This study concerns a determination as to whether anaerobic organisms are involved in pulmonary diseases, particularly those of the chronic type.

Orientadores: Carlos Roberto Ribeiro de Carvalho, Desanka Dragosavac / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_SilviaMariadeToledoPiza_D.pdf: 3044628 bytes, checksum: e56b8278750420c568f9132a7938bd95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Introdução: Limitação ao fluxo e hiperinsuflação dinâmica são fteqüentemente observadas em pacientes com DPOC. A capacidade inspiratória (CI) tem sido sugerida como um método simples para verificar as alterações no volume pulmonar expiratório final e hiperinsuflação pulmonar. Entretanto, poucos estudos verificaram se a aplicação de pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas (CP AP) poderia diminuir a hiperinsuflação pulmonar. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos imediatos da CP AP no volume pulmonar expiratório final em pacientes com DPOC estável. Método:' Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, com 21 pacientes, idade 63 + ou - 9 anos, com volume expirado forçado no primeiro segundo de 40,7 + ou - 11,7%, que foram submetidos a um teste gradual de CP AP (4, 7 e 11 cmH20 - Drãger SA VINA ventilator). A CI foi mensurada pela espirometria, antes e depois de cada valor de CPAP. Nos pacientes nos quais os três valores de CPAP resultaram em redução da CI, uma pressão de 2 cmH20 também foi aplicada. Para cada paciente, um valor de CP AP "ótimo" foi definido como o valor correspondente a melhor CI obtida com o teste gradual da CP AP. Este valor "ótimo" de CP AP foi, então, aplicado por 10 min e uma espirometria foi posteriormente realizada. Resultados: Durante o teste gradual da CPAP, seis pacientes (grupo não respondedor) não apresentaram qualquer melhora na CI. Quando o valor de CP AP "ótimo" foi então aplicado nesses indivíduos, foi observado piora significativa da CI de 83,7 + ou - 19,4% para 74 + ou 22,8% (p = 0,0341). Em 15 pacientes (grupo respondedor), a CI aumentou significativamente de 68,6 + ou - 17,9% para 75,3 + ou - 18,0% (p = 0,0002). A capacidade vital lenta foi o único parâmetro espirométrico que também aumentou após a CPAP "ótima" no grupo respondedor (240 rnL, 7,4% do valor predito, p < 0,01). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada após a CP AP "ótima" nos pacientes com limitação ao fluxo expiratório (CI pré-CPAP '< ou =' 80% do valor predito) versus pacientes não limitados ao fluxo expiratório (CI pré-CPAP > 80% do valor predito). Entretanto, os pacientes com enfisema pulmonar e CI:S 80%,do valor predito demonstraram um aumento significativo na CI após a CPAP "ótima" (220 rnL, 8,9% do valor predito, p < 0,01). Conclusão: A CPAP pode aumentar a capacidade inspiratória em pacientes selecionados, sugerindo redução no volume pulmonar expiratório final, conseqüente da diminuição na hiperinsuflação pulmonar / Abstract: Bachground: Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation are common findings in COPD patients. Inspiratory capacity (IC) has been proposed as a simple method to assess changes in end-expiratory lung volume (EEL V) and lung hyperinflation. However, few studies verified if the application of continuous positive airway pressure (CP AP) could decrease lung hyperinflation. Objective: To assess the immediate effect of the CP AP in EEL V in stable COPD patients. Method: Prospective study of 21 stable COPD patients, age 63 + ou - 9 years, with forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) of 40.7 + ou - 11.7%, who were submitted to the gradual test of CP AP (4, 7 and 11 CmH20 - Drãger - SA VINA ventilator). The IC was measured by spirometry, before and after each CP AP leveI. In patients in whom all three CP AP levels resulted in a decreased IC, an additional CP AP test at 2 cmH20 was conducted. For each patient, a "best" CPAP leveI was defined as the one associated with the greater IC observed. This "best" CP AP leveI was then applied during 10 min and subsequent spirometry was performed. Results: During the gradual test of CP AP, 6 patients (non responder group) did not present any improvement of the IC. When the "best" CPAP was then applied in these cases, a significant worsening of the IC was observed