foreign institutions by the french legal order. Achieve this, to understand the evolution of the marital institution since the creation of the first Code of the Moroccan family, until the reform of the latter in 2004. Ithighlights the assimilation by the Moroccan legislator of the marriage and its effects in a modern family Code while keeping its religious essence. This indispensable approach leads to understand the scope of the reform of the Moroccan wedding of 2004 and the difficulty that knows its application.Understanding its limits allows to capture the design of the concept of family in the Morocco of today.The second part is devoted to this concept through the Moroccan wedding reception and its effects byfrench private international law. The study of the application of the rules of private international law shows the difficulty that Moroccan law applicable on french territory despite the existence of the Franco-Moroccan agreement of 10 August 1981. Moroccan law is, despite its jurisdiction, either before a difficult qualification of its unknown institutions of the french legal system and in this case, it is denatured. It is against the intervention of the mechanism of the public order exception as its institutions and its rules are considered offensive the fundamental principles of the Forum and consequently, he was waived. By analyzing the methodology of french private international law, a certain relativism arises in the application of its provisions that shipments to wonder about the limits of respect for the fundamental values of the Forum. A relativism that struggles between pursuing the goal of private international law to harmonize two different systems.

Viešoji tvarka, kaip baudžiamojo įstatymo ginama vertybė, - tai moralės ir pagarbos principais pagrįstos bendrosios viešo elgesio taisyklės, kurių laikymasis užtikrina visuomenėje įprastą gyvenimo eigą, civilizuotus iškylančių konfliktų sprendimo būdus. Magistro baigiamajame darbe ,,Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už viešosios tvarkos pažeidimą“, remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos BK ir kitais teisės aktais, įvairiomis mokslinėmis koncepcijomis, teismų praktika, kompleksiškai nagrinėjami diskusiniai klausimai, kurie iškyla siekiant atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėčių požymius, jų ypatumus, ir siekiant nustatyti atribojimo kriterijus. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 2 dalyje įtvirtinto viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, kaip baudžiamojo nusižengimo, atribojimo problematiką nuo Lietuvos Respublikos ATPK 174 straipsnyje numatyto administracinio teisės pažeidimo - nedidelio chuliganizmo. Paminėto darbo tikslas – atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 1 dalyje ir 2 dalyje, objektyviuosius ir subjektyviuosius požymius, nustatyti jų tarpusavio atribojimo kriterijus, ir jų atribojimą nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų. Tai aktualu todėl, kad 2000 m. gegužės 1 d. įsigaliojusiame Lietuvos Respublikos BK įstatymų leidėjas numatė naujas viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėtis, ir atsisakė mokslininkų prieštaringai vertinamos sąvokos ,,chuliganizmas“. Visgi, nepaisant pažangių naujovių, susijusių su viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Public order, as the value protected of the criminal law, can be defined as the common rules that must be carried out in order to safeguard ordinary life and to accept lawful solutions of various disputes emerging in the society. The general target of the Thesis ,,Criminal liability for violation of public order “ is the complex analysis of theoretical and practical problems related to the objective and subjective elements of violation of public order. Also, the main indications of distinction are analyzed in order to distinguish violation of public order from other criminal offences. Besides, much attention is paid to distinction of the second part of article 284 of Criminal code from almost identical 174 article of Administrative law offences code. These aspects are analyzed according to Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legal laws, legal concepts and judicial practice. It is important to do it as Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which came into force from the 1st May of 2003, established the new structure of violation of public order and abolished the term ,,hooliganism”, which was critiqued by scientists. Despite the advanced legal regulation of violation of public order, courts decisions presents many problems arising in the field of qualification of the aforementioned criminal offence. As a consequence, such objective elements as public order and public place are studied in detail. The basic problems analyzed in this Thesis are uncertainty... [to full text]

La conception de l'ordre public développée par les rédacteurs du Code civil a permis son essor au XIXème siècle. Au confluent du droit et de la morale, ainsi que du droit public et du droit privé, l'ordre public n'était envisagé par la doctrine du début du siècle qu'au travers de son caractère concret. Dès lors qu'elle parvint à se détacher de la tradition, elle rechercha à délimiter plus précisément la notion. / The conception of public order developed by the authors of the civil code allowed its expansion in XIXth century. Among law and moral, between public law and private law, public order was considered by the doctrine of the early century only trough its concreteness. Since it managed to detach the tradition, it sought to define more precisely the notion.

