Cette thèse s’intéresse à la comptabilisation de la dette publique sous trois angles distincts et complémentaires. Tout d’abord, nous étudions les normes de comptabilité des retraites publiques. Nous développons une grille théorique d’analyse comparée et diachronique s’appuyant sur un examen des pratiques existantes. Notre analyse met en évidence que les dispositifs existant en Europe sont incompatibles avec le modèle d’épargne individuelle tel que promu par la norme IPSAS 25. Ensuite, nous analysons la relation entre comptabilité de la dette et milieu politique, et en particulier l’hypothèse d’une sous-estimation de la dette en période d’élection. Notre analyse des révisions comptables permet de valider cette hypothèse et indique que les pays en développement sont les plus affectés par cette sous-estimation. Enfin, nous analysons l’impact du caractère sollicité ou non d'une notation sur celle-ci, ainsi que sur l’évaluation de la dette publique par les agences de notation. Notre analyse de Moody’s, Fitch, et S&P indique que les agences favorisent les pays qui sollicitent leur notation par rapport à ceux qui ne la sollicitent pas. / This thesis deals with the accounting of public debt from three distinct and complementary analytical perspectives. First, we study the accounting standards for retirement obligations. We develop a theoretical evaluation grid using a comparative and diachronic analysis based on the review of existing practices. Our analysis highlights that the existing pension schemes in Europe are incompatible with the individual savings model as promoted by the IPSAS 25 norm. Second, we analyze the relationship between debt accounting and the political environment, and test the hypothesis of an underestimation of debt levels around elections. Results allow us to validate our hypothesis and indicate that developing countries are most affected by this underestimation. Third, we examine the impact of the solicitation status of a sovereign rating on the rating itself and on the public debt level assigned by rating agencies. Focusing on Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P, our findings indicate that agencies favor countries soliciting their rating comparing to those who do not solicit them.

L’initiative qui a conduit à l’élaboration de cette thèse provient d’un désir d’explorer plus en détail le contenu, les objectifs et la portée de la réforme de la comptabilité de l’État en Algérie. Le cadre juridique et réglementaire comptable actuel souffrait depuis son édification de nombreuses insuffisances et limites qui devaient être complétées avec les nouvelles modalités juridiques et techniques inspirées des standards et des bonnes pratiques internationales. La nouvelle réforme comptable vise à fonder une comptabilité tridimensionnelle de l’État consacrée par de nouvelles normes comptables nationales, un plan comptable de l’État (PCE) et de nouvelles modalités de contrôle et de responsabilité des acteurs. L’analyse de l'état actuel de la réforme, à l’épreuve de la nouvelle gouvernance financière publique, marquée par les exigences de transparence, de performance et de bonne gouvernance, vise à proposer des solutions pour l'amélioration du système national d’une part, et à étudier le rôle de la réforme budgétaire et des normes comptables internationales (IPSAS) dans l’adaptation du nouveau cadre comptable, pour que la comptabilité soit davantage un instrument d'information, de décision et d’appréciation de la situation financière et patrimoniale de l’État, d’autre part. Vu la complexité des formes et de l’étendue des chantiers de la réforme, la transformation comptable recommandée peut prendre une approche globale, qui sera concentrée non seulement sur l'application du cadre législatif et réglementaire (LOLF), c’est-à-dire sur la mise en place de la nouvelle comptabilité, sur la production de comptes publics sincères, fidèles et réguliers, objet de certification et de valorisation par la Cour des comptes, mais également sur la modernisation de la fonction comptable et l’intégration du cadre de la gestion budgétaire et comptable aux fins de la réforme de l’État. / The initiative which led to drawing up this thesis arises of a wish to explore, in more detail, the content, objectives and scope of the Algerian State accounting reform. The current legal and regulatory framework suffered, since its implementation, from many deficiencies and limits which should be completed by new legal and technical procedures based on standards and international good practices. The new accounting reform aims at establishing a three-dimensional State accounting, realized by new national accounting standards, a State accounting plan (SAP) and new ways of control and players responsibility. The analysis of the current state of reform, proof against the new public financial governance, marked by the requirements of transparency, performance and good governance, aims at proposing solutions for the enhancement of the national system, on the one hand, and to study the role of budget reform and international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) in adapting the new accounting framework, so that accounting becomes more a tool for information, for decision and assessment of the financial and patrimonial situation of the State, on the other hand. Given the complexity of the forms and extent of reform projects, the recommended accounting transformation can take an overall approach which will be concentrated not only through the enforcement of the legislative and regulatory framework (LOLF), or through the implementation of the new accountancy, or the production of true, correct and regular public accounts, which are subjects of certification and valuation by the Court of Auditors, but also through the modernization of the accounting function and the integration of the budgetary and accounting management framework for the purpose of the State reform.