of 83.7 + ou - 19.4% to 74 + ou - 22.8% (p = 0.0341). In 15 patients (responder group), the IC increased significantly from 68.6 + ou - 17.9% to 75.3 + ou - 18.0% (p = 0.0002). The slow vital capacity was the only other' spirometric parameter that also increased post "best" CP AP in the responder group (240 mL, 7.4% of the predicted value, p < 0.01). No significant differences in IC were observed after "best" CP AP in patients with expiratory flow limitation (IC pre CP AP '< ou =' 80% of predicted value) versus non EFL patients (IC pre CPAP> 80% ofpredicted value). However, the patients with pulmonary emphysema and IC '< ou =' 80% of predicted value demonstrated a significaht increase in IC after "best' CP AP (220 mL, 8.9% ofthe predicted value, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The CPAP can increase the inspiratory capacity in selected patients, suggesting decrease in the end-expiratory lung volume, consequent of reduction in pulmonary hyperinflation / Doutorado / Pesquisa Experimental / Doutor em Cirurgia

Pancoast tumors are a distinct entity seen mostly in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. We present a case of a Pancoast tumor in newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. A 56-year old female with a 40-pack year smoking history, presented with several weeks duration of right shoulder pain, radiating down her arm. Symptoms were aggravated with movement and slightly improved with rest and non-steroidal analgesics She had no other known medical history. Physical therapy provided little relief. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine from an outside facility revealed a large right apical lung mass, involving the T2 thoracic spine and sternum. She denied chest pain, shortness of breath, weight loss, or edema of the face or neck. Range of motion of right upper extremity was limited due to pain. Ptosis and miosis of the right eye were detected. Days after the MRI, the patient presented to the hospital for intractable right upper extremity pain. Comprehensive imaging including positron emission tomography scan and MRI of the brain were done. The right apical lung mass was suggestive of a Pancoast tumor, measuring 5.3 x 5.5 x 6.9 cm in size, extending into the medial portion of the upper mediastinum. The tumor abutted the apical pleura and partially encased the right subclavian artery. There was destruction of the first and second ribs and portions of the right T1 and T2 vertebral bodies along with right hilar and lower paratracheal adenopathy. Biopsy of the mass confirmed moderately differentiated, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, assessed to be Stage IIIB and unresectable. Pain control was achieved, and the patient was discharged. Treatment was initiated with concurrent radiation and chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide. Pancoast tumors, also known as superior sulcus tumors, were first noted in 1838 but not well defined at the time. In 1924 and 1932, American radiologist, Henry Pancoast, further described them as carcinomas of unknown origin of the chest apex. They occur in 3-5% of lung cancers, most commonly in non-small cell carcinoma. By definition, a Pancoast tumor must invade parietal pleura and cause pain, paresthesia, or neurologic dysfunction. Less than 50% of these tumors are resectable. They may involve the lower cervical and/or upper thoracic spines, first and second ribs, brachial plexus, and subclavian vessels. Involvement of paravertebral sympathetic chains can lead to Horner syndrome with a prevalence up to 40%. Neurologic compromise may cause upper extremity weakness, muscular atrophy, and paresthesia. In 5% of cases, they can cause spinal cord compression and paraplegia. Five-year survival is reported to be less than 10% if there is vertebral body invasion. In locally advanced lung cancers including Pancoast tumors, treatment can include neoadjuvant chemoradiation with subsequent resection. However due to the extensiveness and complexity of this patient’s tumors, resection was not amenable. Evaluation for Pancoast tumor may be warranted in those with lung cancer risk with acute musculoskeletal/neurologic complaints. Treatment is initiated promptly, based on stage and histology.