1 Abstract This thesis deals with the principles of good morals and public order focusing on their role function as limits restricting the autonomy of the will. Although both principles are vague legal concepts, this thesis doesn't seek to define exactly not even cover all the practical possibilities of their application. The aim of the thesis was to bring the possible content of these principles and to highlight their importance in assessing the validity of legal actions or to specify further consequences of legal conduct, which would be contrary to these principles. The view on this topic is primarily from the Czech law perspective. On exemplary and a limited number of legal institutes, this thesis tries to capture the possibilities of using good manners and public order as correctives of autonomy of will. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. The theme of the first chapter is the principle of autonomy of the will and its position in the Czech legal order. Such introduction was begun for the purpose primarily for understanding the whole thesis and to highlight the importance of this principle for the functioning of a democratic society. The second chapter deals with the principle of good morals. Different opinions on the content of this term are closer specified. Furthermore, this section discusses...

Si l'intégration des exigences environnementales est inscrite dans les textes et, pour partie, dans la réalité, la relation entre les droits de l'environnement et de la concurrence demeure problématique, car les valeurs que le premier vise à protéger sont à bien des égards des valeurs "exogènes au marché". Consacré formellement, mais mal connu et souffrant d'une qualification juridique difficile à cerner, le principe d'intégration ne permet pas une intégration substantielle des droits et des politiques de l'environnement et de la concurrence. L'objet de la thèse est donc d'abord, par un travail de réflexion sur les catégories et concepts des deux disciplines, de mettre en lumière les limites de la situation actuelle. Il est ensuite de s'interroger sur les évolutions en cours, et sur les conditions susceptibles de rendre effective une régulation des marchés prenant en compte les enjeux environnementaux. L'élévation de l'intérêt environnemental et l'avènement d'un ordre public écologique sont une des voies possibles d'une telle intégration, donnant aux juges un rôle fondamental à jouer dans la conciliation des intérêts en présence. / If the integration of environmental requirements is written in legal documents and in part in reality, the relation between environmental law and competition law remains problematic. Indeed, the values that environmental law seeks to protect are mainly outside of the scope of the markets. The principle of integration, if formally recognized, is not well known and suffers a lack of legal characterization. A substantial integration of law and policies of environmental law in competition law seems thus impossible. The purpose of this study is to analyze and highlight the limitations of the current situation, by studying and comparing the different concepts and categories present in those two fields. It is then possible to apprehend the evolutions that are taking place, as well as the conditions that could make effective a regulation of the markets that would take in consideration the issues of environmental law. A solution would be to elevate the interest of environmental law and see the emregence of an ecological public order. Such integration would give a central role to the judges in order to conceal the interests at stake. Another less traditional way would be the monetization of the environment.

Les minorités religieuses représentent souvent une composante de la population et se caractérisent par leur différence religieuse qui peut les rendre vulnérables à diverses menaces. Assurer la sécurité et la stabilité des sociétés comportant des minorités religieuses impose l’adoption de dispositions spécifiques. La protection pénale représente ici le moyen juridique le plus efficace, à travers la dissuasion réalisée par les sanctions et les mesures adoptées. Cette étude vise à déterminer le fondement et la portée de ladite protection accordée à des minorités et ce, en établissant une comparaison entre deux systèmes différents devant la religion, le système religieux (libyen et égyptien) et le système laïc (français). Le Statut de la Cour pénale internationale en tant qu’axe complémentaire sera ici un élément neutre par sa position ni laïque, ni religieuse. Cette comparaison s’attachera à l’impact du système juridique adopté quant aux droits des minorités religieuses. / Religious minorities are often a component of the population and are characterized by their religious difference that can make them vulnerable to various threats. Ensuring security and stability of societies with religious minorities requires the adoption of specific provisions. The criminal protection, here, represents the most effective legal means, through deterrence achieved by sanctions and measures adopted. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of that protection extended to minorities in terms of foundation and reach, by making a comparison between two different systems in front of religion: the religious system (Libya and Egypt) and the secular system (French). The Statute of the International Criminal Court as a complementary axis, here, is a neutral element in its position nor secular or religious. This comparison will focus on the impact of the legal system adopted regarding the rights of religious minorities.