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T11:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9138_Dissertação JULIANA BATISTA CALLEGARIO - Para PPGCON.pdf: 1179487 bytes, checksum: b205d451b055ddd4d249f7f030326b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Este estudo investiga quais fatores culturais, sociais, políticos e econômicos influenciam na adoção das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público (International Public Sector Accounting Standards - IPSAS) pelos países. Com base em informações disponibilizadas pela IFAC (2007) e Deloitte (2013) foram analisadas e segregadas as diferentes posições tomadas pelos países, como adoção por completo das IPSAS; sinalização de intenção de adoção; adoção parcial pelo regime de caixa (Cash-Basis) das IPSAS; e adoção do regime de competência com base nas IPSAS. Os fatores levantados foram PIB per capita; número de habitantes; não adoção das IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard) pelos países; índice de percepção da corrupção; origem do sistema legal; e dimensões culturais de Hofstede (2015), coletados entre 1995 e 2013 de 214 países, inicialmente. Na abordagem metodológica é aplicado modelo de regressão logística (logit) baseado em Clements, Neill e Stovall (2010), adaptando para dados em painel com efeitos aleatórios. Os resultados indicam que países que têm a intenção de adotar as IPSAS podem ser explicados pela variação positiva das variáveis PIB per capita, quantidade de habitantes, origem de sistema legal anglo-saxão, socialista e francês, e pela variação negativa das variáveis culturais: individualismo e indulgência. Em outro teste realizado, foi detectado que os países que adotaram parcialmente as IPSAS, com aplicação do regime de competência, podem ser explicados pela variação positiva das variáveis PIB per capita, quantidade de habitantes e pela cultura individualista de uma sociedade; e pela variação negativa do índice de percepção da corrupção, origem de sistema legal escandinavo e variáveis culturais: masculinidade e orientação a longo prazo. A regressão logística que uni qualquer interesse pelas IPSAS mostrou que os países de origem socialista e com culturas com pouca desigualdade social, menos aversão à incerteza e poucos pragmáticos podem justificar tal escolha. Houve também uma relação positiva com o número de habitantes e o PIB per capita, que sugere que países mais populosos e desenvolvidos tendem adotar as IPSAS. As outras regressões logísticas testadas não permitiram inferência estatística. Ainda, em nenhuma regressão testada, houve comprovação de dependência entre a não permissão do IFRS pelos países com a não adoção das IPSAS. / This study investigates which cultural, social, political and economic factors influence the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards Applied to the Public Sector (International Public Sector Accounting Standards - IPSAS) by countries. Based on information provided by IFAC (2007) and Deloitte (2013) the different positions were analyzed and segregated taken by countries such as adoption of IPSAS completely; signaling intent to adopt; Partial adoption on a cash basis (Cash Basis) IPSAS; and adoption of the accrual basis based on IPSAS. The factors were raised GDP per capita; number of inhabitants; non-adoption of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) by the countries; perception index of corruption; origin of the legal system; and cultural dimensions of Hofstede (2015), collected between 1995 and 2013 for 214 countries, initially. The methodological approach is applied logistic regression model (logit) based on Clements, Neill and Stovall (2010), adapted for panel data with random effects. The results indicate that countries that intend to adopt IPSAS can be explained by the positive variation of the variables GDP per capita, number of inhabitants, the origin of Anglo-Saxon legal system, socialist and French, and the negative variation of cultural variables: individualism and indulgence. In another test conducted, it was found that countries that have partially adopted the IPSAS, applying the accrual basis can be explained by the positive variation of the variables GDP per capita, number of inhabitants and the individualistic culture of a company; and the negative variation of the variables of the Corruption Perceptions Index, Scandinavian legal system of origin and cultural variables: masculinity and long-term orientation. As a complement, logistic regression that uni any interest in IPSAS showed that socialist countries of origin and cultures with little social inequality, less uncertainty avoidance and pragmatic few can justify such a choice. There was also a positive relationship with the number of inhabitants and GDP per capita, which suggests that more populated and developed countries tend to adopt IPSAS. The other tested logistic regressions did not allow statistical inference. Still, in any regression tested, there was evidence of dependency between the IFRS not allowed by the countries with the non-adoption of IPSAS.

Molti studi hanno evidenziato come le riforme legate al NPM abbiano favorito l’adozione di logiche di mercato nelle amministrazioni pubbliche, basate sul rafforzamento dell’efficienza e dell’efficacia, e l’introduzione di innovazioni manageriali nell’erogazione dei servizi pubblici. In ciò, i meccanismi contabili pubblici hanno giocato un ruolo importante. Alcuni hanno enfatizzato che sono poche le evidenze sulla relazione tra logiche di NPM e maggiore performance, sottolineando che l’efficienza e l’orientamento ai risultati non sono sufficienti a evitare le conseguenze di shock. Altri affermano che le recenti misure di austerity hanno portato ad un rinnovato interesse sia in approcci di tipo privatistico, che a logiche neo-weberiane, ma sono anche emersi nuovi paradigmi. Date queste considerazioni, la mia ricerca mira a contribuire (i) alla letteratura di pubblica amministrazione e a quella di financial management investigando come le risposte organizzative a eventi negativi sono legate alle precedenti strategie finanziarie e condizioni e capacità organizzative, e come la resilienza organizzativa sia influenzata da condizioni interne ed esterne; (ii) alla letteratura di public sector accounting, esplorando come l’accounting inficia sulle relazioni tra stato ed enti locali nell’ambito delle politiche di austerity, e le relative conseguenze su come i servizi pubblici sono organizzati, erogati e a chi. / Many studies have emphasized how NPM reforms have led to the adoption of market logics within public sector organizations, based on enhancing efficiency and effectiveness, and to the introduction of managerial innovations to public service delivery. In this, public accounting mechanisms have played a relevant role. Some have emphasized that there are scant evidences of the relation between NPM logics and increased performance, with “efficiency” and “result-orientation” being not sufficient to avoid the consequences of shocks. Others claim that the recent austerity measures has led to a renewed interest on both private-like approaches and neo-weberian logics, but also to the emergence of post-NPM paradigms. Based on these considerations, my research aims (i) to contribute to public administration and public sector financial management literature by investigating how organizational responses to negative events are rooted in past financial strategies and organizational conditions and capacities, and how organizational resilience is affected both by internal and external conditions; (ii) to contribute to public sector accounting literature by exploring how accounting is implicated in the (re)shaping of the relationship between central and local governments under the emergence of austerity policies, and how this affects how public services are organized, provided, and to whom.