Background: It is unclear how far the superior efficacy of omalizumab, established in randomized controlled clinical trials of patients with severe allergic asthma (SAA), translates into routine practice and when compared to matched controls. Methods: New-onset omalizumab-treated (OT) patients with SAA (n = 53) were compared to a matched control group of usual-care (UC) patients (n = 53). Treatment and procedures were naturalistic. Subsequent to a baseline assessment, patients were followed up over at least 6 months with at least two follow-up assessments. Primary clinical outcomes were the number of asthma attacks, persistence of asthma symptoms and degree of control [asthma control test (ACT), Global Initiative for Asthma]. Secondary outcome criteria were quality of life (Euro-Qol 5D) and number of medications. For each outcome we compared within-group effects from baseline to 6-month follow-up as well as between-group effects. Results: OT patients showed significant improvements in number [effect size (ES) = 0.03] and frequency (ES = 0.04) of asthma attacks as well as asthma control (ES = 0.09), whereas controls revealed no significant improvements in these measures. Further improvements in the OT group were found for ‘perceived control always’ (ACT, p = 0.006), no impairment (ACT, p = 0.02), reduction of sickness days (p = 0.002) and number of medications needed (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Substantial beneficial effects of omalizumab, similar to those observed in controlled trials and after marketing studies, were confirmed, particularly with regard to the reduction of asthma attacks, persistence of symptoms, asthma control and reduction of concomitant asthma medications. This study provides a tougher test and generalizable evidence for the effectiveness of omalizumab in routine care.

Summary Public health management EVALUATION OF THE ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION OF PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY DISEASES Dalė Smaidžiūnienė Scientific advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Liudmila Bagdonienė. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Kaunas University of Medicine.-Kaunas, 2005.- 63p. The aim of the study was to evaluate the organization of the health education of patients with pulmonary diseases. The objectives of the study were the following: 1) to determine the attitude of patients with pulmonary diseases towards the organization of health education; 2) to evaluate the attitude of physicians and nurses towards the improvement of health education of patients with pulmonary diseases; and 3) to compare the patients’ and health specialists’ attitudes towards health education of patients with pulmonary diseases. Key words: pulmonary diseases, health education organization. The methods of the study. The object of the study was the organization of health education of patients with pulmonary diseases. The methods used in this study were the analysis of scientific literature and legal documents, questionnaire-based inquiry of patients and healthcare personnel, and quantitative analysis of statistical data. Questionnaire-based inquiry was performed during 2005 in the Department of Pulmonology-Allergology in the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine (HKUM). Of 110 questionnaires distributed among patients, 104 were returned with full answers to all questions... [to full text]

El síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA) se caracteriza por una disminución de la compilancia pulmonar, un aumento del shunt derecha-izquierda e hipertensión pulmonar aguda por vasoconstricción pulmonar, dando lugar a una alteración de la relación ventilación-perfusión (V./O) y profunda hipoxemia. El SDRA se puede inducir experimentalmente mediante lavados pulmonares repetidos. El descubrimiento del factor de relajación derivado del endotelio (EDRF), sU identificación como óxido nítrico (NO) o un compuesto donador de NO y el desarrollo de inhibidores de la enzima óxido nítrico sintetasa (NOS), ha puesto en evidencia un nuevo e importante mecanismo regulador de la circulación sistémica y pulmonar. Además, la reciente observación de que la inhalación del gas NO produce vasodilatación pulmonar sin vasodilatación sistémica, puede proporcionar una nueva estrategia terapéutica en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar los efectos del gas NO inhalado y la infusión de N°-nitro L-arginina metil ester (L-NAME), un inhibidor de la NOS, ambos independientemente y combinados en la hemodinámica sistémica y pulmonar e intercambie de gases en un modelo experimental de SORA. Las hipótesis fueron que la inhalación de NO gas produciría vasodilatación selectiva de las regiones pulmonares ventiladas, reduciendo la hipertensión pulmonar y disminuyendo el shunt al mejorar las relaciones V(A)/Q, independientemente del flujo pulmonar: la infusión de L-NAME aumentaría la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica (VPH) mejorando también las relaciones V(A).Q y potenciaría los efectos del NO sobre el intercambio de gases, ya que al aumentar la VPH aumentaría el flujo hacia las zonas ventiladas y vasodilatadas por la inhalación de NO; y dado que el NO activa al enzima guanil ciclasa y produce un aumento de GMPc, responsable de la vasodilatación, los niveles plasmáticos de GMPc deberían aumentar con la inhalación de NO. Tras aprobación por el Subcomité de Protección de Animales para la Investigación del Hospital General de Massachusetts, se estudiaron 21 ovejas de la raza Suffolk