O emprego excessivo e abusivo da força em práticas policiais permeou grande parte dos discursos, realizados em plenário da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1946. Objeto dos debates constituintes configurou-se numa lógica protagonizada entre os parlamentares da situação (PSD) e os da oposição (com destaque, para os do PCB), na qual aqueles argumentaram que o emprego de práticas policiais abusivas e arbitrárias justificava a necessidade de se manter a ordem, enquanto estes afirmaram tratar de práticas policiais contra os operários que lutavam por melhores condições de vida. A partir deste contexto os objetivos foram os de pesquisar as práticas das forças policiais em terras mato-grossenses, com especial atenção no período de 1945 a 1947 fim do Estado Novo, convocação da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte e a promulgação das Constituições do Brasil e do Estado de Mato Grosso, e as contribuições dos constituintes às questões da ordem e da segurança. Duas fontes importantes e inéditas, neste tipo de tese, foram intensamente interrogadas; os Boletins Internos das Forças Policiais em Mato Grosso 1945 a 1947 - e os anais da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1946. Os resultados revelaram que as práticas policiais, em terras mato-grossenses, na metade do século XX, foram concentradas na realização dos serviços de construção e manutenção de estradas e pontes, na capital e no interior do Estado de Mato Grosso. Quanto as contribuições dos constituintes, estas foram conservadoras, quando defrontadas com os intensos debates e embates sobre as questões da ordem e da segurança, durante a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1946. Contudo, pela primeira vez na história das constituições brasileiras ficou consignado, na Carta de 1946, as atribuições das forças policiais estaduais as Polícias Militares. Por fim, uma última consideração abordou o emprego dos termos ordem e segurança nos textos legais, durante o período republicano, a qual resultou na inexistência de definição precisa destes, fato que permaneceu com a Carta Magna de 1988. / During the National Constituent Assembly formed on 1946 large portion of the speeches conducted in plenary defended the employment of excessive and abusive force into policing practices. Subject of the constituent debates, this has configured a logic followed up by government party parliamentarians ( PSD ) and opposition ones (highlight given to PCB party), in which those claimed that employment of arbitrary and abusive policing practices was justified by the need of preserving order, while these professed this as policing practices against workers struggling for better living conditions. Objectives established from this portrait aimed at investigating policing practices in Mato Grosso, highlighting the period from 1945 to 1947 - the end of the Estado Novo, Constituent National Assembly summons and the promulgation of Brazilian and Mato Grosso State Constitutions, and at obtaining contributions of the constituent related to order and security issues. To fulfil this thesis the Internal Bulletin of the Police Forces in Mato Grosso - 1945 to 1947 - and the annals of the National Constituent Assembly of 1946, two important and unprecedented sources, were intensely interviewed. As the result it was clear that policing practices that took place in Mato Grosso in the middle of the twentieth century were focused on performing roads and bridges construction and maintenance services in the capital and within the Mato Grosso State. Regarding the contributions of the constituents, these were conservative when facing intense debates and discussions on order and security issues during the National Constituent Assembly of 1946. However, for the first time in Brazilian constitution history the 1946 Charter enshrined the role of the state police forces - the Military Police. Finally, one last consideration on the thesis addressed the usage of the terms order and security in legal texts during the republican period, concerning the resulting lack of their precise definition, a fact that remained unchanged in the Magna Carta of 1988.

L'élaboration du moyen d'ordre public par le juge est une quête constante d'équilibre. Ce dernier est, en effet, soumis à deux impératifs potentiellement contradictoires. Il lui faut assurer la préservation du corpus de valeurs composant l'ordre public contentieux. L'obligation de relever d'office et d'autoriser son invocation à tout instant du procès, après l'avoir soumis à la contradiction, lui permet d'atteindre pleinement cet objectif. Cependant ce régime coercitif est susceptible de mettre à mal la bonne administration de la justice. Les sujétions que le juge s'impose peuvent alourdir considérablement sa tâche. La vérification systématique de la présence au dossier d'un moyen d'ordre public, la communication aux parties et la possibilité pour ces dernières d'y répondre tout comme la dérogation aux règles de recevabilité des demandes nouvelles ralentissent le procès quand le juge administratif est mis plus que jamais au défi de l'efficacité. Il lui appartient alors de dépasser cet antagonisme en conciliant la nécessité de protéger l'ordre public contentieux avec celle de dispenser une justice bien administrée. Le juge parvient à cet équilibre en agissant tant sur la notion que sur le régime des moyens d'ordre public. Celui-ci crée et entretient l'indétermination de la notion de sorte que la nomenclature de ces moyens est amenée à évoluer au cours des époques et des contentieux. Il trouve alors dans cette plasticité la liberté lui permettant de contrebalancer les obligations procédant de son régime. Ces marges d'appréciation paraissent néanmoins insuffisantes. La jurisprudence la plus récente du Conseil d'État vient neutraliser et concurrencer cette technique. Sa pérennité n'est toutefois pas remise en cause. Le moyen d'ordre public a vocation à demeurer et pourrait même être renforcé par la reconnaissance par le juge d'un pouvoir de relever d'office les moyens ordinaires. / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais

L'activité des parlementaires aixois a été guidée par la volonté de préserver l’ordre public -c’est-à-dire la structure de l’état et de la société ainsi que la tranquillité publique- ou d’en réparer les atteintes en Provence. Ce fil conducteur transparaît nettement lors des controverses religieuses qui ont émaillé le règne de Louis XV. En ce sens, les parlementaires aixois ont réaffirmé les mécanismes gallicans de la « réserve de réception » et de « l’appel comme d’abus », avant de recourir plus tardivement aux arrêts de règlement afin de lutter, à la fois contre les ecclésiastiques ultramontains et les jansénistes troublant simultanément la quiétude religieuse du pays provençal. Ce volet de l’activité parlementaire aixoise était une résurgence des conflits séculaires entre autorité séculière et autorité spirituelle. Ce souci de l’ordre public est également manifeste dans le désir que les officiers de la cour aixoise avaient d’asseoir leur institution comme la première de la province tout en se rattachant à la tradition monarchique. Pour cela, tant l’exclusivité de leurs compétences que leur emprise sur les autres institutions provençales étaient nécessaires. De même, des rapports sans animosité avec le souverain -ce qui laissait peu de place à la théorie de « l’union des classes » parlementaires- étaient indispensables. Ces impératifs préalables légitimaient leurs actions et les conduisaient à s’assurer de l’efficience de leurs arrêts de règlement -qui classiquement permettaient soit de conforter, soit d’adapter, soit de compléter la législation royale- en vue de maintenir la paix sociale, de préserver la sécurité et de conserver la prospérité en Provence / Officers of the Parliament of Provence's actions -under the reign of Louis XV- were governed by the desire to preserve public order – i.e. the structure of state and society as well as public tranquility– or redress abuses in Provence. This common thread is clearly visible throughout the religious controversies that occurred during the reign of Louis XV. In that respect, officers of the Parliament of Aix reaffirmed the gallican mechanisms of « réserve de réception » and of « l’appel comme d’abus » which they were able to make use of before later resorting to « arrêts de règlement » with a view to challenging ultramontane ecclesiastics and jansenists whose simultaneous actions disrupted religious peace in Provence. This aspect of parliamentary activity marked a resurgence of the age-old conflict between secular and spiritual authorities. This concern for public order is also patent in the Aixois officers’ desire to establish their institution as the highest in the province while still being bound to monarchical tradition. To that effect, both exclusive jurisdiction and ascendancy over Provençal institutions were necessary. In the same manner, a nonconfrontational relationship with the sovereign was essential, leaving very little room for the theory of « l’union des classes ». These prerequisite imperatives justified their actions and lead them to ensure the efficiency of their « arrêts de règlement » –traditionally providing the means of confirming, adapting or completing royal legislation– with a view to maintaining social peace, preserving public safety and upholding prosperity in Provence