de 30-35 kg., anestesiadas con pentobarbital, intubadas y ventiladas mecánicamente con FlO(2) entre 0,85-0,90. Fueron Instrumentadas para medir: presión arterial sistémica (PAS), presión de arteria pulmonar (PAP), presión venosa central (PVC) y presión de aurícula izquierda (PAI). El gasto cardíaco se medió por termodilución. Se realizaron análisis de gases en sangre arterial y venosa mixta. Las resistencias vasculares sistémicas (RVS), resistencias vasculares pulmonares (RVP) y shunt intrapulmonar o mezcla venosa (Q(VA)/Q(I)) se calcularon mediante fórmulas estándar. Los niveles plasmáticos de GMPc se midieron en sangre arterial y venosa mixta mediante radloinmunoensayo. Se efectuó lavado pulmonar bilateral con una solución de Tween 80 en suero fisiológico a 37°C. Los animales se estudiaron en dos fases: 1) Estudio preliminar: Se estudió la estabilidad del modelo de lavado, se hizo una curva de dosis-respuesta a diferentes concentraciones de NO y se estudiaron los efectos hemodinámicos y gasométricos de la infusión de L-NAME. 2) Estudio experimental: Se estudiaron en los siguientes tiempos: Basal (BASl), después del lavado pulmonar bilateral (LPB), tras 10 min. de la inhalación de 60 ppm de NO (NO), 10 min. después de interrumpir la inhalación de NO (BAS2), después de la infusión de 30 mg/kg de L-NAME (L-NAME), de nuevo durante 10 min. de la InhalacIón de 60 ppm de NO (L-NAME+NO), 10 min. tras cesar la inhalación de NO (BASJ) y tras la infusión de 1 g/kg de L-Arginina (L-ARG). Todas las mediciones se realizaron a tres niveles de GC excepto en los tiempos BL2, BLJ, L-ARG. La medición del GMPc se realizó también sin manipular el GC. Todos los valores se expresaron como media±error estándar. Se ha aplicado el test de la T de Student para datos apareados con corrección de Bonferroni, regresión lineal y análisis de la variancia según era conveniente. Los resultados del estudio preliminar demostraron que tras el lavado pulmonar bilateral se produce una lesión pulmonar caracterizada por hipoxemia severa, aumento del shunt o mezcla venosa, hipertensión pulmonar moderada y aumento de la presión inspiratoria máxima. Todos los cambios permanecieron estables a lo largo del período estudiado de 4 horas. La máxima reducción en la PAP se consiguió respirando entre 30 y 60 ppm de NO, mientras que la inhalación entre 60-120 ppm causó la máxima reducción en la Q(VA)/Q(I). La infusión de L-NAME provocó un aumento en la PAP, las RVS y RVP, y una marcada reducción del GC, así como de la (Q(VA)/Q(I)) En el estudio experimental, la inhalación de NO por un breve periodo de tiempo produjo una rápida disminución de la PAP y de las RVP: no produjo ningún efecto sobre la FAS ni sobre el GC y mejoró la eficacia del intercambio de gases, al aumentar la PAP y reducir el shunt intrapulmonar. La infusión de L-NAME, inhibidor de la síntesis endógena de óxido nítrico, provocó vasoconstricción pulmonar y sistémica y una marcada reducción del GC, sin modificar el intercambio de gases. La inhalación de NO después de la infusión de L-NAME produjo de nuevo una vasodilatación pulmonar selectiva sin vasodilatación sistémica y una mejoría del intercambio de gases al reducir el shunt intrapulmonar, pero su efecto sobre la oxigenación no se potenció por la infusión previa de L-NAME, por lo que la infusión de L-NAME no aumentó la vasoconstricción pulmonar de manera selectiva en las zonas hipóxicas del pulmón. Los efectos hemodinámicos y gasométricos durante la inhalación de NO, tanto antes como después de la infusión de L-NAME, fueron independientes del flujo pulmonar o GC. Mientras que los efectos de la infusión de L-NAME sobre la (Q(VA)/Q(I)) fueron dependientes del flujo pulmonar o GC. Finalmente, solo durante la inhalación de NO hubo liberación de GMPc por el pulmón a la circulación sistémica. En el presente modelo experimental podemos concluir que la inhalación de NO produce una vasodilatación pulmonar selectiva y una mejoría del intercambio de gases, independientemente del flujo pulmonar o GC y que sus efectos son mediados por el GMPC. / In the present study we examined the effects of inhaling nitric oxide (NO) on pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange in an ovine model of adult respiratory distress syndrome (AROS), induced by repeated lung lavages. In addition we investigated in this modal the effects of inhibition endogenous NO synthesis by NG-nitro-Larginine metyl ester (L-NAKE) and the combination with inhaled NO. Because NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing guanosine 3’-5'- cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) we also we measured cGMP plasma levels. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep inhaling 60 ppm of NO after lung lavage decreased pulmonary artery pressure and resistance without any systemic hemodynamic effects, increased arterial PaO(2) and decreased venous admixture (Q(VA)/Q(I)). A L-NAME infusion produced pulmonary and systemic vasoconstriction without changes on PaO(2) or (Q(VA)/Q(I)) inhaling NO after L-NAME produced the same hemodynamics and gas exchange effects than inhaling NO alone. The effects on inhaled NO were independent of pulmonary blood flow or cardiac output. During NO inhalation plasma cGMP levels were increased significantly. We concluded that in this experimental model of AROS inhaled NO produced selective pulmonary vasodilatation and improved gas exchange by incressing cGMP concentration in ventilated lung regions and these effects were not potentiated with the inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis.

Orientador: Jose Dirceu Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:19:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perez_GicelledeSousaCunha_D.pdf: 7627938 bytes, checksum: 2d5fdf3f9bbaa201eac64888bb86f3c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) é a doença pulmonar crônica mais freqüente em recém-nascidos (RN) prematuros, acarretando necessidade de oxigênio e/ou ventilação mecânica por períodos prolongados. Estas situações implicam em significativa elevação dos custos hospitalares. Apesar da alta freqüência e morbidade da DBP nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) existem, em países em desenvolvimento, poucos estudos prospectivos e controlados sobre os fatores de risco relacionados a essa doença. OBS.: O resumo na integra poderá ser visualizado no link ou texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent chronic pulmonary disease in newborns prematures and requires oxygen and or/ mechanical ventilation for prolonged periods, situations that imply high hospital costs. Although the frequency of BPD and morbidity in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) is high, there are very few prospective and controlled studies conducted in developing countries on risk factors related to this disease. Note: the complete abstract is avaiable with the link or full eletronic digital theses or dissertations / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Use of inhaled drugs in obstructive pulmonary diseases Author: Nikola Obertová 1 Tutor: Josef Malý 1 1 Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and objectives: Chronic respiratory diseases are emerging health problem. The administration of the medication is mostly performed by the process of inhalation. Therefore, a proper inhalation technique plays a crucial role in symptom reduction and achievement of adequate control over the disease. The aim of the thesis was partly to assess the level of inhalation technique in elderly patients in nursing home settings, partly to evaluate the knowledge of nurses and their role in advice provision related to the proper inhalation technique. Methods: The data were collected from June to September 2016 from 18 nursing homes located in South Wales (Great Britain). The study was realized in two arms. The evaluated group (first arm) was composed of patients (residents) with having asthma bronchiale or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosed and being older than 65 years. Second arm consisted of nurses responsible for giving advices about inhalation technique to the residents. Nursing home visits were composed of three parts. First one was a controlled interview based on the...

Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is a common disease with systemic complications, specifically pulmonary complications that are well-documented [1]. Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of tracheobronchomalacia as a respiratory complication of AP. A 54-year-old white male with multiple chronic comorbidities developed necrotizing acute pancreatitis (NAP) following a surgical procedure. Internal Medicine evaluated and managed his NAP according to protocol. Within one week of NAP onset, the patient developed rapid respiratory distress. Chest radiography and ABGs were unable to diagnose ARDS. A CT scan with IV contrast was completed to investigate a pulmonary embolus and found the tracheal diameter variations during inspiration and expiration of the respiratory cycle consistent with tracheobronchomalacia (TBM). The patient’s respiratory status continued to deteriorate requiring endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation with weaning trials proving to be futile. The patient eventually developed fungemia and expired after his family opted for palliative extubation. Airway collapse related to TBM is an under-recognized diagnosis which should be suspected in patients with NAP who develop acute respiratory distress in whom no specific etiology has been determined.

No description available.